Formulas for the Final Exam

For Hypothesis Testing:

Test for the mean μ

͞͞ x −μ ͞͞ x −μ
z= z=
1) When n ≥30 , σ or s
√n √n
͞͞ x−μ
t=
2) When n<30 , s
√n

−p
z=
Test for proportion p:
√ pq
n

Common Levels of Significance for z-test.

α Left-tailed Test Right-tailed Test ( Two-tailed Test

(<) >)
0.10 −z α =−1.28 z α =+1.28 z α = ±1.645
2

0.05 −z α =−1.645 z α =+1.645 z α = ±1.96

2

0.01 −z α =−2.33 z α =+2.33 z α = ± 2.575

2

Notes:
1. If the result of the test statistic (z-test or t-test) falls within the critical
region or rejection region, H 0 should be rejected.

2. For p-value method:

If p-value ≤ α , reject H0 .

If p-value ¿ α , do not reject H0 .

Correlation coefficient r (or Pearson r)

x
∑¿
¿
2
[
n ( ∑ x )−¿ n ( ∑ y2 ) −( ∑ y )
2
]
¿
¿
√¿
n ( ∑ xy )−( ∑ x )( ∑ y )
r=
¿

where n is the number of pairs.

t-Test for Correlation Coefficient

r
t=

√ 1−r 2
n−2

where df = n – 2

Equation of the Regression Line:

y=a+bx

2
( ∑ y ) (∑ x )−( ∑ x )( ∑ xy )
where a= 2
n ( ∑ x 2 )−( ∑ x )

n ( ∑ xy )−( ∑ x )( ∑ y )
b= 2
n ( ∑ x 2 )− ( ∑ x )
JOSE F. CARMONA