IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, NO.
6, NOVEMBER 2008
A Single Palladium Nanowire Via Electrophoresis
Deposition Used as a Ultrasensitive Hydrogen Sensor
Yushi Hu, David Perello, Usman Mushtaq, and Minhee Yun, Member, IEEE
Abstract—We have successfully fabricated and demonstrated
the use of a single metallic nanowire as a hydrogen sensor with
extremely high sensitivity via a very simple fabrication process. In
this paper, single palladium (Pd) nanowires were electrodeposited
within 100-nm-wide polymethylmethacrylate nanochannels using
a Pd electrolyte solution. Via this method, nanowires were grown
with widths ranging from 50 to 100 nm, and lengths from 3 to
7 µm. The nanowires were successfully used to sense hydrogen
concentrations as low as 5 ppm at room temperature. The growth
control of single Pd nanowires, as well as the primary sensing
mechanism, is addressed in detail in this paper.
Index Terms—Electrophoresis deposition, hydrogen sensor,
single nanowire, palladium (Pd).
I. INTRODUCTION
OTH semiconducting [1] and metallic [2] nanowires have
B attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Some of
the proposed new and/or enhanced functions based on nanowires
include FETs based on semicondutor nanowires [3], [4] light-
emitting diodes [5], biosensors [6], chemical sensors [7], and
thermocouples [8]. Due to their small size and high surface-
to-volume ratio, nanowire-based nanosensors are emerging as
a powerful class of ultrasensitive sensors, capable of directly
detecting biological and chemical species [9]. One important
category of chemical sensors, gas sensors, have previously been
fabricated based on metallic nanowire arrays [7], [10] and bun-
dles [11]. They display increased sensitivity and response times
compared to conventional sensors but are based on the over-
all performance of a collection of individual nanowires. This
collective behavior might undermine the advantages that sin-
gle nanowires would possess. For this reason, the use of single
quasi-1-D nanowires as sensors shows the best potential for
future increases in sensitivity.
In spite of the inherent advantages of single nanowire de-
vices, fabricating and aligning single nanowires have presented a
formidable challenge that has deterred progress. Chemical vapor
Manuscript received June 9, 2008; revised September 8, 2008; accepted
September 9, 2008. First published September 30, 2008; current version pub-
lished December 24, 2008. This work was supported by the Air Force Office of
Scientific Research (AFOSR) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) un-
der Grant ECCS 0824035. The review of this paper was arranged by Associate
Editor E. T. Yu.
Y. Hu, D. Perello, and M. Yun are with the Electrical and Computer Engineer-
ing Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA (e-mail:
hu.yushi@gmail.com; dperello16@gmail.com; yunmh@engr.pitt.edu).
U. Mushtaq was with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineer-
ing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15146 USA. He is now with the
Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON KYL 3N6,
Canada (e-mail: mushtaq.usman@gmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TNANO.2008.2005978
1536-125X/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
693
deposition (CVD) has been widely used in nanowire fabrication,
especially semiconductor nanowires synthesis [12], [13]. One of
the most utilized CVD processes, the vapor–liquid–solid growth
process [14], [15], was demonstrated as an effective fabrication
method for nanowires. However, the CVD methods require not
only high temperatures and proper catalysts for growth, but also
a sophisticated fabrication process with specialized facilities.
As a controllable and feasible alternative growth method, elec-
trophoresis deposition could be performed using only a probe
station at room temperature ambient conditions and a proper
electrolyte solution. We previously demonstrated a hydrogen
gas sensor based on a single palladium (Pd) nanowire that used
the aforementioned electrophoresis deposition method [16]. In
this paper, we demonstrate ultrahigh sensitivity and growth con-
trol, further enhancing the feasibility of this method.
Highly sensitive hydrogen sensors are important for safety
in many professions due to the dangers of even small amounts
of leaked hydrogen. For instance, in aerospace crafts, early de-
tection of hydrogen leakage is critical to prevent fatal disasters.
For the advancement of future hydrogen-related environment-
friendly industries, such as automobiles based on hydrogen en-
ergy and hydrogen fuel cells, sensors capable of monitoring
extremely small hydrogen concentrations are necessary to pro-
tect humans as well as the environment.
Different types of hydrogen sensors have been reported using
FET structures [17], [18] and diode [10] structures, as well as
Pd nanowire arrays and bundles [7], [11]. Though Pd-based
nanowire sensor arrays and bundles are favored for the ease of
fabrication, they are generally less sensitive (not lower than 100
ppm). On the other hand, it is commonly recognized that FET
structures should have an advantage in sensitivity, assuming that
they are properly “tunable” through the use of an applied back
gate voltage [19]. As proof, NO2 and NH3 sensors based on
nanowire FET structures have been reported to have sub-ppm
sensitivity [20]. For hydrogen sensing, however, a nanowire
FET structure is effectively useless due to the metallic nature of
the two most commonly used materials: Pd and platinum. The
gate only minimally controls the conduction in the nanowires,
and hence the nanowire FET hydrogen sensors [21] based on
them have failed to sense concentrations below 10 ppm. In
addition, using a back gate can complicate the fabrication of
simple nanowire sensors.
While semiconductor nanowires have been widely used in
sensors, metallic nanowires are rarely mentioned or utilized
because of sensitivity or fabrication issues. In this paper, we have
fabricated superthin Pd nanowires with sub-100-nm diameters
using electrophoresis deposition; these nanowires successfully
sense hydrogen concentrations as low as ∼5 ppm. Compared
694
Fig. 1. Fabrication process template for 100 nm PMMA channels. (A) 100-nm-thick SiO 2 growth. (B) Photoresist spin-coating. (C) Development of photoresist.
(D) e-Beam evaporation of 5-nm-thick Ti layer as adhesion layer followed by 95-nm-thick gold layer as electrode. (E) PMMA spin-coating. (F) e-Beam lithography
and development of PMMA to pattern 100-nm-wide nanochannels.
with previous hydrogen sensors based on Pd nanowires, our
devices have much better sensitivity. Hence, the advantage of
single nanowires over nanowire bundles or arrays is clearly
demonstrated. As for FET and diode hydrogen sensors, our
results demonstrate competitive sensitivity but are much simpler
to fabricate. Given the proper electrolyte solution, this method
can also be extended to other materials that would sense various
other chemicals, such as NO2 , NH3 , etc.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
Pd nanowires were electrodeposited in 100-nm-wide poly-
methylmethacrylate (PMMA) channels patterned between two
Au electrodes. The Au electrodes and PMMA channels were
fabricated on 4-in (100 mm) Si wafers. See Fig. 1 for a de-
tailed template of the fabrication process. In step A, a layer of
100 nm SiO2 is thermally grown as an insulation layer. In steps
B and C, a layer of positive photoresist is spun on the surface,
and the Ti/Au electrodes are patterned using optical lithogra-
phy. In step D, 5 nm Ti and 95 nm of Au are deposited by
electron-beam (e-beam) evaporation. Unwanted metal areas are
removed with a lift-off technique, and the remaining Ti/Au re-
gions serve as electrodes for the electrophoresis deposition. In
steps E and F, 100 nm of PMMA is spin-coated on the surface
of substrate. Afterward, 100-nm-wide channels are patterned
by e-beam lithography, and nanochannels are formed when the
resist is developed.
The nanowire deposition is completed using a probe station.
A drop of Pd electrolyte solution consisting of diamminepalla-
dium nitrite (Pd(NH2 )2 (NO2 )2 ) (10 g/L) and ammonia sulfa-
mate (NH4 SO3 NH2 ) (100 g/L) is placed on the channel between
the electrodes by a micropipette [16]. A constant current is then
applied to adjacent Ti/Au electrodes using a semiconductor an-
alyzer (Agilent B1500 A), as shown in Fig. 2(a). A side view is
shown in Fig. 2(b). The corresponding voltage across the elec-
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2008
trodes is then monitored during the growth process. A wire is
grown and connected between the electrodes when the voltage
drops near zero. Different currents ranging from 20 to 100 nA
are applied during this process and result in different nanowire
growth. Fig. 2(a) displays one such V − t curve with a cor-
responding sharp drop in the voltage across the nanochannel.
Current supply is stopped several seconds after voltage drop to
ensure stable connection between nanowire and electrode, and
avoid excessive lateral growth. A grown nanowire between two
Au electrodes is shown in Fig. 2(c). Based on the earlier elec-
trophoresis deposition, nanowires with resistance ranging from
100 Ω to 100 kΩ can be fabricated.
The gas sensing system used for testing the nanowires is il-
lustrated in Fig. 3. Using Labview (National Instrument, Inc.,
USA), two gas lines, supplying hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas,
respectively, can be controlled by an MKS flow controller sys-
tem (MKS Multi Gas Controller 647 C, MKS Instruments, Inc.,
USA). Two hydrogen gases with different concentrations are
used in sensing. The first gas is 10% hydrogen and the second is
manufacturer-certified 0.1% hydrogen with nitrogen gas as bal-
ance gas (Matheson Tri Gas, Inc., USA). To achieve the desired
hydrogen test concentration, 99.999% pure nitrogen gas is used
as a mixing gas to dilute the hydrogen. To ensure proper gas
mixing, the two lines are connected to a gas mixing chamber
before going to the reaction chamber. The mixing chamber has
one gas outlet that leads to the reaction chamber with an inner
volume of 12.6 mL. With proper flow rates of hydrogen gas and
pure nitrogen, it is possible to produce any desired hydrogen
concentration from 10% to 2 ppm with this system. The sensing
chamber is where the nanowire sensor is placed. It has a gas
inlet connected to the mixing chamber outlet and a gas outlet
that directly connects to the ambient. The test does not require
a pumping system and is operated at room temperature.
The actual sensing process begins by applying a constant 2.5-
mV dc voltage across the nanowire using a current amplifier
HU et al.: SINGLE PALLADIUM NANOWIRE VIA ELECTROPHORESIS DEPOSITION USED AS A ULTRASENSITIVE HYDROGEN SENSOR
Fig. 2. Electrophoresis deposition of Pd nanowire. (a) Voltage signal across
the nanochannel during electrophoresis deposition shows a voltage drop to
∼0 V when nanowire connects the Ti/Au electrodes at the completion of the
growth process. (b) Cross-sectional diagram of the nanochannel structure dur-
ing electrodeposition. (c) SEM image of a grown Pd nanowire between two
electrodes.
(Keithley 428, Keithley, Inc., USA). The current amplifier is also
used to measure (and amplify) the respective current through
the Pd nanowire. The output voltage signal from the current
amplifier is then collected by a data acquisition system (Keithley
2701, Keithley, Inc., USA) that is interfaced to a computer with
Labview for data storage. The collected output signal is utilized
to sense the hydrogen gas in the sensing system. The recorded
voltage versus time data are converted into resistance change
ratio or (R − R0 )/R0 versus time and plotted by Sigma Plot
695
(SigmaPlot 9.0, SYSTAT Software, Inc., USA). R represents
resistance of Pd nanowire during detection and R0 represents
its initial resistance before detection.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We fabricated nanowires with diameters consistently ranging
from 100 nm to less than 50 nm. Depending on certain physical
traits, these nanowires can be categorized into three different
kinds: 1) plain structure; 2) grain structure; and 3) hairy struc-
ture. SEM images for the three different kinds of structures are
shown in Fig. 4(a)–(e). Plain structure nanowires, as shown in
Fig. 4(a) and (b), are composed of very tightly bound particles
that are well connected to each other with no gaps. The diameter
of this kind of nanowire is relatively uniform along the channel,
and the surface is relatively plain. As shown in Fig. 4(c) and
(d), the grain structure nanowires consist of small nanosized
nodes, each barely connected to others by a very small neck.
The diameter of this kind of nanowire varies along the channel,
and the neck part can be as small as 10 or 20 nm. The typi-
cal size of individual grains or nodes ranges from 50 to 100
nm. Hairy structure nanowires, shown in Fig. 4(e) and (f), are
similar to a tree structure. They have a trunk in the center and
many dendrite-like branches reaching outward. The length of
individual branches is limited by the width of the channel.
Through extensive testing of different nanowires, a relation-
ship between the growth condition and the structure has been
found. In these tests, the same 6-µm length and 100-nm width
were used, while the growth current was varied. It was discov-
ered that the growth is highly dependent on the electric field
within the channels. As shown in Fig. 5(a)–(c), three SEM im-
ages with three different growth currents of 500 nA (a), 100 nA
(b), and 50 nA (c) indicate a clear relationship between current
and nanowire structure. With a higher current [Fig. 5(b)], the
electric field between the electrodes and the region inside the
channel is higher, and the nanowire tends to grow very quickly
and produce more dendrites. With a lower current [Fig. 5(c)],
the actual electric field is correspondingly lower and the growth
is comparatively slower, allowing seeds inside the channel to
grow and produce a grain structure. Interestingly, with an in-
termediate current, the nanowire could show grain structure on
cathode (left) side and hairy structure on anode (right) side, as
shown in Fig. 5(b). As the nanowire starts growing from the left
side in the images of Fig. 5, the electric field is relatively weak
since the distance between the cathode and anode is large. In
this case, the grain structure growth is favored. However, as the
nanowire grows close to the anode, a relatively larger electric
field is produced at the leading edge of the Pd growth; thus,
hairy structure growth appears dominant.
The behavior of these structures when exposed to hydrogen
gas also varied according to their structural type. The exper-
iments showed that the three types of nanowires have three
different sensing behaviors. For the plain structure nanowires,
measurements showed increased resistance when exposed to
hydrogen. The original resistance was recovered after the sens-
ing chamber was purged with nitrogen. An SEM image and a
5000-ppm hydrogen sensing signal of a plain structure nanowire
696 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2008

Fig. 3. Schematic graph of hydrogen sensing system. Two different gases, hydrogen and nitrogen dilution gas, are connected to two separate gas valves and the
flow rates are controlled by a computer. The two gases are mixed in a separate chamber prior to the reaction chamber where the nanowire is located during sensing.
The current through the nanowire is monitored and amplified by a current amplifier into a voltage signal, which is recorded by a Keithley data acquisition system
interfaced to a Labview data collection program on the computer.

Fig. 4. SEM images for three different kinds of grown nanowires. (a) and (b) Plain structure nanowire with 85 nm diameter. (c) and (d) Grain structure nanowires
with diameter ranging from 100 to 150 nm. (e) and (f) Hairy structure nanowires with ∼100 nm diameter.

Fig. 5. SEM images for nanowires grown using three different currents. (a) 500 nA growth current. (b) 100 nA growth current. The upper left inset is magnification
for the left side and bottom right inset is right side magnification. (c) 50 nA growth current.

are shown in Fig. 6(a) and (b). The diameter of the nanowire
was around 100 nm, and from Fig. 6(b), it can be seen that the
resistance change ratio is positive when exposed to hydrogen.
This positive change corresponds to an increase of resistance. It
is well known that Pd has two special properties when exposed
to hydrogen [22]. The first property is resistivity change; the
resistivity of β phase PdH0.7 is ∼1.85 times that of α phase Pd
at room temperature and at ambient conditions [7]. The second
property is swelling of the lattice size. The lattice constant of
Pd changes from 3.889 Å of α phase Pd to 4.025 Å for β phase
PdH0.7 , resulting in a 10.4% volume expansion [22]. Plain
structure nanowires act in the same way as normal Pd hydro-
gen sensors do when exposed to hydrogen, such as those based
on thin films. They show an increase of resistivity based on
the first (resistance) effect. However, plain structure nanowires
are preferred because of their much higher surface-to-volume
ratio; thus, any small change of surface resistance due to hydro-
gen adsorption exerts a larger impact on whole structure. The
fact that we were not able to get any sensing signal for plain
structure nanowire with diameter larger than 100 nm in our ex-
periment may be a proof of this statement. In addition, unlike
other specific nanowire-based hydrogen sensors [7], [11], this
kind of nanowire senses hydrogen purely based on the intrinsic
properties of hydrogen compounds, rather than from structural
change. Even so, the wire has considerable sensitivity and proves
the advantage of single nanowire structures for sensing instead
of bundles or arrays.
We noted that a small yet steady increase of resistance is
presented in the signal during the measurements. Two possible
reasons could result in this phenomenon. First, a gradual
HU et al.: SINGLE PALLADIUM NANOWIRE VIA ELECTROPHORESIS DEPOSITION USED AS A ULTRASENSITIVE HYDROGEN SENSOR
Fig. 6. (a) SEM image of a plain structure nanowire with ∼110 nm diame-
ter. The green box inset shows a magnified picture of the center of the wire.
(b) 5000-ppm hydrogen sensing signal of this nanowire. The resistance of the
nanowire is increased when hydrogen is on.
accumulation of hydrogen on the surface of Pd during detection
process could gradually increase the surface resistance of
nanowire. Second, the positive temperature coefficient of Pd
under hydrogen environment could lead to a steady increase
of resistance due to the heating of nanowire in detection
process [23]. A gas system with better gas transportation and
thermal conduction should help minimize this signal drifting.
The grain structure nanowires were found to exhibit the high-
est sensing ability among these three types, accurately sensing
hydrogen concentrations as low as 5 ppm. Detection of 5 ppm
is the highest sensitivity found in the literature for any structure
based on pure Pd. The resistance of grain structure nanowires
decreased upon hydrogen exposure, quite unlike plain struc-
ture nanowires. SEM images of one grain structure nanowire
together with the hydrogen sensing signal for concentrations as
low as 5 ppm are shown in Fig. 7(a) and (b). It is clear that this
nanowire is composed of many small nanoparticles with diam-
eters from 40 to 80 nm. The nanoparticles are either in close
contact or connected by a small neck. As shown in Fig. 7(b), the
sensing is cycled with different hydrogen concentrations from
1000 to 2 ppm, and voltage rises (and thus, resistance drops)
whenever the nanowire is exposed to hydrogen. In this structure,
the change is no longer attributed to the resistivity change from
697
Fig. 7. (a) SEM image of a grain structure nanowire with the grain size
ranging from 40 to 100 nm. The insets are magnified images of specific parts
of the nanowire. (b) 1000- to 5-ppm hydrogen sensing signal of this nanowire.
The resistance of nanowire is decreased when hydrogen is on. (c) Illustration of
sensing mechanism of grain structure nanowires. The nano-sized necks between
particles are crushed by neighboring particles when hydrogen gas flow is on
inside the sensing chamber.
β phase PdH0.7 to α phase Pd. Rather, it is caused by a structural
change of the nanowire itself. The resistance of the nanowire
appears to be dominated by hopping between the nanoparticle
contacts instead of the bulk of the Pd. The changing contact
area between neighboring nanoparticles, which results from the
volume expansion during hydrogenation, appears to be the dom-
inant factor. The first mechanism for the contact change is due
to the volume expansion of the neck itself. A more dominant
mechanism results from the expansion of neighboring parti-
cles. The neighboring particles, whose sizes are typically in the
698
Fig. 8. Two different hairy structure nanowires with different sensing signals. (a) SEM images for a 100-nm-diameter hairy structure nanowire. The green box
inset is a magnified image. (b) A 1% (10 000 ppm) sensing signal for the nanowire in (a). The resistance is decreased when hydrogen is on. (c) SEM images for a
hairy structure closely resembling that of a plain structure nanowire with a trunk diameter ranging from 30 to 90 nm. (d) One percent (10 000 ppm) sensing signal
for the nanowire in (c). The resistance is increased when hydrogen is on.
range of 100 nm, are much larger than the neck. As illustrated
in Fig. 7(c), they will expand and cause the length of the neck to
decrease by compression. Simultaneously, the diameter of the
neck will be forced to expand. Hence, the contact area between
neighboring nanoparticles would be greatly increased and the
nanowire resistance significantly decreased.
Pd nanowire hydrogen gas sensors based on Pd size change
have been reported and described by Favier et al. [7]. Past de-
vices utilized similar volume expansion to act as a hydrogen
sensor switch. Unlike these previous structures, the nanowires
considered in this paper consist of particles that are connected
by small necks as opposed to discontinuities. This results in a
completely different overall sensing mechanism. Our nanowires
are able to continuously sense hydrogen gas concentration down
to an extremely low level because the contact area modulation
with respect to the original contact area is never trivial. Past
devices had much larger particles and gaps between them, and
hence, the critical threshold to close and open the gaps occurred
at a concentration of about 5000 ppm (0.5%) [7]. However, even
at concentrations as low as 2–5 ppm, a small decrease in resis-
tivity is measurable in our structure, since a small change of the
nanoparticle size results in a big change of the contact area, and
hence, a big and continuous change in resistance. More investi-
gation is required to discern the exact effect of size swelling on
the resistance change.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2008
For the hairy structures, we have found even more interest-
ing results regarding hydrogen sensing, since more complicated
sensing mechanism exists in this case. As mentioned before,
hydrogen absorption in Pd could cause a resistivity increase via
the change in the chemical composition of the wires, or a re-
sistance decrease via size swelling. We believe that the sensing
mechanism of this structure is a combination of the two, and the
final resistance change of a specific nanowire depends on which
of the two mechanisms is dominant. Interestingly, it has been
found that both can be dominant in the hairy structure. SEM im-
ages of two hairy structure nanowires with two different sensing
mechanisms, together with their sensing signals, are shown in
Fig. 8(a)–(d). When both were exposed to 10 000 ppm hydro-
gen, the first nanowire [Fig. 8(a)] showed a resistance decrease
[Fig. 8(b)], while the second one [Fig. 8(c)] showed a resistance
increase [Fig. 8(d)]. It is easily seen that in the first nanowire,
the dendrites are closely twisted together and the gaps are rel-
atively small. When exposed to hydrogen, the size swelling of
the nanowire could result in direct contact between dendrites
and the trunk, and thus, the effective diameter of the nanowire
is increased. This then produces an increased conductance and
is very similar to the grain structure mechanism. In the second
nanowire, however, the dendrites are loosely distributed, and the
big gaps between the dendrites prevent them from making more
contact with the trunk when exposed to hydrogen. In this case,
HU et al.: SINGLE PALLADIUM NANOWIRE VIA ELECTROPHORESIS DEPOSITION USED AS A ULTRASENSITIVE HYDROGEN SENSOR
the decisive mechanism appears to be the intrinsic resistivity
change, similar to the plain structure.
IV. CONCLUSION
Highly sensitive hydrogen sensors based on single Pd
nanowires have been successfully fabricated using an elec-
trophoresis deposition method. In our paper, single Pd nanowires
were able to sense hydrogen concentrations down to 2–5 ppm,
the best sensitivity found in the literature for sensors based on
non-FET Pd nanostructures. Three different kinds of nanowire
structures were discovered, and the sensing mechanism was
investigated for each. It was also found that the growth of
nanowires are closely related to the growth current, indicating
that nanowire growth is controllable by adjusting the current.
Although further research is needed to fully address the growth
and sensing issues, this paper demonstrates an easy and con-
trollable way of fabricating highly sensitive hydrogen sensors
and the advantages of single nanowire structures over nanowire
arrays or bundles. Possible fabrication for future individually
addressable single nanowire arrays could also be easily uti-
lized by changing the pattern [16]. It is also conceivable that
by growing single nanowires using different materials such as
polyaniline [24] with proper functionalization [25], [26], this
method could be easily extended to biomedical sensing.
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Yushi Hu received the B.S. degree from the Microelectronics Department,
Fudan University, Shanghai, China, in 2006, the M.S. degree in 2008 from the
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, PA,
where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree.
He has been engaged in metallic nanowire growth and its application in
chemical gas sensors.
David Perello received the B.S. degree in 2007 from the Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, where he is
currently working toward the M.S. degree.
He has been engaged in fabrication and characterizaition of carbon nanotube
FET and nanowire structures.
Usman Mushtaq received the B.S. degree in computer engineering from the
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, in 2007. He is currently working toward
the M.S. degree in the Civil Engineering Department at Queen’s University in
Kingston, ON, Canada.
He had been engaged in hydrogen control and data acquisition software
system with the University of Pittsburgh. He briefly worked with Advanced
Intranet Systems, Inc., in Lewisville, TX.
Minhee Yun (M’05) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Arizona State
University, Tempe, in 1996 and 1998, respectively.
He was a Postdoctoral and Research Scientist from 1998 to 2000. Then
he worked as a Junior and a Senior Engineering Staff at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
from 2001 to 2005. In 2005, he joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, as an Assistant Professor.
His current research interests include single nanowire growth and its application
in sensing, development in carbon nanotube (CNT)-FET devices, and microbial
bio-fuel cell based on nanostructured materials.