Result:

Flow rate of water = [50ml/s]

times c(t) E(t) t*E(t) (t-tm)2

30 0.027 0.000311 0.00933 25017.74
60 0.17 0.00196 0.1176 16427.54
90 0.352 0.004 0.36 9637.35
120 0.38 0.00438 0.5256 4647.15
150 0.3 0.00346 0.519 1456.95
180 0.26 0.003 0.54 66.75
210 0.22 0.00253 0.5313 476.55
240 0.175 0.002 0.48 2686.35
270 0.15 0.0017 0.46 6696.15
300 0.11 0.00127 0.381 12505.95
330 0.1 0.00115 0.38 20115.75
360 0.09 0.00103 0.37 29525.55
390 0.075 0.000864 0.337 40735.35
420 0.06 0.0007 0.3 53745.15
450 0.049 0.000565 0.254 68554.95
480 0.04 0.00046 0.2208 85164.75
510 0.032 0.00037 1.887 103574.55
 c(t) vs times
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2 c(t) vs times
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20

Discussion:
The residence-time distribution function E(t) is equal to:
E(t) = C(t) / ∫C(t) dt
Where C(t) is the concentration function, and the integration is from (0-ω) in which is the area
under the curve above.
The area under the curve is found by using Simpson's rule:
∫C(t) dt = 3/8 h [C(0) + 3C(60) + 3C(120) + 3C(180) + 3C(240) + 3C(300) + 3C(360) +
3C(420) + 3C(480)]
= 3*60/8 [0 + (3*0.17) + (3*0.38) + (3*0.26) + (3*0.175) + (3*0.11) + (3*0.09) +
(3*0.06) + (0.04)]
= 86.73
The mean residence time τ = ∫tE(t)dt / ∫E(t)dt
Where both integrations are from 0- ω
But note that ∫E(t)dt from 0- ω = 1
 τ = ∫tE(t)dt
 τ = 188.17 sec
The variance (the standard deviation squared) is defined by:
σ² = ∫(t- τ)² E(t)dt, from 0- ω.
σ = 3160.618

The volume of the vessel V = v τ

= (50 ml /20 sec)* 188.17 sec
= 470.425 ml
= 0.47 L
The bell shape curve is obvious, though the results maybe are not taken at the start, because the
concentration must start near to zero and must increase slowly then it must reach a maximum
concentration and then begins to decrease slowly due to continuous water flow.

The mean residence time is considered the average of time spent in the reactor by the particles,
and gives a good indication on the time spent by particles. It is used to compare the residence
time distribution. And as we saw that we can calculate the volume of the vessel, in which is
equal to: 0.47 L.

This value of vessel we got is actually smaller than the one expected, and this is due to errors in
experiment.

The variance is the standard deviation squared. And it is another way to compare the residence
time distribution, and it is an indication to the spread of the distribution; the bigger it is, the
bigger the spread of distribution.

In our case the variance is considered very high= 3160.618, this indicates very high spread of
values, and this too indicates errors in the experiment.

We usually use Simpson's rules to calculate areas under the curves, but sometimes geometrical
or computer software maybe more accurate.
Conclusion:
1) The value calculated of the volume of vessel = 0.47 L in which is smaller of actual
volume due to errors.
2) The mean residence time = 188.17 sec
3) The variance was calculated to be very high that means high spread in results.
4) The E function is the normal distribution of the system.
5) The F function indicates the number of particles already out of the vessel.
6) There were many errors in experiment that was clear in the results and plots. They came
from:
- we started late taking the results (not t=0)
- high flow rate
- Lack of experience.
- Low accuracy in numerical techniques
References:
1) Element of chemical reaction, Scott .H .Fogler, 4th edition, Mc Graw Hill.
2) Chemical process laboratory manual, Dr,Khalil Alhalhoil,2002-2003
 Sample calculation:
τ = ∫tE(t)dt
Name tE(t) = S(t) to do the numerical integration, then:
∫S(t)dt = 3/8 h [S(0)+ 3S(60) + 3S(120) + 3S(180) +3S(240) + 3S(300) + 3S(360) + 3S(420) +
S(480)]
=3/8 *60 [0 + 0.3528 + 1.5768 + 1.62 + 1.44+1.143 + 1.11 + 0.9 + 0.2208]
= 188.17 sec = τ

σ² = ∫(t- τ)² E(t)dt

∫R(t)dt = 3/8 h [R(0) + 3R(60) + 3R(120) + 3R(180) + 3R(240) +3R(300)+ 3R(360) + 3R(420)
+ R(480)]
= 3160.618 = σ