LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System

Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

I. Introduction longer than they are wide. Most of the

Skeletal System
The skeletal system is
framework that supports the whole
body. Without it, it is impossible for the
beings to move! The word skeleton
comes from the Greek word meaning
“dried-up body” and it is subdivided into
into two divisions: the axial skeleton, the
bones that form the longitudinal axis of
the body, and the appendicular
skeleton, the bones of the limbs and
girdles. In addition to bones, the skeletal
system includes joints, cartilages, and
ligaments.
The functions of the bones are
for: support, protection for the soft body
organs, for movement, and storage of
fats and minerals such as; calcium and
phosphorus, and for blood cell formation
(hematopoiesis).
There are four categories of
bone. These categories are based on
their shape: long, short, flat, and
irregular. To begin with, long bones are
bones of the upper and lower limbs are
the long bones. Next, short bones are
approximately as wide as they are long;
examples are the bones of the wrist and
ankle. After, flat bones have a relatively
thin, flattened shape. Examples of flat
bones are certain skull bones, the ribs,
the scapulae (shoulder blades), and the
sternum. Lastly, irregular bones include
the vertebrae and facial bones, which
have shapes that do not fit readily into
the other three categories.
The adult skeleton is composed
of 206 bones. These bones have 2
basic types. First, the ​compact bone.
This is dense and smooth and
homogenous. The ​compact bone​, also
known as ​cortical bone​, is a denser
material used to create much of the hard
structure of the skeleton. While, the
spongy bone, which is also known as
cancellous bone ​or ​trabecular bone​, is a
very porous type of bone.
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

It is highly vascularized and

contains red bone marrow. Spongy
bone is usually located at the ends of
the long bones (the epiphyses), with the
harder compact bone surrounding it. It is
also found inside the vertebrae, in the
ribs, in the skull and in the bones of the
joints. Spongy bone is softer and
weaker than compact bone, but is also
more flexible.
This type of bone consists of ​trabeculae​,
which resemble the beams or
scaffolding of a building. The ​trabeculae
basically, adds strength to the bones.
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

7. Tibia

Labeled Parts of the Skeletal System

8. Femur
9. Coxal (Hip) Bone
10. Vertebral Column
11. Rib
12. Sternum
13. Rib Cage
14. Scapula
15. Clavicle
16. Pectoral Girdle
17. Hyoid
18. Skull

Figure 1.1 Human Skeleton

1. Humerus
2. Radius
3. Ulna
4. Symphysis Pubis
5. Patella
6. Fibula
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

16. Maxilla
17. Mental Foramen

Figure 1.2 Skull

1. Frontal
2. Lacrimal
3. Superior Orbital Fissure
4. Ethmoid
5. Zygomatic
6. Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid
7. Vomer
8. Mandible
9. Parietal
10. Supraorbital Foramen
11. Sphenoid
12. Temporal
13. Nasal
14. Infraorbital Foramen
15. Inferior Nasal Concha
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

9. Sacral Promontory
10. Sacral
11. Body of Sacrum
12. Sacral Canal
13. Dorsal Sacral Foramina
14. Articular Facets
15. Sacrum to Illium Surfaces
16. Median Sacral Crest
17. Sacral Hiatus
18. Spinous Process of Vertebra
19. Body of Vertebra
20. Transverse process
21. Superior Articular Facet
22. Vertebral Foramen
23. Inferior Articular Surface

Figure 1.3 Vertebral Column 24. Lamina

1. Cervical Curvature 25. Pedicle

2. Thoracic Curvature 26. Sacral Superior Articular

3. Lumbar Curvature Surfaces

4. Pelvic Curvature 27. Transverse Foramen

5. Intervertebral Disk 28. Odontoid Process

6. Sacrum
7. Transverse Ridges of Sacrum
8. Coccyx
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

Figure 1.4 Thoracic Cage

1. Vertebrosternal (True) Ribs
2. Vertebrochondral Ribs
3. Vertebral (Floating) Ribs
4. False Ribs
5. Manubrium
6. Gladiolus (Body)
7. Xiphoid
8. Sternum
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

7. Surgical Neck
8. Deltoid Tuberosity
9. Lateral Epicondyle
10. Capitulum
11. Head of Radius
12. Neck of Radius
13. Radius
14. Styloid Process of Radius
15. Metacarpus
16. Phalanges
17. Carpus
18. Styloid Process of Ulna
19. Head of Ulna
20. Ulna
21. Radial Tuberosity
22. Coronoid Process
23. Trochlea
24. Medial Epicondyle
Figure 1.5 Pectoral Girdle 25. Coronoid Fossa
1. Clavicle 26. Olecranon Fossa
2. Coracoid Process 27. Semilunar Notch
3. Acromion 28. Olecranon Process
4. Head of Humerus
5. Greater Tubercle
6. Lesser Tubercle
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

10. Talus
11. Metatarsus
12. Phalanges
13. Tarsus
14. Medial Malleolus
15. Anterior Crest of Tibia
16. Tibial Tuberosity
17. Medial Condyle (Tibia)
18. Medial Condyle (Femur)
19. Medial Epicondyle
20. Lesser Trochanter
21. Ischium
22. Pubis
23. Symphysis Pubis
24. Coccyx
Figure 1.6 Leg and Pelvic Girdle 25. Sacrum
1. Sacroiliac Joint
2. Head of Femur
3. Neck of Femur
4. Greater Trochanter
5. Lateral Epicondyle (Femur)
6. Lateral Condyle (Femur)
7. Lateral Condyle (Tibia)
8. Head of Fibula
9. Lateral Malleolus
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

10. Periosteum

Muscular System
The muscular system is the
system that is primarily responsible for
movement of the body. But aside from
that function, it is also responsible for
the maintenance of posture, respiration,
production of body heat,
communication, constriction of organs
and vessels and contraction of the
heart.
There are muscles that are
attached to the skeletal system, hence
the name, skeletal muscles. These

Figure 1.7 Long Bone muscles constitutes approximately 40%

1. Articular cartilage of body weight. Skeletal muscle has four

2. Epiphysis major functional characteristics:

3. Epiphyseal Disk contractility, excitability, extensibility,

4. Diaphysis and elasticity. First, contractility is the

5. Red Marrow ability of skeletal muscles to shorten

6. Endosteum with force. When skeletal muscles

7. Medullary Cavity contract, they cause the structures to

8. Compact Bone Tissue which they are attached to move.

9. Yellow Marrow Second, excitability is the capacity of

skeletal
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

muscle to respond to a stimulus. Third, 4. The student shall extend the arm
extensibility, means that skeletal and the other student shall
muscles stretch. After a contraction, measure it once again.
skeletal muscles can be stretched to 5. Repeat steps 2-4 three times.
their normal resting length and beyond 6. Get the average of the
to a limited degree. Fourth, elasticity is measurements.
the ability of skeletal muscles to go back
to their original resting length after they Result
have been stretched.
Shane R. Stephen S.
Maandig Salih
Materials
1. Strips of paper 1st Try:

2. Stapler Flexion 27.2 cm 26.2 cm

3. Ballpen
Extension 25.3 cm 24.0 cm
4. Ruler
5. Human Volunteer for for bicep 2nd Try: 28.5 cm 28.3 cm
measurements. Flexion

Extension: 27 cm 23.5 cm
Methods:
1. Cut the paper into strips, 3rd Try: 27.2 cm 27.5 cm
2. The student shall flex his muscles Flexion
3. The other student shall wrap the
Extension 25.5 cm 25.3 cm
stirp of paper around the flexed
bicep and measure it and record Table 1.1 Measurements of the

it. Biceps (Flexed and Extended)

 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

Flexion 27.6cm 27.3 cm

Average

Extension 25.9 cm 24.4 cm

Average

Table 1.1 Average of the

Measurements of the Biceps

Discusssion
The students have observed that when
the muscles are flexed the thickness of
the biceps get bigger and the oppoostie
happes when the arm is extended.

Figure 1.8 Major Surface Muscles of

the Body
Anterior Surface Muscles
1. Tibialis Anterior
2. Vastus Lateralis
3. Rectus Femoris
4. Iliotibial Tract
5. Tensor Fasciae Latae
6. Brachioradialis
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

7. Pronator Teres 11. Gluteus Maximus

8. Serratus Anterior 12. Semimembranosus
9. Deltoid 13. Semitendinosus
10. Sternocleidomastoid 14. Biceps Femoris
11. Pectoralis Major 15. Hamstring Muscles
12. Biceps Brachii 16. Gastrocnemius
13. External Oblique
14. Rectus Abdominis
15. Inguinal Ligament
16. Sartorius
17. Gracilis
18. Vastus Medialis
19. Gastrocnemius

Posterior Surface Muscles

1. Achilles Tendon
2. Iliotibial Tract
3. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
4. Triceps Brachii
5. Infraspinatus
6. Trapezius
7. Teres Major
8. Latissimus Dorsi
9. Extensor Digitorum
10. Gluteus Medius
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

Figure 1.10 Forearm Muscles

Figure 1.9 Face Muscles 1. Supinator
1. Temporalis 2. Pronator Teres
2. Occipitalis 3. Pronator Quadratus
3. Masseter 4. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
4. Sternocleidomastoid 5. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
5. Platysma 6. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
6. Buccinator 7. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
7. Triangularis 8. Extensor Digitorum Communis
8. Orbicularis Oris 9. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
9. Zygomaticus 10. Flexor Carpi Radialis
10. Orbicularis Oculi 11. Flexor Pollicis Longus
11. Frontalis 12. Abductor Pollicis
13. Extensor Pollicis Longus
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

14. Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Figure 1.12 Leg Muscles

Figure 1.11 Muscles that move the
1. Gastrocnemius
thigh
2. Soleus
1. Gluteus Maximus
3. Achilles Tendon
2. Iliotibial Tract
4. Tibialis Anterior
3. Gluteus Minimus
5. Tibialis Posterior
4. Gluteus Medius
5. Piriformis
6. Adductor Brevis
7. Adductor Longus
8. Adductor Magnus
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

Figure 1.13 Muscles that pull the leg

1. Gracilis
2. Semimembranosus
3. Biceps Femoris
4. Sartorius
Figure 1.14 Body Movements
5. Semitendinosus
A. Adduction
6. Tensor Fasciae Latae
B. Plantar Flexion
7. Iliotibial Tract
C. Dorsiflexion
8. Vastus Lateralis
D. Abduction
9. Rectus Femoris
E. Flexion
10. Vastus Medialis
F. Inversion
11. Vastus Intermedius
G. Eversion
H. Pronation
I. Supination
J. Flexion
 LAB ACTIVITY #6: Skeletal and Muscular System
Maandig, Shane R.
Salih, Stephen S.

K. Rotation
L. Extension

References:
Editors. (2017, May 08). Spongy Bone.
Retrieved from
https://biologydictionary.net/spongy-bon
e/

VanPutte, C., Regan, J., Russo, et.al.

2017). Seeely's Anatomy & Physiology
(11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw
Education.