“Water Level Indicator Cum Motor Controller”

2018-2019

A Dissertations Submitted to

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya

In partial fulfillment of the

Degree of Bachelor of Engineering

In

Electronics & communication Engineering

Guided by: Submitted by:

Mrs. Gunjan gole Rajpal Singh Chouhan(0882ec151003)

Asst. Professor (ECE) Abhishek Chouhan(0882ec131001)

Ruchika Sharma(0882ec131018)

Barki Mujlade(0882ec1063D01)

Department of Electronics &Communication

SHREEJEE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

KHANDWA ROAD, KHARGONE (M.P.)

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SHREEJEE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
MANAGEMENT
KHANDWA ROAD, KHARGONE (M.P.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled “Water Level Indicator Cum Motor
Controller” is submitted by “Rajpal Singh Chouhan, Abhishek Chouhan,
Ruchika Sharma, Barki Mujalde” students of final year of “Electronics &
Communication” year 2018-2019in partial fulfillment of the requirements of
“Rajiv Gandhi ProudyogikiVishwavidyalaya Bhopal” for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication branch of
“Shreejee Institute of Technology& Management”, affiliated to R.G.P.V.
BHOPAL (M.P)

Head of Department : Project Guide :

Mr. Abhishek Mahajan Miss. Gunjan Gole

DIRECTOR

Mr. R.K.Mahajan

SJITM, Khargone

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 SHREEJEE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
MANAGEMENT
KHANDWA ROAD, KHARGONE (M.P.)

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that project entitled “Water Level Indicator Cum Motor
Controller” is submitted by “Rajpal Singh Chouhan, Abhishek Chouhan,
Ruchika Sharma, Barki Mujalde” students of final year of “Electronics &
Communication” year 2018-2019 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of
“Rajiv Gandhi ProudyogikiVishwavidyalaya Bhopal” for the award of the Degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication branch of “Shreejee
Institute of Technology & Management”, affiliated to R.G.P.V. BHOPAL
(M.P.)

External Examiner: Internal Examiner:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is in respect we feel that we are in much condition today due to continuous

process of motivation & focus provided by my parents & teachers in general. The
process of completion of this project was a tedious job and requires care &
support at all stages. We would like to highlight the role played by individual
towards this. We are grateful honorable Director Mr. R.K.Mahajan for providing
us the opportunity & infrastructure to complete the project as a partial fulfillment
of B.E. Degree. We would like to express my sincere thanks, with great sense of
gratitude to my project guide Mr. Gunjan Gole for keen interests my project. We
are very thankful to Mr. Abhishek Mahajan head of department, for his kind
support & faith in us. We also thanks Mr. Hitesh Silapuriya and those helped
direct or indirectly for valuable help in our project. We also thankful to all visible
& invisible hand which helped us to complete this project with a feeling of
success.

NAME OF STUDENTS :
Rajpal Singh Chouhan

Abhishek Chouhan

Ruchika Sharma

Barki Mujalde

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 ABSTRACT

In most houses, water is first stored in an underground tank (UGT) and from there it is pumped

up to the overhead tank (OHT) located on the roof. People generally switch on the pump when

their taps go dry and switch off the pump when the overhead tank starts overflowing. This

results in the unnecessary wastage and sometimes non-availability of water in the case of

emergency. This water-level controller circuit makes this system automatic. It switches on the

pump when the water level in the overhead tank goes low and switches it off as soon as the

water level reaches a pre-determined level. It also prevents ‘dry run’ of the pump in case water

level in underground tank goes below suction level. In this water-level controller circuit, the

common probes connecting the underground tank and the overhead tank to +9V supply are

marked ‘C’. The other probe in underground tank, which is slightly above the ‘dry run’ level, is

marked ‘S’. The low-level and high-level probes in the overhead tank are marked ‘L’ and ‘H’,

respectively.

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Table of Contents

Chapter- 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter- 2 TECHNOLOGY USED

Chapter- 3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Circuit Components

3.2 PCB Design Techniques

3.3 Block Diagram of Circuit

3.4 Circuit Diagram

3.5 Circuit Operation

Chapter- 4 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Tools used

Chapter- 5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Advantages

5.2 Application of Project

5.3 Future Enhancement

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

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Sustainability of available water resource in many reason of the word is now a
dominant issue. This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation,
inefficient use, and lack of adequate and integrated water management. Water is
commonly used for agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Therefore,
efficient use and water monitoring are potential constraint for home or office
water management system. Last few decades several monitoring system
integrated with water level detection have become accepted. Measuring water
level is an essential task for government and residence perspective. Therefore,
water controlling system implementation makes potential significance in home
applications. The common method of level control for home appliance is simply
to start the feed pump at a low level and allow it to run until a higher water level
is reached in the water tank. This is not properly supported for adequate
controlling system. Proper monitoring is needed to ensure water sustainability is
actually being reached. Programmatic approach entails based automated water
level sensing and controlling system.

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 Chapter-2
TECHNOLOGY USED

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 Printed Circuit Board:

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components – capacitors, resistors or active
devices – are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components embedded
in the substrate.

PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer (outer
and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are connected with via Multi-layer PCBs allow
for much higher component density.

FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate. A basic building block of the PCB is an FR-4
panel with a thin layer of copper foil laminated to one or both sides. In multi-layer boards multiple
layers of material are laminated together.

Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to lay
out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits with
PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted and wired
with one single part.

A minimal PCB with a single component used for easier modeling is called breakout board.

When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring
board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into
disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA).

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 Chapter- 3
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

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3.1 Circuit Components:

1. Transistors

2. Resistors

3. Relay

4. Switches

5. Water Motor Pump

1. Transistors :

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)
power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
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Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in
integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its development in the early 1950s, the
transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper
radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.

Fig.7 Transistors

BC 547 is NPN General Purpose Amplifier cum switching transistor. This device is designed
for use as general purpose amplifiers and switches requiring collector currents to 300 mA. In
our circuit the BC547 is used to drive the relays because output current of CD 4013 is not
sufficient to drive relays directly.

TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH:-

The transistor can be thought of as an electrically operated switch. It uses a small current from
an input sensor system to switch on a large current that can operate an output device such as
buzzer or bulb. The main current flow through the transistor is from the collector leg to the
emitter leg. This current is switched on or off by a small current into the base leg which again
flows out of the emitter.

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To have enough base current to turn on the main flow the voltage at the base must be at least
0.7 volts higher than the voltage at emitter.

Fig.8 Transistor Symbol

2. Resistor:

Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric circuit. Resistors
can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or provide large
amounts of heat or light. An electric current is the movement of charged particles called
electrons from one region to another. Resistors are usually placed in electric circuits. Physicists
explain the flow of current through a material, such as a resistor, by comparing it to water
flowing through a pipe. Resistors are designed to have a specific value of resistance. Resistors

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used in electric circuits are cylindrical. They are often color coded by three or four color bands
that indicate the specific value of resistance. Resistors obey ohm’s law, which states that the
current density is directly proportional to the electric field when the temperature is constant.

Fig.3 Resistor

Fig.4 Resistor Color Code

3. Relay :

A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that can turn
on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire
that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it).

Working of relay :

The working of a relay can be better understood by explaining the following diagram given
below.
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 Fig.6 Block diagram of relay

The diagram shows an inner section of relay. An iron core is surrounded by a control coil. As
shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control switch and through
contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control coil, the electromagnet
starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper contact arm starts to be
attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts causing a short circuit for the
power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay was already de-energized when the contacts
were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an open circuit.

As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to its
initial position. This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This
force is mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.

So as discussed, a relay has two conditions one is open circuited and another is short circuited.
To hold the relay in one of these two conditions, latching is used.

Latching Relay:

It is a relay that is set (ON) or reset (OFF) by the input of a pulse voltage. Even after the input
voltage is interrupted, this relay maintains its set or reset condition until it receives the next
inverting input. It is also called a keep relay and named with designations like,

a). Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) – This type of relay has a total of four terminals. Out of
these two terminals can be connected or disconnected. The other two terminals are needed for
the coil.

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b). Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) – This type of a relay has a total of five terminals. Out
f these two are the coil terminals. A common terminal is also included which connects to either
of two others.
c). Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) – This relay has a total of six terminals. These
terminals are further divided into two pairs. Thus they can act as two SPST’s which are
actuated by a single coil. Out of the six terminals two of them are coil terminals.

d). Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) – This is the biggest of all. It has mainly eight relay
terminals. Out of these two rows are designed to be change over terminals. They are designed
to act as two SPDT relays which are actuated by a single coil.

Fig.7 Internal circuit of relay

4. Switch :

Switch is a device, which is used to make and break the connections in any electronic circuit. It
may also defined as a device used to interrupt the flow of electrons in a circuit. Switches are
essentially binary devices: they are either completely on (“closed”) or completely off (“open”).
There are many different types of switches.

Types of switch:

a). Toggle switch : An electric switch operated by means of a projecting lever, that is moved
up and down.

Symbol of Toggle switch

b). Push button : This is simply a push button made of plastic or metal, that is

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pushed to operate or control an electrical device.

Symbol of Push button

c). Mushroom head push button : It is also a push button with a mushroom type head.

Symbol of mushroom head push button

d). Selector switch : Selector switches are actuated with a rotary knob or lever of some sort
to select one of two or more positions.

Symbol of selector switch

e). Limit switch : These limit switches closely resemble rugged toggle or selector hand
switches fitted with a lever pushed by the machine part. Often, the levers are tipped with a
small roller bearing, preventing the lever from being worn off by repeated contact with the
machine part.

Symbol of limit switch

f). Float switch : A floating object can be used to actuate a switch mechanism, when
the liquid level in any tank rises towards certain point.

a). NO b). NC

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 Symbol of NO and NC float switches

g). Flow switch : A flow switch will detect any gas or liquid flow rate in excess of a certain
threshold, usually with a small paddle or vane which is pushed by the flow.

a). NO b). NC

Symbol of NO and NC flow switches

5. Water Motor Pump:

Water pumps are commonly used on construction sites for dewatering, or removing excess
water accumulation. Water can build up due to heavy rains or from a high water table, and
pumps allow you to move the water quickly to minimize downtime. Water pumps suitable for
this application come in two main types and can be electric, gas-powered, hydraulic, or manual.

Fig.8 Water Motor Pump

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 Water Pump Types

There are two basic types of water pumps: centrifugal and positive displacement. Both types
are designed to move water from one place to another continuously.

A centrifugal water pump uses a rotating impeller to move water into the pump and
pressurize the discharge flow. Centrifugal water pumps come in several different types,
including standard, trash, and submersible models. All liquids can be pumped using centrifugal
water pumps, even those with low viscosity. These pumps work well with thin liquids and offer
high flow rates.

Positive displacement water pumps deliver a fixed amount of flow through the mechanical
contraction and expansion of a flexible diaphragm. Positive displacement pumps are used in
many industries that manage high-viscosity liquids and where sensitive solids may be present.
They are recommended for applications requiring a combination of low flow and high pressure.

3.3 PCB Design Techniques:

Setup involved in the Development of PCB:-

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 Fig.9 PCB Techniques Block Diagram

PCB Designing And Fabrication:

Printed circuit board is a board of insulating material on which circuit path is printed by
conducting materials lines. PCB is made by basic materials phenolic paper and polyester.
Types of PCB
1. Single Sided Board: The single sided PCB mostly used in entertainment electronics.
However in industrial electronics cost factors cost be neglected. The circuit is printed at the
one side of the board.

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2. Double Sided Board: The double sided PCB can be made with or without plated through
holes. The production of board with plated through holes is fairly expensive. The circuit is
printed on the both side of the board.
PCB designing and fabrication of electronics circuit is done in three steps:
1. Designing of printed circuit board
2. Mounting of components
3. Soldering
Designing of printed circuit board:
The main purpose of printed circuit board is in routing of electronics currents and signal
through a thin copper layer that is bounded firmly to insulating base material some time called
the substrate. This base is manufactured with an integral bounded layers of thin copper foil
which has to be partly etched of otherwise remove to arrive at a pre designed pattern to suite
the circuit connections whatever other applications is noted.

PCB layout designing:

When designing the layout one observe the minimum size (components body length and
weight). Before starting to design the layout we need all the required components in hand that
an accurate assessment of space can be made.
The PCB can also be designed with the help of computer software like Eagle layout editor,
Tina pro etc.

Screen Printing:
Making screen of special type of frame of nylon does Screen-Printing. Number 10 clothes are
used on whish a chromatin emulsion green mixed with sanitizer is coated. The circuit diagram
layout is drawn on the rise paper with the help of computer it is called a master. Then mater
exposes the screen. Now the Circuit printed on the screen. Wash the screen by water and screen
print circuit from the screen to copper cloud board with help with help of PVC ink.

Etching Process:
Etching process is one of the important processes of PCB DESINGING.

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In this process the unwanted copper from the PCB is removed from PCB. The solution
generally used is FeCl2l. The effect of FeCl3 on copper is shown by equation.
FeCl3 + Cu = FeCl2 + CuCl
The copper oxidized and breaks into cuprous (CuCl) and Ferrous chloride (FeCl2).

Fig.10 Chemical etching Process

Drilling:
After the etching process PCB is ready for drilling. Drilling is done with the help of drill
machine.
Take a hand drill or any drill you can find and simply drill holes at places where component legs have
to go in .

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 Fig.11 Drilling

Mounting:-
After drilling Check the PCB carefully, If any conducting path break of not. Now Circuit
component are according to circuit diagram.
Here we varnish simply paint the copper side to prevent it from oxidation and PCB ready which was
built using commonly available material.

Fig.12 Mounting

Soldering:
Soldering is a process by which the metallic contacts are joined. Soldering iron, Flux And
soldering Wire do Soldering.
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing
a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the
workpiece.Soldering filler materials are available in many different alloys for differing applications. In

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electronics assembly, the eutectic alloy of 60% tin and 40% lead which is almost identical in melting
point.

Fig.13 Soldering

Precaution during PCB designing:

1. The layout first designing on the graph paper and then transfer on PCB.

2. The conductor should not cross each other.

3. The ratio on time and lead of soldering wire must be proper.

4. The excess solder should not use because it may lead short circuit.

5. The component must be cleaned before soldering.

6. The soldering should not be dry.

3.4 Block Diagram of Cricuit :

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 Fig. 14 Block Diagram of Circuit

3.5 Circuit Diagram:

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 Fig. 15 Circuit Diagram

3.6 Circuit Operation:

When there is enough water in the underground tank, probes C and S are connected through

water. As a result, transistor T1 gets forward biased and starts conducting. This, in turn,

switches transistor T2 on. Initially, when the overhead tank is empty, transistors T3 and T5 are

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in cut-off state and hence pnp transistors T4 and T6 get forward biased via resistors R5 and R6,

respectively. As all series connected transistors T2, T4, and T6 are forward biased, they

conduct to energize relay RL1 (which is also connected in series with transistors T2, T4, and

T6). Thus the supply to the pump motor gets completed via the lower set of relay contacts

(assuming that switch S2 is on) and the pump starts filling the overhead tank.

Once the relay has energised, transistor T6 is by passed via the upper set of contacts of the

relay. As soon as the water level touches probe L in the overhead tank, transistor T5 gets

forward biased and starts conducting. This, in turn, reverse biases transistor T6, which then cuts

off. But since transistor T6 is bypassed through the relay contacts, the pump continues to run.

The level of water continues to rise. Circuit Operation When the water level touches probe H,

transistor T3 gets forward biased and starts conducting. This causes reverse biasing of

transistor T4 and it gets cut off. As a result, the relay de-energises and the pump stops.

Transistors T4 and T6 will be turned on again only when the water level drops below the

position of L probe. Presets VR1, VR2, and VR3 are to be adjusted in such a way that

transistors T1, T3, and T5 are turned on when the water level touches probe pairs C-S, C-H,

and C-L, respectively. Resistor R4 ensures that transistor T2 is ‘off’ in the absence of any base

voltage. Similarly, resistors R5 and R6 ensure that transistors T4 and T6

are ‘on’ in the absence of any base voltage. Switches S1 and S2 can T4 and T6 are ‘on’ in the

absence of any base voltage. Switches S1 and S2 can be used to switch on and switch off,

respectively, the pump manually.

You can make and install probes on your own as per the requirement and facilities available.

However, we are describing here how the probes were made for this prototype. The author

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used a piece of non-metallic conduit pipe (generally used for domestic wiring) slightly longer

than the depth of the overhead tank. The common wire C goes up to the end of the pipe through

the conduit. The wire for probes L and H goes along with the conduit from the outside and

enters the conduit through two small holes bored into it as shown above. Care has to be taken

to ensure that probes H and L do not touch wire C directly. Insulation of wires is to be removed

from the points shown. The same arrangement can be followed for the underground tank also.

To avoid any false triggering due to interference, a shielded wire may be used

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 CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Tools Used:

PCB WIZARD

Circuit and PCB design using PCB Wizard:

PCB Wizard 3.50 is a highly innovative package for designing single-sided and
double-sided printed circuit boards(PCBs).It provides a comprehensive range of
tools covering all the traditional steps in PCB production ,including schematic
capture, component placement, automatic routing, Bill of materials reporting and

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file generation for manufacturing. In addition, PCB Wizard 3.5 offers a wealth of
clever new features that do away with the steep learning curve associated with PCB
package.

CHAPTER- 5

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 CONCLUSION

Water is precious for life. As we know that water is used in day to day work like
cleaning, bathing, washing etc. It is known that only 2-3% water is applicable for
drinking on earth. Water is also useful to make electricity. In the modern era of
science and technology it is necessary to reduce the man power and increase the
uses of instrument. Through this hardware project we have learnt about many
new developing projects and we have also developed our skill in programming. It
was great scope for us to take the technology a little bit far. This water-level
controller circuit makes this system automatic.

5.1 Advantages :

 This system is very beneficial in rural as well as urban areas.

 It helps in the efficient utilization of available water sources.

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  If used on a large scale, it can provide a major contribution in the
conservation of water for us and the future generations

5.2 Applications :
 Automatic water pump control & indicator
 Reducing water wastage

5.3 Future Enhancement:

Many places such as Hotels, Factories, Home Apartments etc. to reduce the
wastage of water, human efforts & time also by using this project “Water level
indicator cum motor controller” .In future this project is applied to those
places.

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