416 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

6.4 I N T E G R AT I O N TA B L E S A N D C O M P L E T I N G T H E S Q U A R E
■ Use integration tables to find indefinite integrals.
■ Use reduction formulas to find indefinite integrals.
■ Use completing the square to find indefinite integrals.

Integration Tables
So far in this chapter, you have studied three integration techniques to be used
along with the basic integration formulas. Certainly these techniques and formu-
las do not cover every possible method for finding an antiderivative, but they do
cover most of the important ones.
In this section, you will expand the list of integration formulas to form a table
of integrals. As you add new integration formulas to the basic list, two effects
occur. On one hand, it becomes increasingly difficult to memorize, or even
become familiar with, the entire list of formulas. On the other hand, with a longer
list you need fewer techniques for fitting an integral to one of the formulas on the
list. The procedure of integrating by means of a long list of formulas is called
integration by tables. (The table in this section constitutes only a partial listing
of integration formulas. Much longer lists exist, some of which contain several
hundred formulas.)
Integration by tables should not be considered a trivial task. It requires
considerable thought and insight, and it often requires substitution. Many people
find a table of integrals to be a valuable supplement to the integration techniques
discussed in the first three sections of this chapter. We encourage you to gain
competence in the use of integration tables, as well as to continue to improve in
the use of the various integration techniques. In doing so, you should find that a
combination of techniques and tables is the most versatile approach to integra-
tion.
Each integration formula in the table on the next three pages can be
developed using one or more of the techniques you have studied. You should try
to verify several of the formulas. For instance, Formula 4

u
a
bu2
1
du  2
a

b a
bu

ln a
bu  
C Formula 4

can be verified using partial fractions, Formula 17

a
bu
u
du  2a
bu
a
1
ua
bu
du Formula 17

can be verified using integration by parts, and Formula 37

1
1
eu
du  u  ln1
e u
C Formula 37

can be verified using substitution.

STUDY TIP

A symbolic integration utility consists, in part, of a database of integration

tables. The primary difference between using a symbolic integration utility and
using a table of integrals is that with a symbolic integration utility the computer
searches through the database to find a fit. With a table of integrals, you must
do the searching.
 SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 417

In the table of integrals below and on the next two pages, the formulas have
been grouped into eight different types according to the form of the integrand.
Forms involving u n
Forms involving a
bu
Forms involving a
bu
Forms involving u2 ± a2
Forms involving u2  a2
Forms involving a2  u2
Forms involving e u
Forms involving ln u

Table of Integrals
Forms involving u n

1.
u n du 
u n
1
n
1

C, n  1

2.
1
u 
du  ln u
C

Forms involving a
bu

3.
u
a
bu
1

du  2 bu  a ln a
bu 
C
b 
4.
u
a
bu2
1
du  2
a

b a
bu

ln a
bu  
C
5.
u
a
bu n
1
du  2  1


a
b n  2a
bun2 n  1a
bun1

C, n  1, 2
6.
u2
a
bu
1 bu

du  3  2a  bu
a2 ln a
bu
b 2  
C
7.
u2
a
bu2
1
du  3 bu 
b  a2
a
bu
 2a ln a
bu  
C
8.
u2
a
bu3
1
du  3
2a

a2
b a
bu 2a
bu2

ln a
bu  
C
9.
u2
a
bun
1
du  3  1
b n  3a
bun3

2a
n  2a
bun2 
a2
n  1a
bun1

C, n  1, 2, 3
10.
1
ua
bu
1
du  ln
u
a a
bu

C
 
11.
1
ua
bu2
du 
1 1
 1

ln
u
a a
bu a a
bu  
C

12.
u2
1
a
bu
du  
1 1 b

lnu
a u a a
bu  
C

13.
1
u2a
bu2
1 a
2bu
du   2
a ua
bu

2b
a
ln
u
 
a
bu

C
418 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

Table of Integrals (continued )

Forms involving a
bu

14.
u na
bu du 
2
b2n
3 
u n a
bu32  na
un1a
bu du
15.
1
ua
bu
du 
1
a
ln
a
bu  a
a
bu
a
C,
 a > 0

16.
una
1

bu
du 
1 a
bu
an  1 u n1

2n  3b
2
u n1a
1

bu
du , n1

17.
a
bu
u
du  2a
bu
a
1
ua
bu
du

18.
a
bu
un
du 
1
an  1 
a
bu32 2n  5b
un1


2
a
bu
un1
du , n1

19.
u
a
bu
du  
22a  bu
3b 2
a
bu
C

20.
un
a
bu
du 
2
2n
1b
una
bu  na 
u n1
a
bu
du 
Forms involving u2 ± a2, a > 0

21.
u2 ± a2 du 
1
2
uu2 ± a2 ± a2 ln u
u2 ± a2 
C
 
22.
u2u2 ± a2 du 
1
8

u2u2 ± a2u2 ± a2  a4 ln u
u2 ± a2 
C  
23.
u2
a2
u
du  u2
a2  a ln
 a
u2
a2
u

C

24.
u ± a2
2

u2
du 
 u2 ± a2
u

ln u
u2 ± a2
C 
25.
1
u2 ± a2

du  ln u
u2 ± a2
C 
26.
1
uu2
a2
du  
1 a
u2
a2
a
ln
u 

C

27.
u2
u ± a
2 2
1
du  uu2 ± a2  a2 ln u
u2 ± a2 
C
2  
28.
u2u2
1
± a2
du  
u2 ± a2
a2 u

C
 SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 419

Table of Integrals (continued )

Forms involving u2  a2, a > 0

29.
1
u2  a2
du  
1
a2  u2
du 
1
ln
ua
2a u
a  

C

30.
1
u2  a2 n
du  2
1 u

2a n  1 u2  a2n1

2n  3
1


u2  a2n1
du , n  1
Forms involving a2  u2 , a > 0

31.
a2
u
 u2
du  a2  u2  a ln
 u 
a
a2  u2

C

32.
1
ua  u
2 2 a u 
1 a
a2  u2
du   ln
C

33.
1
u2a2  u2
du 
 a2
a2u
 u2

C

Forms involving e u

34.
e u du  e u
C

35.
ue u du  u  1e u
C

36.
u ne u du  u ne u  n
u n1e u du

37.
1
1
eu
du  u  ln1
eu
C

38.
1
1
enu
1
du  u  ln1
enu
C
n
Forms involving ln u

39.
ln u du  u1
ln u
C

40.
u ln u du 
u2
4
1
2 ln u
C

41.
un ln u du 
un
1
n
12

1
n
1 ln u
C, n  1

42.
ln u2 du  u

2  2 ln u
ln u2
C

43.


ln un du  uln un  n ln un1 du
420 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

T E C H N O L O G Y EXAMPLE 1 Using Integration Tables

Throughout this section,

remember that a symbolic
integration utility can be used
Find
x
x  1
dx.

instead of integration tables. If you SOLUTION Because the expression inside the radical is linear, you should con-
have access to such a utility, try sider forms involving a
bu, as in Formula 19.

using it to find the indefinite inte-
u 22a  bu
grals in Examples 1 and 2. du   a
bu
C Formula 19
a
bu 3b 2
Using this formula, let a  1, b  1, and u  x. Then du  dx, and you obtain

x
x  1
dx  
22  x
3
x  1
C
Substitute values of
a, b, and u.

2
 2
xx  1
C. Simplify.
3

TRY IT 1

Use the integration table to find
x

2
x
dx.

EXAMPLE 2 Using Integration Tables

Find
xx 4  9 dx.

SOLUTION Because it is not clear which formula to use, you can begin by
letting u  x2 and du  2x dx. With these substitutions, you can write the inte-
gral as shown.

xx 4  9 dx 
1
2
x22  92x dx Multiply and divide by 2.


1
2
u2  9 du Substitute u and du.

Now, it appears that you can use Formula 21.

u2  a2 du 
1
2 
uu2  a2  a2 ln u
u2  a2 
C 
Letting a  3, you obtain

TRY IT 2

Use the integration table to find

xx4  9 dx 
1
2
u2  a2 du

1 1
 
uu2  a2  a2 ln u
u2  a2  
C

x2
16
dx.

2 2

 
x 1 2 4

4
x x  9  9 ln x 2
x 4  9 
C.
 SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 421

EXAMPLE 3 Using Integration Tables

Find
1
xx
1
dx.

SOLUTION Considering forms involving a
bu, where a  1, b  1, and

u  x, you can use Formula 15.

So,

1
ua
bu
du 
1
a
ln

a
bu  a
a
bu
a

C,
 a > 0
TRY IT 3

 
a
bu  a
Use the integration table to find
1 1 1

dx  du  ln
C
xx
1 ua
bu a a
bu
a 1

 
dx.
x
1  1 x2  4
 ln
C.
x
1
1

EXAMPLE 4 Using Integration Tables

Evaluate
2

0
x
1
ex 2
dx.

SOLUTION Of the forms involving e u, Formula 37

1
1
eu
du  u  ln1
e u
C

seems most appropriate. To use this formula, let u  x2 and du  2x dx.

x
1
ex2
dx  
1
2
1
1
ex 2
2x dx  
1 1
2 1
eu

du
y

1
 
u  ln1
eu
C x
2 y=
2 1 + e −x
2

1
 
x2  ln1
ex 
C
2

2
1

x2
ln1
ex 
C 1
2

2
So, the value of the definite integral is

2 x


2
x 1
dx  x2
ln1
ex  1.66 1 2
2

0 1
ex2 2 0

as shown in Figure 6.10. FIGURE 6.10

TRY IT 4

1
x2
Use the integration table to evaluate dx.
0 1
e x3
422 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

Reduction Formulas
Several of the formulas in the integration table have the form

f x dx  gx

hx dx

where the right side contains an integral. Such integration formulas are called
reduction formulas because they reduce the original integral to the sum of a
function and a simpler integral.

ALGEBRA REVIEW EXAMPLE 5 Using a Reduction Formula

For help with the algebra in
Example 5, see Example 2(b) in
the Chapter 6 Algebra Review
Find
x2e x dx.

on page 447. SOLUTION Using Formula 36

u neu du  u neu  n
un1eu du

you can let u  x and n  2. Then du  dx, and you can write

x2e x dx  x2e x  2
xe x dx.

Then, using Formula 35

ueu du  u  1eu
C

you can write

x2e x dx  x2e x  2
xe x dx

 x2e x  2x  1e x
C

 x2e x  2xe x
2e x
C
 e xx2  2x
2
C.

TRY IT 5

Use the integration table to find the indefinite integral
ln x2 dx.

T E C H N O L O G Y

You have now studied two ways to find the indefinite integral in
Example 5. Example 5 uses an integration table, and Example 4
in Section 6.2 uses integration by parts. A third way would be to use a
symbolic integration utility.
 SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 423

Completing the Square

Many integration formulas involve the sum or difference of two squares. You can
extend the use of these formulas by an algebraic procedure called completing the
square. This procedure is demonstrated in Example 6.

EXAMPLE 6 Completing the Square

Find the indefinite integral.

1
x2  4x
1
dx

SOLUTION Begin by writing the denominator as the difference of two squares.

x2  4x
1  x2  4x
4  4
1
 x  22  3
So, you can rewrite the original integral as

1
x2  4x
1
dx 
1
x  22  3
dx.

Considering u  x  2 and a  3, you can apply Formula 29

1
u2  a2
to conclude that
du 
1
ln
 
ua
2a u
a

C

1
x  4x
1
2 dx 
1
x  22  3
dx


1
u  a2
2 du

 
TRY IT 6
1 ua

 ln
C
2a u
a 1

 
Find dx.
1 x  2  3 x2  6x  1
 ln
C.
23 x  2
3

TA K E A N O T H E R L O O K

Using Integration Tables

Which integration formulas on pages 417–419 would you use to find each
indefinite integral? Explain your choice of u for each integral.

a.
ex
ex
1
dx b.
1
ex
1
dx c.
1
e 2x
1
dx

Use a symbolic integration utility to check that your choices of u were correct.
424 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

P R E R E Q U I S I T E The following warm-up exercises involve skills that were covered in earlier sections. You will
R E V I E W 6 . 4 use these skills in the exercise set for this section.

In Exercises 1–4, expand the expression.

1. x
42 2. x  12
3. x
2  4. x  3 
1 2 1 2

In Exercises 5–8, write the partial fraction decomposition for the expression.
4
5.
xx
2
3
6.
xx  4
x
4
7.
x 2 x  2
3x2
4x  8
8.
xx  2x
1

In Exercises 9 and 10, use integration by parts to find the indefinite integral.

9.
2xe x dx

10.
3x2 ln x dx

E X E R C I S E S 6 . 4

In Exercises 1–8, use the indicated formula from the table of inte- In Exercises 9–34, use the table of integrals in this section to find
grals in this section to find the indefinite integral. the indefinite integral.

1.
x
2
3x2
dx, Formula 4 9.
1
x1
x
dx 10.
1
x1
x2
dx

2.
1
x2
3x2
dx, Formula 11 11.
1
xx2
9
dx 12.
1
x2  1
dx

3.
x
2
3x
dx, Formula 19 13.
1
x4  x2
dx 14.
x2  9
x2
dx

4.
4
x2  9
dx, Formula 29 15.
x ln x dx 16.
x2ln x32 dx

5.
2x
x 4  9
dx, Formula 25 17.
6x
1
e3x
2 dx 18.
1
1
ex
dx

6.
x2x2
9 dx, Formula 22 19.
xx 4  4 dx 20.
x

x4  9
dx

7.
2
x3e x dx, Formula 35 21.
t2
2
3t3
dt 22.
3
4t
t
dt

8.
x
1
ex2
dx, Formula 37 23.
s23
s

s
ds 24.
3
x2 dx
 SECTION 6.4 Integration Tables and Completing the Square 425

25.
x2
3
2x5
dx 26.
1
x2x2  4
dx
In Exercises 49–52, complete the square to express each
polynomial as the sum or difference of squares.

27.
1
x21  x2
dx 28.
2x
1  3x2
dx
49. (a) x2
6x
(b) x2  8x
9
50. (a) x 2
4x
(b) x 2
16x  1

29.
x2 ln x dx 30.
2
xe x dx
(c) x 4
2x2  5
(d) 3  2x  x2
(c) x 4
8x 2
1
(d) 9x 2
36x  1
31.
x2
3x  52
dx 32.
1
2x22x  12
dx 51. (a) 4x
12x
15
2

(b) 3x2  12x  9

52. (a) 16x 2  96x
3
(b) x 2
4x  1
33.
ln x
x4
3 ln x
dx 34.
ln x 3 dx (c) x2  2x (c) 1  8x  x 2
(d) 9
8x  x2 (d) 6x  x 2
In Exercises 35–40, use the integration table to find the exact area
of the region bounded by the graphs of the equations. Then use In Exercises 53–60, complete the square and then use the
a graphing utility to graph the region and approximate the area. integration table to find the indefinite integral.

35. y 
x
x
1
, y  0, x  8 53.
1
x2
6x  8
dx 54.
1
x2
4x  5
dx

36. y 
2
1
e 4x
, y  0, x  0, x  1 55.
1
x  1x2  2x
2
dx 56.
x2  6x dx

37. y 
x
1
ex2
, y  0, x  2 57.
1
2x2  4x  6
dx 58.
7  6x  x2
x
3
dx

38. y 
e x
1  e 2x
, y  0, x  1, x  2 59.
x
x 4
2x2
2
dx 60.
xx 4
4x2
5
x2
2
dx

39. y  x2x2
4 , y  0, x  5
Population Growth In Exercises 61 and 62, use a graphing
1 utility to graph the growth function. Use the table of integrals to
40. y  , y  0, x  1, x  4
x1
2x  find the average value of the growth function over the interval,
where N is the size of a population and t is the time in days.
In Exercises 41–44, evaluate the definite integral.

50
5
x 61. N  ,
3, 4
41. dx 1
e 4.81.9t
0 5
2x

375
5
x 62. N  ,
21, 28
42. dx 1
e 4.200.25t
0 4
x2

43.
0
4
6
1
e0.5x
dx
63. Revenue The revenue (in dollars per year) for a new
product is modeled by

44.
1
4
x ln x dx 
R  10,000 1 
1
1
0.1t 212
where t is the time in years. Estimate the total revenue from
In Exercises 45–48, find the indefinite integral (a) using the inte- sales of the product over its first 2 years on the market.
gration table and (b) using the specified method.
64. Consumer and Producer Surpluses Find the con-
Integral Method sumer surplus and the producer surplus for a product with

45.
x 2e x dx Integration by parts

the given demand and supply functions.

Demand: p 
60
Supply: p 
x

,
x2
81 3
46. x 4 ln x dx Integration by parts
65. Profit The net profits P (in billions of dollars per year) for

47.
1
x2x
1
dx Partial fractions
Hershey Foods from 2000 through 2003 can be modeled by
P  0.04t  0.3, 10 ≤ t ≤ 13

48.
1
x2  75
dx Partial fractions
where t is the time in years, with t  10 corresponding to
2000. Find the average net profit over that time period.
(Source: Hershey Foods Corp.)