EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Michael G. Stewart, MD, MPH

Professor & Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
Vice Dean of the Medical College
E. Darracott Vaughan MD Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs
Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY

ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Allergy/Rhinology Facial Plastics/Reconstructive Surgery Head & Neck Laryngology
Robert C. Kern, MD Edmund A. Pribitkin, MD David W. Eisele, MD Mark S. Courey, MD*
Chicago, IL Philadelphia, PA Baltimore, MD San Francisco, CA

Otology/Neurotology Pediatrics Sleep Medicine Thyroid/Parathyroid

John S. Oghalai, MD Kathleen C. Y. Sie, MD Kathleen L. Yaremchuk, MD Gregory Randolph, MD
Palo Alto, CA Seattle, WA Detriot, MI Boston, MA

SECTION EDITORS
Systematic and Evidence-Based Reviews How I Do It Triological Society Best Practice
Judith E. Lieu, MD Pierre Lavertu, MD Anil K. Lalwani, MD
St. Louis, MO Cleveland, OH New York, NY

EDITORIAL BOARD
Elliot Abemayor, MD, PhD Arun K. Gadre, MD, MS Albert L. Merati, MD Sandro J. Stoeckli, MD
Los Angeles, CA Louisville, KY Seattle, WA St. Gallen, Switzerland
Jean Abitbol, MD Bruce J. Gantz, MD Randall P. Morton, MBBS, MSc Scott P. Stringer, MD
Paris, France Iowa City, IA Auckland, New Zealand Jackson, MS
Kenneth W. Altman, MD, PhD* Gerard J. Gianoli, MD David Myssiorek, MD Lucian Sulica, MD
Houston, TX Baton Rouge, LA New York, NY New York, NY
James E. Arnold, MD Christine G. Gourin, MD Piero Nicolai, MD Muaaz Tarabichi, MD
Cleveland, OH Baltimore, MD Brescia, Italy Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Gerald S. Berke, MD Eli Grunstein, MD Bert W. O’Malley Jr., MD David J. Terris, MD
Los Angeles, CA New York, NY Philadelphia, PA Augusta, GA
Jan Betka, DrSc, FCMA Patrick J. Gullane, MD Koichi Omori, MD Dean M. Toriumi, MD
Prague, Czech Republic Toronto, Ontario, Canada Fukushima, Japan Chicago, IL
Neil Bhattacharyya, MD Gerald B. Healy, MD T. Metin Onerci, MD Terance T. Tsue, MD
Boston, MA Boston, MA Ankara, Turkey Kansas City, KS
Dale H. Brown, MD Lauren D. Holinger, MD Harold C. Pillsbury, MD Richard W. Waguespack, MD
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Chicago, IL Chapel Hill, NC Birmingham, AL
Jeffrey M. Bumpous, MD Herman A. Jenkins, MD Karen T. Pitman, MD De-Yun Wang, MD, PhD
Louisville, KY Aurora, CO Gilbert, AZ Singapore
Claudio R. Cernea, MD Jack Jiang, MD, PhD Anna Maria Pou, MD Marilene Wang, MD
Sao Paulo, Brazil Madison, WI New Orleans, LA Los Angeles, CA
Sukgi Choi, MD Michael M. Johns III, MD Milan Profant, MD, PhD Robert F. Ward, MD
Pittsburgh, PA Atlanta, GA Bratislava, Slovak Republic New York, NY
Richard A. Chole, MD, PhD Ashutosh Kacker, MD Gerhard Rasp, MD Mark K. Wax, MD
Saint Louis, MO New York, NY Salzburg, Austria Portland, OR
Lanny Garth Close, MD Robert M. Kellman, MD James S. Reilly, MD Edward M. Weaver, MD, MPH
New York, NY Syracuse, NY Wilmington, DE Seattle, WA
Marion E. Couch, MD, PhD Charles F. Koopmann Jr, MD Marc Remacle, MD William I. Wei, MD
Burlington, VT Ann Arbor, MI Yvoir, Belgium Hong Kong, China
Michael J. Cunningham, MD Karen M. Kost, MD* J. Thomas Roland Jr., MD Robert L. Witt, MD
Boston, MA Westmount, Quebec, Canada New York, NY Newark, DE
H. Peter Doble II, MD Michael Kuo, MD, PhD Clark A. Rosen, MD Gayle E. Woodson, MD
Twin Falls, ID Birmingham, United Kingdom Pittsburgh, PA Springfield, IL
Pavel Dulguerov, MD Ronald B. Kuppersmith, MD Eben L. Rosenthal, MD Peter-John Wormald, MD
Geneva, Switzerland College Station, TX Birmingham, AL Woodville, Australia
Hans Edmund Eckel, MD Ollivier Laccourreye, MD Michael D. Seidman, MD Bevan Yueh, MD, MPH
Klagenfurt, Austria Paris, France West Bloomfield, MI Minneapolis, MN
David E. Eibling, MD Robert H. Maisel, MD Brent A. Senior, MD Eiji Yumoto, MD
Pittsburgh, PA Minneapolis, MN Chapel Hill, NC Kumamoto, Japan
Marvin P. Fried, MD Francis Marchal, MD William W. Shockley, MD
Bronx, NY Geneva, Switzerland Chapel Hill, NC
Ellen M. Friedman, MD Madhu Mazumdar, PhD, MA, MS Timothy L. Smith, MD, MPH
Houston, TX New York, NY Portland, OR

*Designates American Laryngological Association Representative


Gerald B. Healy, MD
Boston, MA
Stephen S. Park, MD
Charlottesville, VA
TRIOLOGICAL SOCIETY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COMMITTEE
Michael M. Johns III, MD Ronald B. Kuppersmith, MD Jesus Medina, MD Robert H. Miller, MD
Atlanta, GA College Station, TX Oklahoma City, OK Houston, TX
Myles L. Pensak, MD Harold C. Pillsbury, MD Michael G. Stewart, MD, MPH
Cincinnati, OH Chapel Hill, NC New York, NY

EDITORIAL COORDINATOR MANAGING EDITOR THE TRIOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Elizabeth Fetterman Julie Nash 13930 Gold Circle, #103, Omaha, NE 68144
Weill Cornell Medical College Cary, NC Tel: 402-346-5500, Fax: 402-346-5300
New York, NY E-mail: thelaryngoscope@gmail.com E-mail: info@triological.org  www.triological.org
E-mail: elf2013@med.cornell.edu Submit to: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/
lscope

PUBLISHER AND ADVERTISING STAFF, WILEY-BLACKWELL

Vickie Thaw Michael Perlowitz Monica Calibeo
Executive Editor Advertising Sales Production Editor
E-mail: vthaw@wiley.com Tel: 212-904-0374 E-mail: mcalibeo@wiley.com
E-mail: mperlowitz@pminy.com

The Laryngoscope is the official journal of The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.,
‘‘The Triological Society,’’ and the American Laryngological Association

Copyright V C 2016 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society (The
Triological Society). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the
copyright holder. Authorization to copy items for internal and personal use is granted by the
copyright holder for libraries and other users registered with their local Reproduction Rights
Organisation (RRO), e.g. Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Dan-
vers, MA 01923, USA (www.copyright.com), provided the appropriate fee is paid directly to
the RRO. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying such as copying for general
distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works or for
resale. Special requests should be addressed to: permissionsuk@wiley.com. All materials pub-
lished, including but not limited to original research, clinical notes, editorials, reviews, reports,
letters, and book reviews represent the opinions and views of the authors and do not reflect any
official policy or medical opinion of the institutions with which the authors are affiliated, The
Triological Society, The American Laryngological Association, or of the Publisher unless this
is clearly specified. The Publisher, The Triological Society, The American Laryngological
Association, and Editors cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising
from the use of information contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not
necessarily reflect those of the Publisher, The Triological Society, The American Laryngologi-
cal Association, and Editors, neither does the publication of advertisements constitute any
endorsement by the Publisher, The Triological Society, The American Laryngological Associa-
tion, and Editors of the products advertised. Materials published herein are intended to further
general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and
should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or
treatment by physicians for any particular patient. While the Editors, Society, Association,
and Publisher believe that drug selections and dosages and the specifications and usage of
equipment and devices as set forth herein are in accord with current recommendations and
practice at the time of publication, they accept no legal responsibility for any errors or omis-
sions, and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to material contained herein.
Publication of an advertisement or other discussions of products in this publication should
not be construed as an endorsement of the products or the manufacturers’ claims. Readers
are encouraged to contact the manufacturers with any questions about the features or limita-
tions of the products mentioned. The names, logos and seals of The Triological Society and
the American Laryngological Association are trademarks of the respective societies.
The Laryngoscope (print ISSN 0023-852X; online ISSN 1531-4995) is published
monthly on behalf of The Triological Society and affiliated with the American Laryngolog-
ical Association by Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., a Wiley company, 111 River St.,
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Periodical Postage Paid at Hoboken, NJ and additional offices.
Postmaster: Send all address changes to The Laryngoscope, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
C/O The Sheridan Press, PO Box 465, Hanover, PA 17331.
Back Issues: Single issues from current and prior year volumes are available at the current
single issue price from cs-journals@wiley.com. Earlier issues may be obtained from Periodicals
Service Company, 11 Main Street, Germantown, NY 12526. Tel: +1 518 537 4700, fax: +1
518 537 5899, email: psc@periodicals.com
Advertising and Reprint Sales: Inquiries concerning advertising should be directed to:
(display and classified advertising) Michael Perlowitz, National and Accounts Manager(212)
904-0374, mperlowitz@pminy.com; Pharmaceutical Media Inc., 30 East 33rd Street, New
York, NY 10016. Reprint sales and inquiries should be directed to the Customer Service Depart-
ment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: (201) 748-8789.
Information for Subscribers: The Laryngoscope is published in 12 issues per year. Institu-
tional subscription prices for 2016 are: print & online: US $1,132 (US), US $1,226 (rest of
world), e792 (Europe), £627 (UK). Prices are exclusive of tax. Asia-Pacific GST, Canadian
GST and European VAT will be applied at the appropriate rates. For more information on
current tax rates, please go to www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/tax-vat. The price includes
online access to the current and all online back files to January 1, 2012 where available. For
other pricing options, including access information and terms and conditions, please visit
www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/access. Personal subscriptions are also available through http://
ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1531-4995&doi=10.1002/(ISSN)1531-4995
Delivery Terms and Legal Title: Where the subscription price includes print issues and
delivery is to the recipient’s address, delivery terms are DAP (Delivered at Place); the recipient
is responsible for paying any import duty or taxes. Title to all issues transfers FOB our shipping
point, freight prepaid. We will endeavour to fulfill claims for missing or damaged copies within
six months of publication, within our reasonable discretion and subject to availability.
Journal Customer Services: For ordering information, claims and any enquiry con-
cerning your journal subscription please go to www.wileycustomerhelp.com/ask or contact
your nearest office. Americas: email: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +1 781 388 8598 or
+1 800 835 6770 (toll free in the US & Canada). Europe, Middle East and Africa:
email: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +44 (0) 1865 778315. Asia Pacific: email: cs-journals@
wiley.com; Tel: +65 6511 8000. Japan: For Japanese speaking support, email: cs-japan@
wiley.com; Tel: +65 6511 8010 or Tel (toll-free): 005 316 50 480. Visit our Online Cus-
tomer Help available in 7 languages at www.wileycustomerhelp.com/ask.
Author Resources: For information on manuscript submission and instructions to
authors, please visit www.laryngoscope.com.
Online Open - The Laryngoscope accepts articles for Open Access publication.
Please visit http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-406241.html for further in-
formation about OnlineOpen.
Wiley’s Corporate Citizenship initiative seeks to address the environmental, social, eco-
nomic, and ethical challenges faced in our business and which are important to our diverse
stakeholder groups. Since launching the initiative, we have focused on sharing our content
with those in need, enhancing community philanthropy, reducing our carbon impact, cre-
ating global guidelines and best practices for paper use, establishing a vendor code of
ethics, and engaging our colleagues and other stakeholders in our efforts. Follow our pro-
gress at www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Access to this journal is available free online within institutions in the developing world through
the HINARI initiative with the WHO. For information, visit www.healthinternetwork.org.
Printed in the US by Cenveo Publisher Services.
View this journal online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/lary