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LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] G. Ciuti, A. Menciassi, P. Dario, “Capsule Endoscopy: From Current


Achievements to Open Challenges", IEEE Reviews in Biomedical
Engineering, vol. 4, pp.59-72, 2014

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) can be considered an example of disruptive


technology since it represents an appealing alternative to traditional diagnostic
techniques. This technology enables inspection of the digestive system without
discomfort or need for sedation, thus preventing the risks of conventional
endoscopy, and has the potential of encouraging patients to undergo
gastrointestinal (GI) tract examinations. However, currently available clinical
products are passive devices whose locomotion is driven by natural peristalsis,
with the drawback of failing to capture the images of important GI tract regions,
since the doctor is unable to control the capsule's motion and orientation. To
address these limitations, many research groups are working to develop active
locomotion devices that allow capsule endoscopy to be performed in a totally
controlled manner. This would enable the doctor to steer the capsule towards
interesting pathological areas and to accomplish medical tasks. This review
presents a research update on WCE and describes the state of the art of the basic
modules of current swallowable devices, together with a perspective on WCE
potential for screening, diagnostic, and therapeutic endoscopic procedures

[2] G. Pan, L. Wang, “Swallowable Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: Progress


and Technical Challenges", Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2015

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) offers a feasible noninvasive way to detect the
whole gastrointestinal (GI) tract and revolutionizes the diagnosis technology.
However, compared with wired endoscopies, the limited working time, the low
frame rate, and the low image resolution limit the wider application. The progress
of this new technology is reviewed in this paper, and the evolution tendencies are
analyzed to be high image resolution, high frame rate, and long working time.
Unfortunately, the power supply of capsule endoscope (CE) is the bottleneck.
Wireless power transmission (WPT) is the promising solution to this problem, but
is also the technical challenge. Active CE is another tendency and will be the next
geneion of the WCE. Nevertheless, it will not come true shortly, unless the
practical locomotion mechanism of the active CE in GI tract is achieved. The
locomotion mechanism is the other technical challenge, besides the challenge of
WPT. The progress about the WPT and the active capsule technology is reviewed.

[3] E.A. Johannessen, Lei Wang, C. Wyse, D.R.S. Cumming, J.M. Cooper,
“Biocompatibility of a Lab-on-a-Pill Sensor in Artificial Gastrointestinal
Environments", IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 53,
pp.2333-2340, 2016

In this paper, we present a radiotelemetry sensor, designed as a lab-in-a-pill, which


incorporates a two-channel microfabricated sensor platform for real-time
measurements of temperature and pH. These two parameters have potential
application for use in remote biological sensing (for example they may be used as
markers that reflect the physiological environment or as indicators for disease,
within the gastrointestinal tract). We have investigated the effects of biofouling on
these sensors, by exploring their response time and sensitivity in a model in vitro
gastrointestinal system. The artificial gastric and intestinal solutions used represent
a model both for fasting, as well as for the ingestion of food and subsequent
digestion to gastrointestinal chyme. The results showed a decrease in pH
sensitivity after exposure of the sensors for 3 h. The response time also increased
from an initial measurement time of 10 s in pure GI juice, to ca. 25 s following the
ingestion of food and 80 s in simulated chyme. These in vitro results indicate that
changes in viscosity in our model gastrointestinal system had a pronounced effect
on the unmodified sensor

[4] E. Stathopoulos, V. Schlageter V, B. Meyrat, Y. Ribaupierre, P. Kucera,


“Magnetic Pill Tracking: A Novel Non-Invasive Tool for Investigation of
Human Digestive Motility", Neurogastroenterology & Motility vol. 17,
pp.148-154, 2015

A new minimally invasive technique allowing for anatomical mapping and motility
studies along the entire human digestive system is presented. The technique is
based on continuous tracking of a small magnet progressing through the digestive
tract. The coordinates of the magnet are calculated from signals recorded by 16
magnetic field sensors located over the abdomen. The magnet position, orientation
and trajectory are displayed in real time. Ten young healthy volunteers were
followed during 34 h. The technique was well tolerated and no complication was
encountered. The information obtained was 3-D configuration of the digestive tract
and dynamics of the magnet displacement (velocity, transit time, length estimation,
rhythms). In the same individual, repeated examination gave very reproducible
results. The anatomical and physiological information obtained corresponded well
to data from current methods and imaging. This simple, minimally invasive
technique permits examination of the entire digestive tract and is suitable for both
research and clinical studies. In combination with other methods, it may represent
a useful tool for studies of GI motility with respect to normal and pathological
conditions.
[5] P. Hiroz, V. Schlageter, J.C. Givel, P. Kucera, “Colonic Movements in
Healthy Subjects as Monitored by a Magnet Tracking System",
Neurogastroenterology & Motility, vol. 21, pp.838-857, 2018

The Magnet Tracking System (MTS) is a minimally-invasive technique of


continuous evaluation of gastrointestinal motility. In this study, MTS was used to
analyse colonic propulsive dynamics and compare the transit of a magnetic pill
with that of standard radio-opaque markers. MTS monitors the progress in real
time of a magnetic pill through the gut. Ten men and 10 women with regular daily
bowel movements swallowed this pill and 10 radio-opaque markers at 8 pm. Five
hours of recordings were conducted during 2 following mornings. Origin,
direction, amplitude and velocity of movements were analysed relative to space-
time plots of the pill trajectory. Abdominal radiographs were taken to compare the
progress of both pill and markers. The magnetic pill lay idle for 90% of its sojourn
in the colon; its total retrograde displacement accounted for only 20% of its overall
movement. Analysis of these movements showed a bimodal distribution of
velocities: around 1.5 and 50 cm min(-1), the latter being responsible for 2/3 of
distance traversed. There were more movements overall and more mass
movements in males. Net hourly forward progress was greater in the left than right
colon, and greater in males. The position of the magnetic pill correlated well with
the advancement of markers. MTS showed patterns and propulsion dynamics of
colonic segments with as yet unmet precision. Detailed analysis of slow and fast
patterns of colonic progress makes it possible to specify the motility of colonic
segments, and any variability in gender. Such analysis opens up promising avenues
in studies of motility disorders.
[6] J.L. Merino, C. Dehollain, “LC Tank Full Bridge Control for Large Coil
Variations", 19th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and
Systems (ICECS), pp.653-656, 2012

In this paper, we present a switching technique for a CMOS integrated class-D


amplifier. That technique, based on activating each transistor two times per period,
allows increasing the power delivered to the coil without reducing the quality
factor. The proposed solution has been simulated using a UMC 0.18 um
technology. This technique is applied to a low frequency medical application. An
integrated circuit supplied by a small battery must be capable of controlling the
emission of three coils integrated in a pill, with similar values, at 125 KHz, to
detect externally the position of the pill in the digestive system.

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