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Elastic Stress‐strain Relations
Stress‐strain Relations
• When a material is subjected to stresses, it
undergoes strains. The ratio of the stress
experienced by the material at a point to the
strain that it incurs is known as a modulus.
• Knowing the modulus of a material allows us to
determine the strains if the stresses can be
found.
• However, different moduli of the body can be
defined depending upon the loading and
boundary conditions that the body is subjected
to.
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If an elastic body is stressed in the x‐direction by a normal stress
x then it experiences the following strains
If the same elastic body is stressed in the y‐direction by a
normal stress y then it experiences the following strains
Similarly, the effects of z can be expressed as
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Types of Two‐Dimensional Problems
• A lot of finite element analyses are conducted
in two‐ rather than three‐dimension, owing to
limitation in computational resources (even
now!) and the voluminous data input needed
for three‐dimensional analyses. There are two
common types of two‐dimensional problems,
namely plane stress and plane strain.
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Plane Stress Analysis
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Plane Strain Analysis
Principle of Effective Stress
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Exercize
• Q: A normally consolidated clay has c’= 0 and
a ’= 28. The soil is consolidated to an
effective cell pressure of 120 kN/m2 and
sheared under drained conditions. At what
deviator stress, will the soil fail?
• A :
q = 212.4 kPa
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Undrained Triaxial Test Stress Path on
a Linear Elastic Material
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From the Previous Discussion on
Undrained Strength
• There is a friction angle ’ for clay.
• Recall that the drained friction angle ’ for
Singapore marine clay is about 22o .
• The undrained strength is related to the friction
angle ’.
• However, for most types of geotechnical
analyses involving fine‐grained or clayey
materials, it is still more common (and
straightforward) to adopt the undrained
strength su to analyze short term stability.
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