2010

EXPERIMENTS ON

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

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UNIT IMPULSE RESPONSE

Enter the value of n : 5

Unit Impulse Sequence

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time index n

UNIT STEP SEQUENCE

Enter the value of n : 4

Unit Step Sequence

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time index n

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I. GENERATION OF STANDARD WAVEFORMS

AIM:
To generate the standard waveforms

PROGRAMS:

a) Program to generate an impulse

clc;
n=input('Enter the value of n : ');
t=-n:1:n;
y=[zeros(1,n),ones(1,1),zeros(1,n)];
stem(t,y);
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Impulse Sequence');
grid;

b) Program to generate a unit step

clc;
n=input('Enter the value of n : ');
t=-n:1:n;
y=[zeros(1,n),ones(1,n+1)];
stem(t,y);
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Step Sequence');
grid;

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SINE WAVE

Enter the frequency (KHz) : 5

Enter the amplitude (Volts) 4
Sine Wave
4

1
Amplitude (Volts)

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (Milliseconds)

SQUARE WAVE
Enter the frequency (KHz) : 5
Enter the duty cycle (in %) : 75
Enter the amplitude (V) : 4

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Square Wave
4

Amplitude (Volts)
0

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (Microseconds)

c) Program to generate a sine wave

clc;
f=input('Enter the frequency (KHz) : ');
a=input('Enter the amplitude (Volts) : ');
t=0:0.001:1;
x=a*(sin(2*pi*f*t));
plot(t,x);
title('Sine Wave');
xlabel('Time (Milliseconds)');
ylabel('Amplitude (Volts)');
grid;

d) Program to generate a square wave

clc;
f=input('Enter the frequency (KHz) : ');
duty=input('Enter the duty cycle (in %) : ');
a=input('Enter the amplitude (V) : ');
t=0:1000;

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y=a*(square(2*pi*f*t/1000,duty));
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time (Microseconds)');
ylabel('Amplitude (Volts)');
title('Square Wave');
grid;

RAMP SIGNAL

Enter the value of n : 6

Ramp Sequence
6

4
Amplitude

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time index n

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EXPONENTIAL
Enter the value of a : 4
Enter the value of b : 3
11
x 10 Exponential signal
2.5

1.5
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time index x

a) Program to generate a ramp signal

clc;
n=input('Enter the value of n : ');
t=0:1:n;
stem(t,t);
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Ramp Sequence');
grid;

b) Program to generate an exponential signal

clc;
a=input('Enter the value of a : ');
b=input('Enter the value of b : ');
x=linspace(0,2*pi,20);
y=b*exp(a*x);
stem(x,y);

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xlabel('Time index x');

ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Exponential signal');
grid;

RESULT:
The standard waveforms of various signals are generated.

DFT-MAGNITUDE & PHASE PLOT

Enter the sequence : [4 3 2 1]

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Magnitude of fft
10

Absolute magnitude
5

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Phase of fft
1

0.5
Phase angle

-0.5

-1
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time index n

II. DFT AND IDFT OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE

AIM:
To compute the DFT and IDFT of a given sequence using DFT and IDFT function and
using direct computation.

PROGRAMS:

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a) Program to find DFT of a sequence using FFT function.

x=input('Enter the sequence : ');

f=fft(x);
len=length(f);
t=1:len;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(t,abs(f));
title('Magnitude of fft');
ylabel('Absolute magnitude');
grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,angle(f));
title('Phase of fft');
ylabel('Phase angle');
xlabel('Time index n');
grid;

IDFT-MAGNITUDE & PHASE PLOT

Enter the sequence : [4 5 6 7]

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Magnitude of Inverse fourier transform

6

Absolute magnitude
4

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Phase of Inverse fourier transform

4

2
Phase angle

-2

-4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time index n

b) Program to find IDFT of a sequence using IFFT function

x=input('Enter the sequence : ');

f=ifft(x);
len=length(f);
t=0:1:len-1;

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subplot(2,1,1);
stem(t,abs(f));
title('Magnitude of Inverse fourier transform');
ylabel('Absolute magnitude');
grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,angle(f));
title('Phase of Inverse fourier transform');
ylabel('Phase angle');
xlabel('Time index n');
grid;

RESULT:
The DFT and IDFT of the two sequences are found using different methods and figures
are obtained.

CONVOLUTION OF TWO SEQUENCE(Using ‘conv’ function)

Enter the first sequence : [2 3 4 5]

Enter the second sequence : [4 5 6 7]

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Convolution of two sequences

80

70

60

50
Amplitude

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time index n

III. CONVOLUTION OF TWO SEQUENCES

AIM:

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To compute the convolution of two sequences.

PROGRAMS:

a) Program to find convolution of two sequences using ‘conv’ function

x=input('Enter the first sequence : ');

y=input('Enter the second sequence : ');
z=conv(x,y);
len=length(z);
t=1:len;
stem(t,z);
title('Convolution of two sequences');
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid;

CONVOLUTION OF TWO SEQUENCE(Without Using ‘conv’ function)

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Enter the first sequence : [3 4 5 6]

Enter the second sequence : [5 3 6 1]

Convolution of two sequences

80

70

60

50
Amplitude

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time index n

b) Program to find convolution of two sequences without using ‘conv’ function.

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x=input('Enter the first sequence : ');

y=input('Enter the second sequence : ');
m=length(x);
n=length(y);
len=m+n-1;
x1=[x,zeros(1,n-1)];
y1=[y,zeros(1,m-1)];
X=fft(x1);
Y=fft(y1);
c=X.*Y;
z=ifft(c);
t=1:len;
stem(t,z);
title('Convolution of two sequences');
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid;

RESULT:
The convolution of two sequences is obtained with and without using ‘conv’ function.

DIGITAL BUTTERWORTH FILTERS

Enter the passband attenuation in dB : 3

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Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : 15

Enter the passband frequency in Hz : 400

Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : 800

Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : 2000

-50
Gain in dB

-100

-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0
Phase in radiance

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized frequency

IV. DIGITAL BUTTERWORTH FILTERS

[IIR TECHNIQUE]

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AIM:
To design Digital Butterworth Filters using IIR technique.
PROGRAM:
a) Butterworth Digital Low Pass Filter

clc;
clear all;
close all;
format long;
alphap=input('Enter the passband attenuation in dB : ');
alphas=input('Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : ');
fp=input('Enter the passband frequency in Hz : ');
fs=input('Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : ');
f=input('Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : ');
w1=2*fp/f;
w2=2*fs/f;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,alphap,alphas);
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'low');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radiance');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
grid;

BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL BAND STOP FILTER

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Enter the passband attenuation in dB : 3

Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : 20

Enter the passband frequency in Hz : [500 1000]

Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : [600 900]

Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : 3000

100

0
Gain in dB

-100

-200

-300
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

4
Phase in radiance

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized frequency

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b) Butterworth Digital Band Stop Filter

clc;
clear all;
close all;
format long;
alphap=input('Enter the passband attenuation in dB : ');
alphas=input('Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : ');
fp=input('Enter the passband frequency in Hz : ');
fs=input('Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : ');
f=input('Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : ');
w1=2*fp/f;
w2=2*fs/f;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,alphap,alphas);
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'stop');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radiance');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
grid;

RESULT:
The Digital Filters are designed using IIR technique and the frequency responses
obtained are shown in the figures.

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CHEBYSHEV TYPE-1 DIGITAL HIGH PASS FILTER

Enter the passband attenuation in dB : 3

Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : 18

Enter the passband frequency in Hz : 900

Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : 500

Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : 2000

-50
Gain in dB

-100

-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

4
Phase in radiance

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized frequency

V. DIGITAL CHEBYSHEV FILTERS

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[IIR TECHNIQUE]
AIM:
To design digital Chebyshev filters using IIR technique.
PROGRAM
a) Chebyshev Type-1 Digital High Pass Filter

clc;
clear all;
close all;
format long;
alphap=input('Enter the passband attenuation in dB : ');
alphas=input('Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : ');
fp=input('Enter the passband frequency in Hz : ');
fs=input('Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : ');
f=input('Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : ');
w1=2*fp/f;
w2=2*fs/f;
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(w1,w2,alphap,alphas);
[b,a]=cheby1(n,alphap,wn,'high');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radiance');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
grid;

CHEBYSHEV TYPE-II DIGITAL BAND PASS FILTER

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Enter the passband attenuation in dB : 3

Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : 16

Enter the passband frequency in Hz : [300 800]

Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : [200 900]

Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : 2500

-100
Gain in dB

-200

-300

-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

4
Phase in radiance

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized frequency

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b) Chebyshev Type-II Digital Band Pass Filter

clc;
clear all;
close all;
format long;
alphap=input('Enter the passband attenuation in dB : ');
alphas=input('Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : ');
fp=input('Enter the passband frequency in Hz : ');
fs=input('Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : ');
f=input('Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : ');
w1=2*fp/f;
w2=2*fs/f;
[n,wn]=cheb2ord(w1,w2,alphap,alphas);
[b,a]=cheby2(n,alphas,wn,'bandpass');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radiance');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
grid;

RESULT:
The Digital Chebyshev Filters are designed using IIR technique and the frequency
responses obtained are shown in the figures.

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DIGITAL FILTERS [FIR TECHNIQUE]

Enter the stopband attenuation in dB 15

Enter the passband frequency in Hz 400

Enter the stopband frequency in Hz 900

Enter the sampling frequency in Hz 2000

magnitude and phase response of FIR HPF

20
Magnitude (dB)

-20

-40

-60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

0
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

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VI. DIGITAL FILTERS [FIR TECHNIQUE]

AIM:
To design digital FIR filters using Hanning window.
PROGRAMS:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
format long;
alphap=input('Enter the passband attenuation in dB : ');
alphas=input('Enter the stopband attenuation in dB : ');
fp=input('Enter the passband frequency in Hz : ');
fs=input('Enter the stopband frequency in Hz : ');
f=input('Enter the sampling frequency in Hz : ');
w1=2*fp/f;
w2=2*fs/f;
wn=(w1+w2)/2;
num=-20*log10(sqrt(alphap*alphas))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n=ceil(abs(num/dem));
m=n+1;
w=hann(m);
b=fir1(n,wn,’low’,w);
freqz(b,1,512,4000);
grid;

RESULT:
The Digital Filters are designed using FIR technique and the frequency responses
obtained are shown in the figures.

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EXPERIMENTS ON

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

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Radon Transform

R0o(x  )
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Figure 1 Figure 2

R (X )
R45o(x  ) 
80 70
-60
70
60
-40
60
50
-20
50
40
40 0
X

30
30 20

20
20
40

10 10
60

0 0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
(degrees)

Figure 3 Figure 4

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I. RADON TRANSFORM

clc;
clear all;
close all;
I=zeros(100,100);
I(25:75, 25:75)=1;
imshow(I);
[R,xp]=radon(I,[0,45]);
figure,plot(xp, R(:,1)),title('R_{0^o}(x\prime)')
figure,plot(xp, R(:,2)),title('R_{45^o}(x\prime)')
theta=0:180;
[R,xp]=radon(I,theta);
figure,imagesc(theta,xp,R);
title('R_{\theta}(X\prime)');
xlabel('\theta(degrees)');
ylabel('X\prime');
set(gca,'XTick',0:20:80);
colormap(hot);
colorbar;
grid;

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Distance Transform

bw distance transform of ~bw

Figure 1

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II. DISTANCE TRANSFORM

clc;
clear all;
close all;
center1=-10;
center2=-center1;
dist=sqrt(2*(2*center2)^2);
radius=dist/2*1.4;
lims=[floor(center1-1.2*radius) ceil(center2+1.2*radius)];
[x,y]=meshgrid(lims(1):lims(2));
bw1=sqrt((x-center1).^2+(y-center1).^2)<=radius;
bw2=sqrt((x-center2).^2+(y-center2).^2)<=radius;
bw=bw1|bw2;
subplot(1,2,1),imshow(bw),title('bw');
D=bwdist(~bw);
subplot(1,2,2),imshow(D,[]),title('distance transform of ~bw')

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Filtering a region in an image

The mask at the position of face

Figure 1

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The input image The image with ROI ,the face unsharpened

Figure 2

III. FILTERING A REGION IN AN IMAGE

clc;
close all;
clear all;
%Step 1:Read in the image
I=imread('pout.tif');
I= imadjust(I);
%Step 2:Create a binary mask.
%Here the region of face of the boy is taken by
%specifying the values of the corresponding c and r
c=[70 156 152 75];
r=[25 23 128 123];
BW= roipoly(I,c,r);
%Step 3:Use fspecial to create the filter.
h=fspecial('unsharp');
%Step 4: call roifilt2,specifying the filter,
%the image to be filtered ,and the mask
I2=roifilt2(h,I,BW);
imshow(BW);
title(The mask at the position of face');

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figure
subplot(1,2,1);
imshow(I);
title ('The input image');
subplot(1,2,2);
imshow(I2);
title ('The image with ROI ,the face unsharpened');

2D Spatial Transform

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image to be transformed Transformed angle

Figure 1

IV. 2D SPACIAL TRANSFORM

clc;
close all;
clear all;
%Step 1:import the image to be transformed
cb=checkerboard;

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subplot(1,2,1);
imshow(cb);
title('image to be transformed');
%Step2:define the Spacial transformation
xform = [1 0 0
010
40 40 1];
%Step 3:Create the TFORM structure
tform_translate =maketform('affine',xform);
%Step 4: Perform the Transformation
[cb_trans xdata ydata] = imtransform(cb,tform_translate)
%Step 5 : Show the transformed image
subplot(1 ,2 ,2);
imshow (cb_trans);
title('Transformed angle');

Discrete Cosine Transform

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Original image Reconstructed image

Figure 1

V. DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM

clc;
close all;
clear all;
I=imread ('cameraman.tif');
%convert the image array to double precision

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I=im2double(I);
%form the dct transform matrix
T=dctmtx(8);
%create function handle for dct
dct=@(x) T*x*T';
%block processing using the created function handle-dct
B=blkproc(I,[8,8],dct);
mask=[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
11100000
11000000
10000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];
%block processing using the created mask
B2=blkproc(B,[8,8],@(x)mask.*x); %imshow(B2)
%create the function handle for inverse DCT
invdct=@(x)T'*x*T;
%block processing using created function-invdct(reconstruction)
I2=blkproc (B2,[8,8],invdct);
subplot(1,2,1);
imshow(I);
title('Original image');
subplot(1,2,2);
imshow(I2);
title('Reconstructed image');

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