Introduction to

Thermodynamics
Unit Topic: Thermodynamics
Class: Honors Chemistry
Mr. Odom
Lecture Objectives and California Content
Standards
Lesson Objectives
1. Understand that heat energy can be transferred in several different ways and that heat energy
always flows from a hotter substance to colder.
2. Identify the heat transferring mechanisms for many real-life situations.
3. Be able to calculate internal energy changes in many real-life situations, including temperature
change and phase change.

California Content Standards

1. Students know how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules
(or atoms).
2. Students know energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and is absorbed when a
material evaporates or melts.
3. Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes, using known
values of specific heat and latent heat of phase change.
Energy: The Most Important Concept in
Science and Engineering

Science is about discovering the way

that the universe works. Engineering
uses the knowledge from science to
build new technologies. Advances in
virtual reality technology like in the
picture above may change education
as we know it.
 First Law of Thermodynamics:
Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one type to another.

Sunlight Photosynthesis Food

The sun converts nuclear energy Plants convert radiant energy into Animals convert stored chemical
into radiant energy. stored chemical energy. energy from plants into mechanical
energy.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Heat is always transferred from a hotter

substance to a cooler substance, never
from cooler to hotter.

The red arrows indicate the flow of heat from the

finger to the ice cube. The kinetic energy from the
molecules in the finger are transferring that energy to
the ice cube through a process called conduction.
 • How do items in the refrigerator get colder?

• How does the temperature inside a refrigerator

get colder in the first place?

Concept Check
 What is temperature a measurement of?
hint: the answer is not “heat”

Concept Check
Types of Heat Energy
 Heat Transfer: Radiation and
Conduction

1) Radiation: The transfer of heat

through electromagnetic radiation.
Primarily infrared radiation. The warmth
you feel on your face from a campfire is
infrared light hitting your skin.
Combustion reactions like wood burning
release huge amounts of radiant heat.

2) Conduction: The transfer of heat

between two objects or substances
through physical contact. When two
objects touch, the hotter object
transfers its kinetic energy to the colder This light spectrum shows the many types of light separated by wavelength and
frequency. Infrared light, one of the mechanisms by which heat transfers, makes
object. up a significant portion of the light spectrum. Many chemical reactions release
infrared light that we detect as heat, notably combustion reactions.
 Describe how heat is transferred in the process of boiling
an egg over a gas stove.

Concept Check
Internal Energy (U = Q + W)

Thermo-
dynamics

Internal
Enthalpy
Energy Think of the system as a balloon filled with
gases that are going to react. The balloon
is the system boundary and the gases inside
U=Q+ q= Hess's Bond are the system.
q = mL
W mcΔT Law Enthalpy

Two things are going to happen in the

system when the gases react:
Internal Energy (U = Q + W)

1) The reaction between the gases will cause the system to exchange heat (Q) with
the surroundings.
• Chemical reactions will either:
• Release heat to the surroundings (negative Q).
• Absorb heat from the surroundings (positive Q).

Haber
Equation 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) + heat
 Internal Energy (U = Q + W)

2) The reaction between the gases will cause the system to “exchange
work” (W) with the surroundings.
• Chemical reactions cause either:
• The volume of the system to increase (negative W).
• Work done by the system to the surroundings.
• The volume of the system to decrease (positive W).
• Work done by the surroundings onto the system.

Reverse Haber
Equation
heat + 2 NH3 (g) → 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g)
 U = +
Q W

What would the signs of Q and W be in a problem

about the Reverse Haber Equation?

Concept Check
 1. Many gases are mixed into a container to react together. The container loses heat to the environment and the
pressure of the container increases. Will the change in internal energy (U) be positive or negative?

2. A closed container absorbs 1452 J of energy during a chemical reaction. If the container also had 1.58 kJ of
work done to it, calculate the internal energy.

3. The internal energy of a system increased by 982 J when it absorbed 492 J of heat. Was work done by or on
the system? How much work was done?

Now You Try

 Specific Heat
Capacity: q = mcΔT

Specific heat values like the ones in this tables are constants that are
specific to different substances. As we can see, water has a relatively
high specific heat. It can take relatively large amounts of heat energy
without raising its temperature significantly.
 Since water has a high specific heat capacity, do you think
that it is easy or difficult to raise the temperature of
water? Why?

Concept Check
Specific Heat Capacity: q = mcΔT

q = mcΔT
Specific Heat Capacity:
q = mcΔT

Walk-Through Problem
 1) How much energy (in kJ) is required to raise the temperature of 100.0 grams of water from 18 °C to 25 °C?

2) If 6851 J of energy was required to raise a 150.0 gram piece of metal from 298 K to 328 K, what is the specific heat
capacity of the metal in J/g°C?

3) Two cups of water are mixed together. The first cup has 120.0 grams of water at a temperature of 25.0 °C. The second cup
has 90.0 grams of water at a temperature of 55.0 °C. What is the final temperature of the water mixture in °C?

4) After heating up a 100.0 gram piece of metal to 150.0 °C, I place it in a cup of cool water the water has a mass of 215.0
grams and a temperature of 25.0 °C. If the metal and water come to 37 °C, what is the specific heat of the metal in J/g°C?

Now You Try

Referenced Images

• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjtkPrbx8nhAhUjFTQIHaw8Bb8QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.s
ingaporetech.edu.sg%2Fundergraduate-programmes%2Fmechanical-engineering&psig=AOvVaw19pHwodVmnhG6TL0MxohFK&ust=1555124325739562
• https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Sun.png
• https://thumbs.imagekind.com/442879_650/Photosynthesis_art.jpg?v=1491819610
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwidh_vO0cnhAhXEl54KHSPgAl0QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.a
arp.org%2Fhealth%2Fhealthy-living%2Finfo-2017%2Fvegetables-fruit-diet-fd.html&psig=AOvVaw2ZBqGq9OS4Lo8QypK_5N5H&ust=1555126980917851
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjD8Oz_y8nhAhWjwVQKHaCXDEsQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmod
ernize.com%2Fhome-ideas%2F17716%2Fhow-does-thermal-energy-work&psig=AOvVaw3QXcHVbNa-YGP-Fdoz1T62&ust=1555124928952014
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjfjIu64cnhAhUXqp4KHaMkAaIQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsocrati
c.org%2Fquestions%2Fwhere-is-visible-light-located-on-the-electromagnetic-spectrum&psig=AOvVaw1mIV8DsWoVGnQU0164Qg3j&ust=1555130467216905
• https://www.scienceabc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Finger-high-temperature.jpg
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjPg-
HVntHhAhWj5lQKHXMBAt4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhmxearthscience.com%2Fatmosphere.html&psig=AOvVaw2k2wdBX58w-
s2UxQJn8sqQ&ust=1555388167933005
• https://d1uvxqwmcz8fl1.cloudfront.net/tes/resources/11109161/5a3bf58c-a3ee-419c-9632-
1c5baf8332ca/image?width=1000&height=190&version=1519313482318