LABORATORY REPORT FST359

DIPLOMA IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY

EXPERIMENT 2
(Measurement of equivalent radius, bulk density and solid density of
granular materials)
NAME  MUHAMMAD AMIRUL BIN MD
ARIS (2017258486)
 MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ABDUL
KADIR (2017205416)
 MUHAMAD ATAULLAH BIN IDRIS
(2017205548)
 MUHAMAD SHAHMI SYAHIR BIN
MUSTAPHA (2017258606)
 LUQMAN NUL HAKIM BIN
ROSLAN (2017438062)

DATE OF SUBMISSION 22/3/2019

LECTURER’S NAME PN. ROSHAMIZAH BT HASHIM

INTRODUCTION
Granular materials are composed of grains or particles of solid with interstitial spaces (space
between the particles). The liquid is to filling the space of granular to determine the volume of
the particle later on. The objective of this experiment is to measure the equivalent radius, bulk
density and density of granular material, which is in this experiment, the red beans, soy beans
and green beans are use. Granular materials are widely applied in many industries and are very
important in our daily life. The handling and processing of granular materials have economic
importance in numerous kind of industries, including pharmaceutical as well as food
technology. The granular material is a group of distinct macroscopic particles, composed of
grains or particles of solids with interstitial spaces, which are the spaces between the particles.
Having spaces between the particles means that there are rooms left for the filling of air or
liquid, known as porosity.

OBJECTIVE
To measure the equivalent radius, bulk density and solid density of granular material.

MATERIAL
Red beans, green beans and soy beans

APPARATUS
100 ml measuring cylinder, 50 ml measuring cylinder, analytical balance and cooking oil.

PROCEDURE
1. 400 of beans have been count, weight and record the weight. (M)
2. Place the beans in 100 ml measuring cylinder A. Record the reading of the cylinder.
(V)
3. Initial reading of the cylinder t B.(V). recorded. Certain amount of cooking measured
into 50 ml measuring cylinder B.
4. Cooking oil pour into measuring cylinder A until all the beans are submerged in oil.
Final reading of the cylinder B.(V2) record.
5. Volume of oil that is poured into measuring cylinder B.v = (v1 – v2) ml.
 RESULT

Sample Red beans Green beans Soy beans

Trial 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Weight of 0.074 0.072 0.068 0.064 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.024 0.102 0.076 0.072 0.072
400 beans, M
(kg)
Mean 0.0695 0.0255 0.0805

(x-mean)2 4.83025 X 10-3 6.5025 X 10-4 6.48025 X 10-3

Variance, s2 1.96667 X 10-5 1 X 10-6 2.09 X 10-4

Standard 0.004434712 0.001 0.014456832

deviation, s

Sample Red beans Green beans Soy beans

Trial 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Volume of 400 90 89 85 83 32 32 32 30 120 98 102 105
beans + void
spaces, V (ml)

Mean 86.75 31.5 106.25

(x-mean)2 7526 992 11289

Variance, s2 10.91667 1 92.25

Standard 3.304038 1 9.604686

deviation, s
Sample Red beans Green beans Soy beans
Trial 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Volume of void 36 29 31 30 12 12 11 10 45 39 37 40
spaces v= v1–v2
(ml)
Mean 31.5 11.25 40.25

(x-mean)2 992 127 1620

Variance, s2 9.666667 0.916666667 11.58333

Standard 3.109126 0.957427108 3.40343

deviation, s

Sample Red beans Green beans Soy beans

Trial 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

(V-v) x 10-6 m3 6.2 x 6x 5.4 x 5.3 x 2.2 x 2x 2.1 x 2 x 10- 6.8 x 5.9 x 6.5 x 6.5 x
10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5 5 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5
Sample Red beans Green beans Soy beans
Trial 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Equivalent 3.18 1.75 3.18 2.60 2.29 1.05 2.32 3.60 3.55 1.75 3.39 3.60
radius, r (mm)
Mean 2.6775 2.315 3.0725

(x-mean)2 7.1690 5.3592 9.4403

Variance, s2 0.457092 1.084033333 0.785358

Standard 0.676086 1.041169215 0.886204

deviation, s

Sample Red beans Green beans Soy beans

Trial 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Solid density, Ps 1370 1200 1259 1208 1300 1300 1238 1200 1360.0 1288 1108 1108
(kg/m3)

Mean 1259.25 1259.5 1216

(x-mean)2 1587600 1587600 1478656

Variance, s2 6134.25 2427.666667 16416

Standard 78.32145 49.27135747 128.1249

deviation, s
Sample Red beans Green beans Soy beans
Trial 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Bulk density, Pb 822 809 800 771 813 813 813 800 850 776 706 686
(kg/m3

Mean 800.5 809.75 754.5

(x-mean)2 641.6 656.1 570

Variance, s2 468.3333 42.25 5542.333

Standard 21.64101 6.5 74.44685

deviation, s

Sample Red beans Green beans Soy beans

Trial 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Porosity, E 0.4 0.3258 0.3647 0.566 0.375 0.375 0.3438 0.5 0.375 0.398 0.3627 1.615

Mean 0.414125 0.39845 0.687675

(x-mean)2 0.1714 0.1588 0.4729

Variance, s2 0.01117 0.00479961 0.382406

Standard 0.105688 0.069279218 0.61839

deviation, s
DISCUSSION
Solid Density is the mass of solid particles per volume of solid particles (particle density). Bulk
density is the mass or weight of oven-dry soil per unit of bulk volume. Porosity is the ratio of
the volume of void or air spaces in a solid or sediment to the total volume of the solid or
sediment. Bulk density typically increases as the ratio of solids in a soil increases, and
conversely decreases as the ratio of solids decreases. Bulk density increases as pore space
decreases. The relationship of bulk density and porosity is reciprocal.

In this experiment, the result obtained by the equivalent radius, bulk density and solid density
of granular materials, which is in this experiment, red beans, soy beans and green bean was
used as sample. The granular material is a group of distinct macroscopic particles, composed
of grains or particles of solids with interstitial spaces, which are the spaces between the
particles. Having spaces between the particles means that there are rooms left for the filling of
air or liquid. This concept is applied as to use the filling of liquid to determine the volume of
the particles later on.

Based on the result the higher equivalent radius is soy beans which is (3.55 x 10-3), the second
higher is red bean which is (3.18 x10 -3) and the smallest equivalent radius is green beans with
(2.29 x 10-3). So for higher solid density is red bean and follow by soy bean and green bean
the smallest solid density. The higher bulk density is soy bean. For the porosity soy bean also
the higher follow by green bean and red bean. In additional, the bulk density and true density
of pulse vary according to the moisture content and decrease with an increase in moisture
content. The decrease in bulk density with an increase in moisture indicates that the weight
gained due to the absorption of moisture is relatively lower than the corresponding volumetric
expansion. However, the porosity of pulses increases with an increase in moisture content.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the porosity of a material can be calculated by using the measurement of
equivalent radius, bulk density of granular material. In addition, it is important to identify the
porosity of a material as it can determine all the process smooth or otherwise.
REFERENCES
Brijesh Tiwari, Narpinder Singh, 2015 , Pulse Chemistry And Technology, Uk ; The Royal
Society Of Chemistry.

Karolina Suzc, Andrzej Lenart 2016, Effect Of Composition On Physical Properties Of Food
Powder, 26(4), 431- 442, Doi: 10.1515/Intag -2015-0084

Rahman, S. (2009). Food Properties Handbook. Book Ration: Crc Press/Taylor & Francis
Group.

http//:homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/-earpwjg/PG_EN/CD%20Contents/
Formation%20Evaluation%20