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Daniel Short

Professor Calhoun

English Comp II

17 March 20

Annotated Bibliography

Artificial Intelligence has always been an interest of mine. It represents both hope for

ease of life and also a fear for the loss of control in life. A.I. (Artificial Intelligence) can be seen

everywhere in our day to day lives. It is seen in phones, home assistants, and search browsers

just to name a few. All of these make daily life so much more enjoyable. The real question that

has always drawn me in is when will all of this go too far?

“Artificial Intelligence – What It Is and Why It Matters.” SAS,

www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html.

Artificial Intelligence is a technology that helps us automate things in our everyday life or

advance systems to become smarter and more efficient. This article written by SAS, the solutions

company, goes in-depth into the past and history of Artificial Intelligence and why it has

progressed so rapidly in recent years.

The article goes back to the earliest ever form of AI (Artificial Intelligence) in the 1950s

and explains that it was used to explore topics like problem-solving and symbolic methods. After

giving a basic outline, it gives examples of what AI is used for in the modern world. SAS

mentions that AI is being used in Health Care, Retail, Manufacturing, and Banking, to name a
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few. Jim Goodnight, the CEO of SAS is quoted saying, “AI has been an integral part of SAS

software for years,” showing that they use it to progress their own products.

This article was created to inform SAS’s customers about AI and how it can be used. It is

written to target business owners or management staff so that they may integrate SAS’s software.

Although this is written by a business with the ultimate goal of selling something, they provide

some of the most concrete details and information about AI’s history and direction that I have

seen. This specific reason is why I will be using it in my final paper.

Bornstein, Aaron M. “Is Artificial Intelligence Permanently Inscrutable? - Issue 40:

Learning.” Nautilus, 1 Sept. 2016, nautil.us/issue/40/learning/is-artificial-

intelligence-permanently-inscrutable.

“Machine Learning,” A corporate form of Artificial intelligence was an interest of

IBM’s Dmitry Malioutov. He was working on solving a pretty complex issue for one of IBM’s

large corporate clients, the issue was he couldn’t explain the system to the client. The author of

this article, Aaron M. Bornstein goes in-depth on this issue, explaining that Malioutov could

hardly explain the solution to himself.

The article explains that the process began to get too complicated and was very similar to

the same systems that were used in language translation, robots, and self-driven cars. The issue

was that the process was unpredictable and could misinterpret certain pieces of information. The

other troubling issue was that no one truly knew how these systems worked and because of this,

no one can predict when they would fail.

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Aaron Bornstein supported each of his points with well-cited sources towards the end of

his article. He helped bring the explanations to life with well-constructed illustrations which

helped his “new” audience understand the complex situation more clearly.

These examples will be used in my final to explain the dangers of AI and how systems

can quickly fail or become unpredictable. The dangers of these thoughts are obvious and will

assist in reasoning.

Gams, Matjaz, et al. “Artificial Intelligence and Ambient Intelligence.” Journal of Ambient

Intelligence and Smart Environments, vol. 11, no. 1, 2019, pp. 71–86.,

doi:10.3233/ais-180508.

Matjaz Gams, the author of the article, starts by explaining some of the basic

definitions of some of the words he’ll be using. He explains that Artificial Intelligence and

Ambient Intelligence are closely related. Ambient Intelligence is being defined as the

intelligence created by intelligent groups of people and Artificial intelligence being the

Intelligence Artificially created by intelligent groups of people.

This article was written as a Research article to better educate a already somewhat

knowledgeable audience. It was written to expand on an already existing technology to help

people better understand the divisions of intelligence and what AI is set to change.

I’ll be using this article to help separate the differences between human and artificial

intelligence and where a line should be drawn to protect our lively hood. Part of the article

expands further into Super Artificial Intelligence and Super Ambient Intelligence but I will be

focusing on the simpler forms for use in my final assignment.

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Grosz, Barbara J., and Peter Stone. “A Century-Long Commitment to Assessing Artificial

Intelligence and Its Impact on Society.” Communications of the ACM, vol. 61, no. 12,

2018, pp. 68–73., doi:10.1145/3198470.

Barbara Grosz begins this article talking about the Stanford One Hundred Year Study

on Artificial Intelligence. It was officially launched in 2014 to observe the progression of AI over

the next 100 years. This proves one of the beliefs that we are now in the Artificial Intelligent

Revolution. The Articles says that the recent progress made in the field of AI is what triggered

this study.

Barbara Grosz did a great job of citing all of the sources she used and correct format.

This did a great service to her credibility and the information that she was sharing to the public.

She wrote this article to inform people about how big of a deal AI is becoming and that it is

rippling across many industries.

I’ll be using this article to reference for the recent attention that has been brought to the

scene of Artificial Intelligence. It is important to note that the article expressed no opinion, only

factual news within the industry. This makes it a perfect foundation to build on.

Schellman, Hilke. “Artificial Intelligence: The Robots Are Now Hiring - Moving

Upstream.” The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company,

www.wsj.com/video/series/moving-upstream/artificial-intelligence-the-robots-are-

now-hiring-moving-upstream/2790C6B9-4E47-4544-9331-36DB418366CF.

This video by Hilke Schellmann and Jason Bellini shared the new technology that some

Fortune 500 companies are using to scout for new employees. It is a technology, better described

as a robot, that interviews the applicants and weeds out any that do not meet the criteria.
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While this will save time for companies, it takes yet another job away from a human

being. Not to mention that countless well-qualified people will be turned down just for lacking a

single characteristic or qualification.

This is a perfect example of what may be to come for many people’s careers. If this

software can sort through potential employees, what stops it from processing orders at

restaurants and fast food locations, all of which we know are great jobs for kids starting out their

lives.

I’ll be using this video to express the need for regulation on AI and why we can’t let it

keep taking jobs from the lower-class. When AI fully engages its potential, the only jobs that will

exist are those of executives and engineer’s, none of which can be filled by a new member to the

workforce.

Ronanki, Thomas H. DavenportRajeev. “3 Things AI Can Already Do for Your

Company.” Harvard Business Review, 24 July 2018, hbr.org/2018/01/artificial-

intelligence-for-the-real-world.

Thomas Ronaki begins his article discussing the use of IBM’s Watson technology for use

in the cancer field and how it is assisting the medical field in all forms of diagnosis and treatment

for the patient. While this is a positive use for AI, the question is raised on how it can it be

trusted reliably?

The article then discusses the three different types of AI and what they can be used for in

fields of both business and medical. The author uses an illustration of the “Business Benefits of

AI” to try and convince the reader that it is a good tool to have and the risk is very low.
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I’ll be using this article to show the benefits of Artificial Intelligence to combat my own

views. The article is published on a credible Harvard site and will, therefore, assist me as a well

thought out foundation.

Spencer, Michael. “Artificial Intelligence Regulation May Be Impossible.” Forbes, Forbes

Magazine, 3 Mar. 2019, www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/03/02/artificial-

intelligence-regulation-will-be-impossible/#2f96ade311ed.

Michael Spencer raises some questions in his article that should have been addressed

long ago. It may already be too late to regulate AI. It has already been taken up by large

corporations to save expense and time. It has been integrated into many basic devices and it has

been promised to the world as a future of living.

These are all things that as the author states, “...is a tool humanity is wielding with

increasing recklessness.” It is slowly creeping into warfare, a possibility that we cannot yet

imagine. There are already drones that have been developed that can track down targets through

facial recognition and kill them leaving no trace behind.

The author tries to share his views in a simple and understandable format and does so

well. His points are concrete and the publisher is credible which help support his beliefs.

I’ll be using this article to share some of the deep dark secrets and dangerous uses of AI.

I’ll use the points made by Michael Spencer to support the regulation and overwatch of artificial

intelligence to ensure that our future is protected.