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Canal Lining

Canal Lining
• For canals we means only the unlined earthen
canals. These unlined canals are compacted to
some extent but the seepage cannot be
prevented.
• Therefore to prevent the quantity of seepage
the canals are lined. Different materials are
used for the lining.
• Canal lining is an expensive business but in
certain cases it is unavoidable.
ADVANTAGE OF CANAL LINING
• 1.When the track of land through which the canal
is passing is highly pervious or permeable.
• 2.When the loss of water through seepage is very
high
• 3.In order to check the process of water logging.
• 4.For the defence purposes, i.e. when the canal is
to serve as a line of defence and a very high
velocity is desired in the canal.
• 5.In case of head race and tail race of a
hydroelectric power station situated on a canal
fall.
TYPES OF LINING
1. Concrete lining
2. Shotcrete or plaster
3. Brick tiles
4. Asphaltic lining
5. Lining of earth material
6. Stone blocks, concrete blocks or undressed
stone lining.
Concrete Lining
• An essential condition for the success of
concrete lining is a firm foundation. Natural
earth in cutting is usually satisfactory. Banks
on which lining is to be laid should be
thoroughly compacted. In soils of low
permeability it may be necessary to arrange
for the drainage of banks to avoid the
development of back pressure on the lining
when the banks get saturated by rains.
Concrete Lining
• The lining are 2"-4 1/2" thick. The banks should
always be made at self supporting slope. The
thickness required is governed by the
requirements of imperviousness and the
structural strength to resist cracking or slight
movement of the sub-grade.
• As the reinforcement interferes with the working
of certain types of mechanical equipment needed
for placing of concrete, the use of R.C.C is usually
not recommended, until & unless the strength
requirements needs to do so. Also the proper
contraction and construction joints are to be
provided.
Concrete Lining
• In side slopes flatter than 1:1, the form-work
for placing concrete is not used. Also in order
to prevent the absorption of moisture from
lower layers of concrete, by the rub-grade, the
sub-grade has to be saturated up to a depth of
12’’ for sandy soil and up to 6." in case of
other soils. However it may cause mudding as
well as the unevenness of the subgrade.
Spreading oil paper on the sub-grade or
painting the subgrade by crude oil before
placing the concrete may overcome the
problem of mudding etc.
SHORTCRETE LINING
• Shortcrete consists of a mixture of cement and
sand having a maximum grain size of 3/16".
Shortcrete is forced under pressure through a
nozzle on the surface of the channel being laid.
The usual thickness in which shortcrete is laid is 1
1/2". may also be used.
• Shortcrete can be placed on irregular surface thus
dispensing with the necessity of fine dressing of
the subgrade.
• Shortcreting is of particular advantage in rock
cuts. It has been found very satisfactory for the
resurfacing of badly cracked and leaking but
structurally sound old concrete lining.
Brick Lining
• Bricks are placed on the sub-grade with 1:3 c/s
mortar sandwiched in between. The brick
masonry is reinforced as well. For lining work
bet quality bricks should be utilized. They
should be fully saturated before lining and
also the subgrade should be moistened before
the first layer of brick.
Asphaltic Lining
• A mixture of asphalt, cement and aggregate is
mixed and placed by hand and by equipment
similar to that used in cement concrete.
• Another type of asphalt lining in which 1/4”
layer of asphalt is sprayed in place at a high
temperature of 400OF and covered with a 12”
layer of earth material for compaction.
Lining of Earthen Materials
• Earthen materials may be utilized for canal lining in the
following forms:
• Clay puddle:
• Clay is saturated with water and is mixed thoroughly by
trampling under men or cattle feet. A layer of clay
puddle about 1” thick protected by a cover of 1 deep
silt or soil will serve as an excellent impervious cut-off
face for seepage.
• Compacted Earth:
• Selected graded soil containing enough percentage of
fine to make it highly impermeable when thoroughly
compacted at optimum moisture content, may be used
to provide 1 to 3 thickness.
Lining of Earthen Materials
• Soil Cement:
• Soil cement canal lining are made up of a
mixture of cement and soil containing less
than 35% of fine fraction passing No.200
sieve. The cement is from 2 to 8% of soil. The
two are thoroughly mixed and required
quantity of water to bring the soil to its
optimum moisture content is added and
mixed, the material is placed at site and
compacted. Curing is done atleast 7 days.
Stone and Concrete Block Lining
• Dressed stone is costly to be used in lining
except in short reaches where a very hard
wearing surface is required. Undressed round
stones or boulders set in mortar may be
provided in reaches where boulders are
available and the loss of head is of no
consideration.
• The thickness of this type of lining is 12 to 18
inches . Precast concrete block lining is similar
in nature to brick tile lining. At the site the
laying can be carried by ordinary masons.

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