Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 2
Establishment of Serious Fraud Investigation Office...................................... 2
Investigation into affairs of Company by Serious Fraud Investigation Office
............................................................................................................................... 3
Role of Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) in Protection of Investor's
Interest ................................................................................................................. 6
Criminal Liabilities of Company in cases of Fraud ......................................... 7
POWERS TO ARREST .................................................................................. 7
Actions to be taken after Arrest: .................................................................... 8
Maintenance of Register .................................................................................. 8
Order by Central Government: ..................................................................... 9
WEBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................. 9
INTRODUCTION
The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) is a statutory corporate fraud investigating
agency in India. Initially, it was set up by a resolution adopted by the Government of India on
2nd July 2003 and carried out investigations within the existing legal framework under section
235 to 247 of the erstwhile Companies Act, 1956. Later, Section 211 of the Companies Act,
2013, accorded the statutory status to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO). It is under
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. The SFIO is
involved in major fraud probes and is the co-ordinating agency with the Income Tax
Department and the Central Bureau of Investigation.

It is a multi-disciplinary organization having experts from financial sector, capital market,

accountancy, forensic audit, taxation, law, information technology, company law, customs and
investigation. These experts have been taken from various organizations like banks, Securities
and Exchange Board of India, Comptroller and Auditor General and concerned organizations
and departments of the Government. Based on the recommendation of Naresh Chandra
Committee on corporate governance (which was set up by the Government on 21 August 2002)
and in the backdrop of stock market scams as also the failure of non-banking companies
resulting in huge financial loss to the public, Vajpayee Government decided to setup SFIO on
9 January 2003.

Establishment of Serious Fraud Investigation Office

According to section 211 of companies act,2013
(1) The Central Government shall, by notification, establish an office to be called
the Serious Fraud Investigation Office to investigate frauds relating to a company:
Provided that until the Serious Fraud Investigation Office is established under subsection
(1), the Serious Fraud Investigation Office set-up by the Central Government in terms
of the Government of India Resolution No. 45011/16/2003-Adm-I, dated the 2nd July, 2003
shall
be deemed to be the Serious Fraud Investigation Office for the purpose of this section.
(2) The Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall be headed by a Director and consist
of such number of experts from the following fields to be appointed by the Central Government
from amongst persons of ability, integrity and experience in,—
(i) banking;
(ii) corporate affairs;
(iii) taxation;
(iv) forensic audit;
(v) capital market;
(vi) information technology;
(vii) law; or
(viii) such other fields as may be prescribed.
(3) The Central Government shall, by notification, appoint a Director in the Serious
Fraud Investigation Office, who shall be an officer not below the rank of a Joint Secretary to
the Government of India having knowledge and experience in dealing with matters relating to
corporate affairs.
(4) The Central Government may appoint such experts and other officers and employees
in the Serious Fraud Investigation Office as it considers necessary for the efficient discharge
of its functions under this Act.
(5) The terms and conditions of service of Director, experts, and other officers and
employees of the Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall be such as may be prescribed.

Investigation into affairs of Company by Serious Fraud Investigation Office

(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of section 210, where the Central
Government is of the opinion, that it is necessary to investigate into the affairs of a company
by the Serious Fraud Investigation Office—
(a) on receipt of a report of the Registrar or inspector under section 208;
(b) on intimation of a special resolution passed by a company that its affairs are
required to be investigated;
(c) in the public interest; or
(d) on request from any Department of the Central Government or a State
Government,
the Central Government may, by order, assign the investigation into the affairs of the said
company to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office and its Director, may designate such
number of inspectors, as he may consider necessary for the purpose of such investigation.
(2) Where any case has been assigned by the Central Government to the Serious
Fraud Investigation Office for investigation under this Act, no other investigating agency of
Central Government or any State Government shall proceed with investigation in such case
in respect of any offence under this Act and in case any such investigation has already been
initiated, it shall not be proceeded further with and the concerned agency shall transfer the
relevant documents and records in respect of such offences under this Act to Serious Fraud
Investigation Office.
(3) Where the investigation into the affairs of a company has been assigned by the
Central Government to Serious Fraud Investigation Office, it shall conduct the investigation
in the manner and follow the procedure provided in this Chapter; and submit its report to the
Central Government within such period as may be specified in the order.
(4) The Director, Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall cause the affairs of the
company to be investigated by an Investigating Officer who shall have the power of the
inspector under section 217.
(5) The company and its officers and employees, who are or have been in employment
of the company shall be responsible to provide all information, explanation, documents and
assistance to the Investigating Officer as he may require for conduct of the investigation.
(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the
offences covered under sub-sections (5) and (6) of section 7, section 34, section 36, subsection
(1) of section 38, sub-section (5) of section 46, sub-section (7) of section 56, subsection
(10) of section 66, sub-section (5) of section 140, sub-section (4) of section 206,
section 213, section 229, sub-section (1) of section 251, sub-section (3) of section 339 and
section 448 which attract the punishment for fraud provided in section 447 of this Act shall
be cognizable and no person accused of any offence under those sections shall be released
on bail or on his own bond unless—
(i) the Public Prosecutor has been given an opportunity to oppose the application
for such release; and
(ii) where the Public Prosecutor opposes the application, the court is satisfied
that there are reasonable grounds for believing that he is not guilty of such offence
and that he is not likely to commit any offence while on bail:
Provided that a person, who, is under the age of sixteen years or is a woman or is sick
or infirm, may be released on bail, if the Special Court so directs:
Provided further that the Special Court shall not take cognizance of any offence referred
to this sub-section except upon a complaint in writing made by—
(i) the Director, Serious Fraud Investigation Office; or
(ii) any officer of the Central Government authorised, by a general or special
order in writing in this behalf by that Government.
(7) The limitation on granting of bail specified in sub-section (6) is in addition to the
limitations under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 or any other law for the time being in
force on granting of bail.
(8) If the Director, Additional Director or Assistant Director of Serious Fraud
Investigation Office authorised in this behalf by the Central Government by general or
special order, has on the basis of material in his possession reason to believe (the reason for
such belief to be recorded in writing) that any person has been guilty of any offence punishable
under sections referred to in sub-section (6), he may arrest such person and shall, as soon as
may be, inform him of the grounds for such arrest.
(9) The Director, Additional Director or Assistant Director of Serious Fraud Investigation
Office shall, immediately after arrest of such person under sub-section (8), forward a copy of
the order, along with the material in his possession, referred to in that sub-section, to the
Serious Fraud Investigation Office in a sealed envelope, in such manner as may be prescribed
and the Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall keep such order and material for such period
as may be prescribed.
(10) Every person arrested under sub-section (8) shall within twenty-four hours, be
taken to a Judical Magistrate or a Metropolitan Magistrate, as the case may be, having
jurisdiction:
Provided that the period of twenty-four hours shall exclude the time necessary for the
journey from the place of arrest to the Magistrate's court.
(11) The Central Government if so directs, the Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall
submit an interim report to the Central Government.
(12) On completion of the investigation, the Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall
submit the investigation report to the Central Government.
(13) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in any other law for the time
being in force, a copy of the investigation report may be obtained by any person concerned
by making an application in this regard to the court.
(14) On receipt of the investigation report, the Central Government may, after examination
of the report (and after taking such legal advice, as it may think fit), direct the Serious Fraud
Investigation Office to initiate prosecution against the company and its officers or employees,
who are or have been in employment of the company or any other person directly or indirectly
connected with the affairs of the company.
(15) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in any other law for the time
being in force, the investigation report filed with the Special Court for framing of charges
shall be deemed to be a report filed by a police officer under section 173 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973.
(16) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any investigation or other action
taken or initiated by Serious Fraud Investigation Office under the provisions of the Companies
Act, 1956 shall continue to be proceeded with under that Act as if this Act had not been
passed.
(17) (a) In case Serious Fraud Investigation Office has been investigating any offence
under this Act, any other investigating agency, State Government, police authority, income-tax
authorities having any information or documents in respect of such offence shall provide all
such information or documents available with it to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office;
(b) The Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall share any information or documents
available with it, with any investigating agency, State Government, police authority or
incometax authorities, which may be relevant or useful for such investigating agency, State
Government, police authority or income-tax authorities in respect of any offence or matter
being investigated or examined by it under any other law.

Role of Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) in Protection of

Investor's Interest
The Companies Act 2013, guarantees several rights to investors and also regulates the affairs
of a company with a view to ensure efficient functioning of a company so that investors may
receive their due returns of the capital invested by them and their rights and interests are
adequately protected. Investors are the real owners of a company but the power of management
of the company is vested in the Board of Directors.

There are chances to abuse of power like committing fraud, by few directors of the company.
As we know that there is close nexus between corporate governance and ethics but conflicts
between these two are also bound to occur. Corporate fraud, an inevitable incident occurring,
in recent, is an aggravated form of corruption in corporate world. It is difficult to prevent and
to catch such white collar crimes. Such incidents reduce the interest and trust in corporate
investments and in turn reduce the confidence on the government. The Companies Act
empowers the Central Government with the right to investigate the affairs of the company,
especially in cases of an alleged fraud or even in the oppression of the minority shareholders.
 The Central Government is empowered to appoint inspectors to investigate either on its own if
it is of the opinion that such investigation is required on the report of the Registrar or Inspector
under section 208 or in public interest or on the request of the company on the basis of a special
resolution or on the Direction of the court/tribunal or from such members of the company
having requisite number of shares as specified in section 213 of the Companies Act, 2013.

The Central Government has also set up the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) in the
ministry of corporate affairs, a specialized, multi-disciplinary organization to deal with serious
cases of corporate fraud. This was also a major recommendation made by the Naresh Chandra
Committee which was set up by the government on 21 August 2002 on corporate governance.
Headquarters of this office is located in New Delhi, with field offices located in major cities
throughout India. The SFIO is headed by a director not below the rank of a Joint Secretary to
the Government of India having knowledge and experience in dealing with the matters relating
to corporate affairs and also consist of experts from various disciplines. This will, certainly
protect the investor’s interest and will also bring back the confidence of investors in Indian
capital market.

Criminal Liabilities of Company in cases of Fraud

The certain corporate activities have been regarded as fraud and kept under the category
of cognizable as well as non-bailable offences and punishable under section 447 of the
Companies Act, 2013.

Provided the special court shall not take cognizance of any offence except upon complaint in
writing made by –

 The Director, Serious Fraud Investigation office,

 Any officer of the Central Government authorized by general or special order in writing in this
behalf
SFIO will now have power to arrest in respect of certain offences which are punishable for
fraud provided in section 447 and such person.

POWERS TO ARREST
Companies (Arrest in connection with Investigation by Serious Fraud Investigation Office)
Rules, 2017 read with Section 212 of the Act

Most provisions of the Act came into force on April 1, 2014. While powers of arrest to the
SFIO, which comes under the corporate affairs ministry, the provision has been notified only
 now. The ministry has notified the rules pertaining to arrests in connection with Investigation
by the SFIO and they came into effect from August 24, 2017.

As per the notification:

 The director as well as additional or assistant director level officials at the SFIO after carrying
investigation into the affairs of company (not being Government or Foreign Company)
 Has reason to believe the person is guilty of any offence with regards to the case being
investigated, on the basis of material information in his possession.
 Then Director, Additional Director or Assistant Director may arrest such person.
(Provided “In case of an arrest being made by additional director or assistant director, the prior
written approval of the director SFIO shall be obtained,” as per the Notification)

 The SFIO director would be the competent authority for all decisions pertaining to arrest.
 (Arrest in case of Government or Foreign Company);the person found guilty with regards to
case being investigated can be arrested only with “the prior approval of Central Government”

Actions to be taken after Arrest:

 Arrest order with personal memo in the prescribed form to be signed by Director, Additional
Director or Assistant Director.
 Same shall be served on Arrestee and obtain written acknowledgement.
 Same to be served to the office of director in as sealed envelope in a prescribed manner (i.e
with forwarding letter and sign to affixed on each page of document within 24 hours)
 Every person so arrested shall within 24 hours, be taken to a Judicial Magistrate or
Metropolitan Magistrate, as the case may be, having jurisdiction.
(24 hours excludes time of journey)

Maintenance of Register
According to the ministry,

 The SFIO would maintain an arrest register.

 Register will be maintained at office of Director
 Particulars of the arrestee, date and time of arrest as well as other relevant information
pertaining to every arrest made by the agency’s officer should be entered accordingly
immediately on receipt of information
 Documents to be preserved for period of 5 years which includes copy of arrest order together
with supporting materials;
i. From the date of judgement or final order of the Trial court, in cases where the said judgement
has not been impugned in the appellate court

ii. from the date of disposal of the matter before the final appellate court, in cases where the
said judgement or final order has been impugned, whichever is later.

The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), relating to arrest shall be
applied mutatis mutandis to every arrest made under this (Companies) Act,” the ministry said

Order by Central Government:

On completion of the investigation, SFIO will submit report to the Central Government, who
on its receipt may, order SFIO to initiate prosecution against the company and its past or present
officers or employees connected thereto and any other person directly or indirectly connected
to the affairs of the company.

Thus Companies act, 2013 has given statutory recognition to serious fraud Investigation office
and investigation into affairs of company by SFIO under section 211 and 212 of the Act
respectively.

WEBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://taxguru.in/company-law/fraud-investigation-office-powers-companies-act-
2013.html
2. http://www.mca.gov.in/SearchableActs/Section212.htm
3. http://www.mca.gov.in/SearchableActs/Section211.htm
4. https://blogs.compliancecalendar.in/serious-fraud-investigation-office-and-its-
powers-under-companies-act-2013-section-211-section-212-by-cs-anjali-jgorsia-173
5. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2561827