Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMPOSITES
By sathwik
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Briefly on composites
• Research on advances in composites
• Direct composites
• Packable
• Flow able
• Compomers
• Giomers
• Ormocers
Smart composites
Siloranes
Glass inserts
Anti bacterial composites
Chitosan composites
Bio active composites
Flouride releasing composites
Compo bonds
Nano-composites
• Indirect composites
• Art glass
• Bell glass HP
• sinfony
• Ceromer
• Fiber-reinforced substructure
• Future advances
INTRODUCTION
• This highly competitive market continues to evolve, with the major emphasis in the past being to produce
materials with adequate strength, and high wear resistance and polishability, retention.
• The more recent research and development efforts have addressed the issue of polymerization shrinkage
and its accompanying stress, which may have a deleterious effect on the composite/tooth interfacial bond.
• Current efforts are focused on the delivery of materials with potentially therapeutic benefits and self-
adhesive properties, the latter leading to truly simplified placement in the mouth.
DEFINITION
According to Anusavice
• It may be defined as a compound of two or more distinctly different materials with properties that are
superior or intermediate to those of the individual constituents
HISTORY
Fillers - ↑ comp strength, tensile strength, stiffness, abrasion resistance, hardness ↓ wear, poly shrinkage,
thermal exp & contr, water sorption
Quartz or glasses, amorphous silica {0.1 – 100 µm},30- 70 vol % or 50 –85% wt
Refractive index:
BIS-GMA – 1.5, TEGDMA – 1.46, Quartz – 1.55
• Coupling agent :
• strength
POLYMERIZATION INDUCED SHRINKAGE
• (i) manipulating the curing protocol and timing to allow for relaxation and flow of the network prior to
gelation
• (ii) altering the amount of shrinkage that occurs through changes in the monomer or functional group
density
• (iii) changing the polymerization mechanism from conventional radical chain-growth polymerization of
methacrylates to alter the network structural evolution.
ADVANCES IN CURING PROTOCOL
1. photoinitiation
In this visible-light-activated initiator system, camphorquinone (CQ) absorbs a photon to generate a short-
lived excited-state species that complexes with the tertiary amine to promote a sequential electron and
proton transfer that creates the active α-aminoalkyl-initiating radical.
• The soft-start curing method originated with work by (Unterbrink and Muessner, 1994, 1995) (Braga et
al., 2005; Ferracane, 2005)
• Reduced irradiation intensity during the early stages of polymerization is hypothesized to allow stress
relaxation to occur prior to vitrification
• Extensive research has gone into and will continue to be devoted toward evaluating curing conditions and
the subsequent effects on conversion, mechanical properties, and shrinkage stress.
ADVANCES IN MONOMER FORMULATIONS
• The resin phase is composed primarily of dimethacrylate monomers typically selected from BisGMA,
BisEMA, and/or UDMA.
• monomers such as these generally result in low methacrylate conversion, which leads to significant
amounts of unreacted monomer that may be leached from the restoration over time, resulting in concerns
regarding long-term biocompatibility.
1.MULTI METHACRYLATES
• Bile acids were utilized as starting materials to form multimethacrylate monomers (Gauthier et al., 2009)
• Methacrylated beta-cyclodextrin derivatives have also been evaluated as alternatives to BisGMA and
were found to exhibit flexural strength and volume shrinkage comparable with those of
BisGMA/TEGDMA (Hussain et al., 2005).
2.ULTRARAPID MONOMETHACRYLATES
• Inclusion of monovinyl monomers into dental resins was changed with the development by Decker of a
novel class of monovinyl (meth)acrylate monomers that exhibited greatly enhanced polymerization
kinetics and significantly improved mechanical properties.
• These materials showed great promise when utilized as diluents, and several monomethacrylates were
evaluated as alternatives to TEGDMA (Lu et al., 2005; Kilambi et al., 2009)
3.ACIDIC MONOMERS
• Incorporating acidic monomers in relatively small mole fractions into methacrylate resins may enable a
separate adhesive layer to be eliminated and result in improved overall performance.
• Current acidic resins do not exhibit the necessary mechanical properties to function as resin-based
composites, and hence research has focused on developing acidic monomers with improved mechanical
properties.
• In one creative approach, specific methacrylate monomers, chosen to be miscible as liquids but phase-
separated at higher conversions, were incorporated into conventional methacrylate resins and
composites.
• When phase separation occurs, the volume expands, eliminating a portion of the volume shrinkage that
arises from the methacrylate polymerization.
• In particular, the use of dimer-acid-derived dimethacrylate (DADMA) monomers in novel dental resin
formulations is examined as a potential means to address the combined aims of high conversion and low
shrinkage and shrinkage stress.
2.THIOL-ENE PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION
• The thiol-ene polymerization reaction proceed via a step-growth polymerization mechanism in which
propagation and chain transfer alternate (Cramer and Bowman, 2001; Hoyle et al., 2004, 2010; Lu et al.,
2005; Hoyle and Bowman, 2010).
• The step-growth nature of the polymerization results in uniform polymer networks with narrow glass
transition regions and reduced brittleness.
• Also, the gelpoint conversion is significantly higher in thiol-ene networks as compared with methacrylate
networks. and
• hence thiol-ene systems exhibit significant reductions in polymerization shrinkage stress (Carioscia et al.,
2005; Lu et al., 2005; Cramer et al., 2010).
3.HYBRID POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS
• Hybrid polymers are formed from co-monomers with different reactive groups that polymerize via
different curing mechanisms and are often utilized to synergistically achieve desired properties.
• The order of the reactions can be controlled by the selective addition of inhibitors of each polymerization
type or through manipulation of the initiating wavelength-initiator combination.
4.RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION
• ring-opening reaction relies on the opening of a cyclic structure to facilitate intermonomer bonding and
crosslinking.
• A study on the influence of mono-,bi-, and tri-modal distributions of fillers on the wear properties of
composites showed that filler size and shape significantly influence wear resistance, with the inclusion of
nano-sized filler a critical feature, often leading to enhanced properties (Turssi et al., 2005).
• A method was developed to prepare single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with suitable compatibility
and polymerizability such that they could be introduced into dental composites as a secondary filler.
• A good dispersion of the SWCNT in the composite was demonstrated, along with a significant increase in
flexural strength compared with that of the unaltered composite material (Zhang et al., 2008).
SILANE TREATMENT OF INORGANIC FILLERS
• (a) to reduce the filler surface energy such that composite paste consistency and hydrophilicity are
reduced while filler dispersion within the resin is enhanced; and
• (b) to provide a functional interface that permits covalent attachment between the polymer matrix and
the reinforcing higher-modulus filler.
• methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) remains the most widely used surface treatment for the
inorganic fillers used in dental composites
Packable
• Supplied:
• Unit-dose, compules or in syringes.
• Inorganic phase:
• High stiffness.
31
• 2. Limited shades.
• 1. Class I restorations.
32
PRODUCT MANUFACTURER
ALERT Jeneric-Pentron
Definite Degussa
• 70% filler volume.
• Very good for
proximal Contacts.
Solitaire
67% filler volume
Releases fluoride.
Higher strength
Good esthetic
& Better wear
properties
resistance
Flowable composites
• Similar to resin cements &pit and fissure sealants with filler loading + particles
size less than hybrid composites resulting in a material of low viscosity.
• Filler content less than 50% by vol polymerization shrinkage will be greater
than for more heavily filled materials.
38
Advantages
Penetration
High flexibility
39
Artiste® nano-hybrid Flowable composite
No bubbles formulation
• HRi features breakthrough technology - a light refractive index (1.62) that is
identical to natural enamel, with optical properties that can't be found in any other
composite.
• The ENA HRi Flow formulation eliminates air bubbles, resulting in superior physical
properties.
41
Gingival masking composites
• An aesthetic gingiva-shaded light-cured composite resin recently
introduced, providing practitioners with the option of correcting
gingival recession with a minimally invasive and less costly
procedure.
Ability to mask
Primary splinting,
Aesthetic exposed crown
and the correction
corrections of the margins to improve
of red/white
gingival area, aesthetics and
aesthetics
patient satisfaction.
Esthet x flow
• Pseudo plastic handling - flows on command
• Highly radiopaque
44
Uses
• Low stress applications but not in class I and II in premolars and molars.
45
Compomers
• Contains the major ingredients of both composites (resin component) and glass
Ionomer cements (Polyalkenoate acid and glass fillers component) except for water
46
Strength and Wear Performance:
Fluoride Release :
Dyract shows fluoride release for more that 12 months and maintains the same rate
of diffusion.
Sealing
occlusal pits
and fissures
Retrograde Restorations
filing of primary
materials teeth
Potential Minimal
root canal cavity
sealers preparations
Indications
Lining and
Sealing of
Core build-
root surface
up
Class III,
Repair of
Class V,
defective
Erosion
margins in
lesion -
restorations
Restorations
Advantages:
• Ease of use
• Good esthetics
EX: DYRACT Ap, Compo glass F, Compo glass flow, F2000, Hytac
Giomers
50
COMPOSITION of GIOMER :
• Bisphenol A glycidyl
dimethacrylate&TEGDMA
• DL-Camphorquinone
51
• Reactmer bond is the glass ionomer based, tricurable, all -in-one, filled
adhesive based on PRG technology
52
Indications:
Restoration of Class I.
II. III. IV, & V
Other dental
applications repair of Restoration of cervical
fractured porcelain and erosion and root caries
composite restoration
54
Ormocer
• Dr. Herbert Wolters from Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research introduced
this class of material in 1994
Composition:
Silicon oxide, a filler--basic substance
It is modified originally by adding polymerisable side chains in the form of
methacrylate group
57
Based on a newly developed alkaline glass filler and is expected
to reduce the formation of secondary caries at the margins of the
restorations due to inhibition of bacterial growth, reduced
demineralization and buffering of acids produced by cariogenic
micro-organisms
• Smart composites work is based on the newly developed alkaline glass. The paste
contains Ba, Al, and F silicate glass filler (1m) with Ytterbium trifluoride, silicon
dioxide and alkaline glass (1.6 m) in dimethacrylate monomers
• Ivoclar 1998 named Ariston pHC (pH control) which was claimed to
release:Fluoride
• This was said to neutralize acid and counter act the decalcification of enamel and
dentine.
59
Smart nano composites
• This material can buffer tooth against decay caused by acid producing bacteria by
“Smartly” increasing ion release in presence of acids
Siloranes
• Siloxane + oxiranes
As methacrylate-based composites
cure, the molecules of these
“linear monomers” connect by
actually SHIFTING closer
together in a linear response.
Filtek™ P90 low shrink posterior restorative
system
• The inserts are surrounded by lightcured composite, which bonds to the insert via
a silane coupling agent. The inserts are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes
to fit most cavity preps.
• When fitted into the cavity, they minimize the volume of shrinking composite and
reduce curing contraction (George and Richards, 1993). The integration of inserts
reduces the polymerization shrinkage stress and lowers the overall coefficient of
thermal expansion.
64
65
Available insert systems:
• Beta quartz inserts are manufactured of a cast glass ceramic based upon a lithium
aluminium silicate with the addition of iron, sulphur. The surface of inserts is
presilanized. Beta quartz silane liquid is available for the chairside resilanization
of contaminated inserts
66
Ceramic leucite reinforced Ceramic inserts:
• Sonic Sys inserts (Vivadent) are made of leucite reinforced glass ceramic. The
Sonic sys inserts allows the finishing preparation and restoration of a non
symmetrical proximal cavity.
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Imazato et al (1994) attempted to make the composite antibacterial by
incorporating a non releasing newly synthesized monomer, MDPB with
antibacterial properties into the composite resin.
Metacryloyloxydodicylpyridinum bromide
69
• Silver has also been added in the composites to make it antibacterial - ‘oligodynamic
action’
• Silver ions are incorporated into inorganic oxides like silicon dioxide
• silver ions may be hydrothermally supported into the space between the crystal
lattice network of filler particles.
• Silver ions may be incorporated into the silica gel and the thin films are coated over
the surface of composites.
72
Bioactive composites
• Bioactive formulations:
• As a reinforcing filler
• Less expensive
• Biocompatible
• Kwan et al used Lewis acid i.e. BF3 and Lewis base i.e. diethylaminoethyl
methacrylate into dental resin system fluoride is released by hydrolysis at a
rate of 2-5µg/cm2/day for 1 year.
• Compobonds exploit the benefits of SE DBAs and nanofilled resins, eliminating the
precursory bonding stage necessary to adhere a resin to tooth substrate, and are
termed Self-adhering Composites.
Trade name :- vertise flow
81
Characteristics and properties of compo bonds
Light curing
Increasing its pH So that continual
reaction also
from acidity does not
halts the etching
approximately 2 erode the dentine
process of the SE
to 7 bond.
agent
Nanofilled composites
• To estabilish polish of a microfill but the strength and wear resistance of hybrid
composites (Swift, J Esth Rest Dent, 2005).
Nanoparticles
An extreme surface
to volume ratio gives Increased wear 50% decrease in
a high filler loading resistance & polymerisation
in a workable hardness. shrinkage
consistency.
Reduced staining
• Nano hybrid composites have nanometer sized
particles combined with more conventional filler
technology.
Nanocluster
Loosely bound agglomerates
of nano-sized particles
TRADE NAMES TYPE OF NANO COMPOSITES IMPORTANT POINTS
Premise Universal
Indirect composite resins
• All show excellent wear resistance & small particle composite resins and hybrid
resins can be etched to produce micromechanical retention
94
Early 1980s, Mormann and Touati Composite resins for the fabrication of indirect
inlays and onlays
Mid 1980Touati and Pissis developed the concept of metal composite inlays and
bridges after the silanating technique
Indirect composites:
Allow improved adaptation of the restoration to the cavity walls – better
marginal integrity, less post operative sensitivity
Post-cure heat treatment (125° C or 275° F) increases double bond conversion-
better polymerization, better wear resistance
95
Art glass
• Launched in 1995 by Heraeus-kulzer
COMPOSITION
Matrix Filler
Organic resin Barium silicate
matrix glass 0.7µ
Bell de in 1996
The opaceous dentin material of BelleGlass HP
incorporates a specific filler size and particle
distribution that helps to achieve thermal
expansion, flexibility and stress response
characteristics similar to natural dentin.
97
Sinfony
• Introduced by 3M ESPE
Matrix Filler
Polyfunctional Pyrogenic silica
metharylate 0.05µ Visco alpha
polymer halogen lamp
source
10sec
Visco beta
Fluorecent lamp
source
15min
Advances in indirect composite resin systems
Ceromers:
• The term ceromer stands for Ceramic Optimized Polymer and was introduced by
Ivoclar.
99
Ceromers combine the advantages of ceramics and composites
• Durable esthetics
• High stability
• Ivoclar in 1996
101
Laboratory based, Preimpregnated fiber reinforced
systems
Targis/vectris:
• Highly filled Targis Ceromer (ceramic optimized polymer)
composition, along with Vectris, a fiber reinforcing composite
framework
Ribbond:
• It is a cross-linked leno stitch weave of polyethylene fibers.
• Can be used chair side or in laboratory to fabricate composite resin
bridges .
Single crystal modified composites
• Have symmetric shapes like long plates and behave like fibers.
104
fiber reinforced composites
Properties of FRC:
• Geometrical arrangement of fibers
Wave, Braided, Unidirectional, Mesh
105
Forms
• Short staple:
Reduces matrix volume
Improves wear resistance
• Long lengths:
Can improve strength and stiffness
• Woven material:
Also improves strength and stiffness
Assist in forming structure
106
Classification
113
Composite splints
115
Future advances
• Carbon Nanotubes- Applications of carbon nanotubes
reinforcement of composites
• Boron nitride Nanotubes
• The resin subsequently fills the crack and reacts with a Grubbs catalyst
dispersed in the epoxy composite , resulting in a polymerization of the
resin and repair of the crack.
Conclusion
• While most of the advances remain in the research stage, the future
both in regards to research and in clinical practice remains bright
with exciting new developments translated into practice at an ever-
increasing rate 121
References
• Polyacid-modified composite resins (“compomers”) and their use in clinical dentistry-John W. Nicholson∗
• Jada-1997
122
• J am dent asso 132(5); 639-645,2001
• Dental materials(2005),21,68-74
• Dental materials(2002).18,413-421
• J Am dent asso(1990),20;177
• Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry Vol 11 issuse 5,pages 234–249, September 1999