Chirp

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For other uses, see Chirp (disambiguation).
In spread-spectrum usage, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices such as reflective
array compressors (RACs) are often used to generate and demodulate the chirped
signals. In optics, ultrashort laser pulses also exhibit chirp, which, in optical
transmission systems, interacts with the dispersion properties of the materials,
increasing or decreasing total pulse dispersion as the signal propagates. The name is
a reference to the chirping sound made by birds; see bird vocalization.

Definitions
If a waveform is defined as:

then the instantaneous frequency is defined to be the phase rate:

and the (instantaneous) chirpyness is defined to be the frequency rate:[a]

Types

Linear
In a linear chirp, the instantaneous
frequency varies exactly linearly with
time:

where is the starting frequency (at

time ), and is the rate of frequency
change or chirpyness.

,
A linear chirp waveform; a sinusoidal wave that
where is the final frequency. is the increases in frequency linearly over time
time it takes to sweep from to .

The corresponding time-domain function for the phase of any oscillating signal is the
integral of the frequency function, as one expects the phase to grow like , i.e., that the
derivative of the phase is the angular frequency .

For the linear chirp, this results in:

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where is the initial phase (at time ). Thus this is also called a quadratic-phase
signal.[3]

The corresponding time-domain

function for a sinusoidal linear chirp is
the sine of the phase in radians:

Spectrogram of a linear chirp. The spectrogram plot

demonstrates the linear rate of change in frequency
as a function of time, in this case from 0 to 7 kHz,
repeating every 2.3 seconds. The intensity of the plot
is proportional to the energy content in the signal at
the indicated frequency and time.

Exponential
In a geometric chirp, also called an
exponential chirp, the frequency of
the signal varies with a geometric
relationship over time. In other words,
if two points in the waveform are
chosen, and , and the time interval
between them is kept constant, the
frequency ratio will also be constant.

In an exponential chirp, the frequency

of the signal varies exponentially as a
function of time: An exponential chirp waveform; a sinusoidal wave
that increases in frequency exponentially over time

where is the starting frequency (at ),

and is the rate of exponential change
in frequency.
Unlike the linear chirp, which has a
constant chirpyness, an exponential
chirp has an exponentially increasing
frequency rate.

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The corresponding time-domain
function for the phase of an
exponential chirp is the integral of the
frequency:
where is the initial phase (at ).
Spectrogram of an exponential chirp. The exponential
rate of change of frequency is shown as a function of
time, in this case from nearly 0 up to 8 kHz repeating
every second. Also visible in this spectrogram is a
frequency fallback to 6 kHz after peaking, likely an
artifact of the specific method employed to generate
the waveform.

The corresponding time-domain function for a sinusoidal exponential chirp is

the sine of the phase in radians:

As was the case for the Linear Chirp, the instantaneous frequency of the
Exponential Chirp consists of the fundamental frequency accompanied by
additional harmonics.

Generation

Relation to an impulse signal

A chirp signal shares the same spectral content
with an impulse signal. However, unlike in the
impulse signal, spectral components of the chirp
signal have different phases,[4][5][6] i.e., their power
spectra are alike but the phase spectra are distinct.
Dispersion of a signal propagation medium may
result in unintentional conversion of impulse
signals into chirps. On the other hand, many
Chirp and impulse signals and their
practical applications, such as chirped pulse
(selected) spectral components. On
amplifiers or echolocation systems,[6] use chirp the bottom given four
signals instead of impulses because of their monochromatic components, sine
waves of different frequency. The red
inherently lower PAPR. line in the waves give the relative
phase shift to the other sine waves,
originating from the chirp
characteristic. The animation removes
the phase shift step by step (like with
matched filtering), resulting in a sinc
pulse when no relative phase shift is
left.

Uses and occurrences

Chirp modulation
Chirp modulation, or linear frequency modulation for digital communication, was
patented by Sidney Darlington in 1954 with significant later work performed by
Winkler in 1962. This type of modulation employs sinusoidal waveforms whose
instantaneous frequency increases or decreases linearly over time. These waveforms
are commonly referred to as linear chirps or simply chirps.

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Hence the rate at which their frequency changes is called the chirp rate. In binary
chirp modulation, binary data is transmitted by mapping the bits into chirps of
opposite chirp rates. For instance, over one bit period "1" is assigned a chirp with
positive rate a and "0" a chirp with negative rate −a. Chirps have been heavily used in
radar applications and as a result advanced sources for transmission and matched
filters for reception of linear chirps are available.

(a) In image processing, direct periodicity seldom

occurs, but, rather, periodicity-in-perspective is
encountered. (b) Repeating structures like the
alternating dark space inside the windows, and light
space of the white concrete, "chirp" (increase in
frequency) towards the right. (c) Thus the best fit
chirp for image processing is often a projective chirp.

Chirplet transform
Main article: Chirplet transform
Another kind of chirp is the projective chirp, of the form:

Key chirp

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to

Chirp.

Chirp spectrum - Analysis of the frequency spectrum of chirp signals

Chirp compression - Further information on compression techniques
Chirped mirror
Chirped pulse amplification
Chirplet transform - A signal representation based on a family of localized chirp
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 functions, each member of which can usually be expressed as parameterized
transformations of each other.
Continuous-wave radar
Dispersion (optics)
Pulse compression - A signal processing technique designed to maximize the
sensitivity and resolution of radar systems by modifying transmitted pulses to
improve their auto-correlation properties. One way of accomplishing this is to
chirp the RADAR signal (also known as chirp radar).
SHARAD
Radio propagation - measure radio propagation with Chirp-modulated
transmitters

Notes

References

External links

Look up chirp in Wiktionary, the free

dictionary.

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