Performance Of Ad Hoc Wireless Routing Protocol
Dhrumil B Shah1, Cyber Security Researcher., Ashu Sanghavi2 and Vishakha Shetye3
1. Dwarkadas J Sanghavi College of Engineering{dhrumilshah49@gmail.com}
2. Dwarkadas J Sanghavi College of Engineering{ashuawesome12@gmail.com}
3. Dwarkadas J Sanghavi College of Engineering{vishakhashetye@gmail.com}
ABSTRACT
Wireless technology based on the IEEE
802.11 standard is used to support multiple
types of communication services (data,
voice, and image) with different QoS
requirements. Node mobility creates a
continuously changing communication
topology in which paths break and new one
form dynamically. The routing table of each
router in an adhoc network must be kept up-
to-date. MANET uses Distance Vector or
Link State algorithms which insure that the
route to every host is always known.
However, this approach must take into
account the adhoc networks specific
characteristics: dynamic topologies, limited
bandwidth, energy constraints, and limited
physical security. A main routing protocol
category is studied in this paper: reactive
protocols (e.g. Ad hoc On Demand
Distance Vector - AODV, Dynamic Source
Routing - DSR). The present paper focuses
on study and on how to improve the
performance of this category using NS2
simulations. It concerns distributed
operation, loop-freedom, security, sleep
period operation. It is used to assess
performance of different routing protocols
presented in this paper. We can list end-to-
end data delay, packet delivery ratio,
routing load. Comparative study will be
presented with number of networking
context consideration and the results show
the appropriate routing protocol for two
kinds of communication services (data and
voice).
KEYWORDS
Wireless; IEEE; standard; QoS; adhoc;
MANET; DV; LS; AODV; DSR; NS2; mobile
radio; routing protocols; Arbitrary; topology;
bandwidth; NS2; security; interference;
INTRODUCTION
MANET routing protocols are IP based and
may use unicast, multicast or hybrid approaches
and should allow for interaction with standard
wired IP services rather than being regarded as
a completely separate entity. Since the nodes in
a MANET are highly mobile, the topology
changes frequently and the nodes are
dynamically connected in an arbitrary manner.
The rate of change depends on the velocity of
the nodes. Moreover, the devices are small and
the available transmission power is limited.
Consequently, the radio coverage of a node is
small. The low transmission power limits the
number of neighbor nodes, which further
increases the rate of change in the topology as
the node moves. Because of interference and
fading due to high operating frequency in an
urban environment, the links are unreliable. Ad-
hoc networks are further characterized by low
bandwidth links. Because of differences in
transmission capacity, some of the links may be
unidirectional. As a result of link instability and
node mobility, the topology changes frequently
and routing is difficult.
LITERATURE REVIEW
I have surveyed many of the papers for the
current work carried out by most of the
researchers. The abstract, methodology,
parameters focused for performance
evaluation of Ad-hoc routing protocols is QoS Models, Signaling Protocols and QoS
briefly discussed below: Routing that have been proposed for
MANets.
Paper [1] depicts reverse AODV protocol. Although QoS MAC Protocols are
Rapid change of topology causes that the equivalently important to achieve a
route reply could not arrive to the source complete QoS
node, i.e. after a source node sends several Architecture they are out of the scope of this
route report.
request message, the node obtains a reply
message, especially on high speed mobility. In this paper [5] propose a novel way of
This transmission with stability using a
increases both in communication delay and technique
power consumption as well as decrease in called Optimized Power Reactive Routing
packet delivery ratio. To avoid these (OPRR) and for more splendid
problems, this paper proposed a reverse performances. This
AODV which proposed protocol avoids new route
tries multiple route replies. discovery process in AODV with low
power
In this paper [2] authors focus on working consumption and maintain the stability of
implementation of AODV routing protocol node and to improve scalability of the
by means of certain design possibilities and network.
possible opportunities for obtaining needed Performance Evaluation of Ad Hoc
AODV events. Authors discuss the socket Networking Protocol with QoS (Quality of
based mechanism particularly when AODV Service)
routing Preliminary the simulation using
daemon communicates changes to the IP GloMoSim simulator was provided and the
route table. The paper suggests the need of result shows the
implementation of Generic Netlink Family. performance enhancements of the
Optimized Power Reactive Routing.
In this paper [3] propose a reverse AODV
which tries multiple route replies. The
extended AODV is called reverse AODV
(R-AODV), which has a novel aspect OBJECTIVES
compared to other on-demand routing
3.1. Performance Evaluation of Ad Hoc
protocols on Ad-hoc Networks. Authors
Network Protocol
design the R-AODV protocol and
implement simulation models using NS-2. The aim of this research is to improve
Simulation results show that the reverse performance of the normal AODV protocol
AODV provides good experimental results by means
on packet delivery ratio, power of QOS-enabled routing strategies. This
consumption and communication delay. thesis presents an QoS-Enabled
AODV(Ad-hoc On
In this paper [4], author have a glance at Demand Distance Vector) Routing Protocol
successful QoS Models and Protocols of the & compare it with normal AODV protocol.
IP network such as Int Serv, Diff Serv and QoS is
RSVP and see how they have affected the a term widely used in the last recent years
evolution in the area of wireless networks. QoS stands
of Models and Protocols in the Wireless for
Ad-Hoc world. The report is mainly Quality of Service. The primary goal is to
concentrated on increase the overall utility of the network by
granting priority to higher-value or more
performance-sensitive flows. Quality of
service
(QoS) is usually defined as a set of service
requirements that needs to be met by the
network while transporting a packet stream
from a source to its destination. QoS
routing
protocols search for routes with sufficient
resources in order to satisfy the QoS
requirements of a flow. The QoS routing
protocol should find the path that consume
minimum resources.
Depending on the application involved, the
QoS constraints could be available
bandwidth,
cost, end-to-end delay, delay variation
(jitter), throughput, probability of packet
loss, battery charge, processing power,
buffer space and so on.
AODV currently does not support Quality
of Service (QoS) and also has no load
balancing mechanism. The thesis proposed
some enhancements to the AODV protocol
to
provide QoS by adding some extensions to
Route Discovery messages. This thesis
focuses on
three of the parameters namely Traffic
Rate, Speed of nodes & Pause Time of
mobile nodes.
For evaluation purpose the performance
metrics used are 1) Average end-to end
Delay, 2)
Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), 3)
Normalized Overhead Load (NOL), 4)
Throughput.
Accordingly, with three of the parameters
& four performance metrics we are trying
to
generate the 12 graphs, which in turn will
evaluate the AODV protocol for QoS as
well as
Non-QoS.
AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance
Vector) is a loop-free routing protocol for
ad-hoc
networks. It is designed to be self-starting
in an environment of mobile nodes,
withstanding
a variety of network behaviors such as node
mobility, link failures and packet losses. So,
it
found wide use in mobile ad-hoc networks.
Whenever streaming of multimedia based
data
such as video, audio and text is performed
traffic will be more and network becomes
congested in mobile ad hoc networks. The
normal routing protocols are not able to
cope up
with this situation. It is observed that
network congestion is the dominant reason
for packet
loss, longer delay and delay jitter in
streaming video. So, by improving the QoS,
AODV
Performance Evaluation of Ad Hoc
Networking Protocol with QoS (Quality of
Service)
protocol would be promising way to
improve performance for heavy traffic load
in
multimedia based mobile ad hoc networks.
3.2. Implementation Objectives & Prior
Knowledge Requirement
The implementation section discusses how
AODV protocol will be implemented and
analysed for the comparison. This includes
the tool such as NS2 (Network Simulator
version 2). Then the core implementation of
NS2 is discussed.
3.2.1. NS2
After setting up the platform, a software
named NS2is set up on it which is used for
all the analysis and simulation work apart
from other tools used. NS2 is the de facto
standard for network simulation. Its
behavior is highly trusted within the
networking
community. It is developed at ISI,
California, and is supported by the DARPA
and NSF. It is
collaboration between researchers at UC
Berkeley, LBL, USC/ISI, and Xerox
PARC.
NS2 is an object oriented simulator, written
in C++, with an OTcl interpreter as a
front-end. This means that most of the
simulation scripts are created in OTcl. If the
components have to be developed for NS2,
then both OTcl and C++ have to be used.
NS2
uses two languages because any network
simulator, in general, has two different
kinds of
things it needs to do. On the one hand,
detailed simulation of protocols requires a
systems
programming language, which can
efficiently manipulate bytes, packet
headers, and
implement algorithms that run over large
data sets. For these tasks run-time speed is
important and turn-around time (run
simulation, find bug, fix bug, recompile, re-
run) is less
important. On the other hand, a large part of
network research involves slightly varying
parameters or configurations, or quickly
exploring a number of scenarios. In these
cases,
iteration time (change the model and re-
run) is more important. Since configuration
runs
once (at the beginning of the simulation),
run-time of this part of the task is less
important.
NS2 meets both of these needs with two
languages, C++ and OTcl. C++ is fast to run
but slower to change, making it suitable for
detailed protocol implementation. OTcl
runs
much slower but can be changed very
quickly (and interactively), making it ideal
for
simulation configuration. An Illustration of
the Working of NS2 is shown in Fig3.1.
The simulator supports a class hierarchy in
C++, and a similar class hierarchy within
the OTcl interpreter. The two hierarchies
are closely related to each other; from the
user’s
perspective, there is a one-to-one
correspondence between a class in the
interpreted
Performance Evaluation of Ad Hoc
Networking Protocol with QoS (Quality of
Service)
hierarchy and one in the compiled
hierarchy. The root of this hierarchy is the
class Tcl
Object. Users create new simulator objects
through the interpreter; these objects are
instantiated within the interpreter, and are
closely mirrored by a corresponding object
in the
compiled hierarchy. The interpreted class
hierarchy is automatically established
through
methods defined in the class Tcl Class. User
instantiated objects are mirrored through
methods defined in the class Tcl Object.
There are other hierarchies in the C++ code
and OTcl
scripts; these other hierarchies are not
mirrored in the manner of Tcl Object.
3.2.2. Setting up NS2
There are two methods of downloading and
installing NS2. The first one is to use the
bits and pieces and install each one of this
and the second one is to download and
install one
single package i.e. ‘all in one’ package.
Although it is quite cumbersome to install
each and
every piece manually, but on the other
hand, it gives more flexibility to the user as
the user
can select which piece is needed and to
install that one only, whereas the ‘all in one’
package installs every component,
irrespective of the fact that it is needed or
not.
 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Just, as the wired protocol BGP (Border
Gateway Protocol), has its own many attributes
such as AS (Autonomous) Set tag, Weight
(Cisco Proprietary Protocol), Local Preference,
Metric, Networks, Path, etc which are very
important in breaking or avoiding loops or
detecting loops in a multi access network. The
wireless Ad Hoc protocol should also include
such parameters or attributes. That way, we can
not only detect which routes or which mobile
devices are changing their respective paths or
locations to connect to a new connection path
from dis-connecting to old connection path, but
also break the discontinuity of not providing
seamless connection throughout the
transactions between the end devices and the
Mobile Station (MS) or the Base Station (BS).
IMPLEMENTATION
What our service providers (SP) can offer us,
end users is a seamless data connection for our
mobile devices by using a new attribute (as we
have discussed earlier), for instance, “Current
ID” which will hold all the addresses (IP add)
of our mobile devices or any other end device.
For our respective Mobile Station to do this :
i. It will first need to create a table in its
topology table making a device’s entry as
soon as the device requests for a change in
the connection path to the mobile station.
ii. The “Current ID” attribute will have each
device’s IP.
iii. In a few seconds, after the Mobile Station
has updated this in its topology table, it will
then transfer this change as an incremental
update to all is Base Station (BS) through
the control plane of its Inter Gateway
Routers (IGW) as a control packet.
CONCLUSION
The following comments and observations can
be made :
As soon as the Base Stations update their
topology table with the new incremental
update, now, the end device can change the
connection paths from one location to another
without breaking the continued connection
from the stations.
Advantage :
- The end devices can enjoy a full fledged
connection wherever the device travels.
No such crisis as discontinuation of
connectivity.
- This procedure is only performed once
and only when the mobile device needs to
change handoff connection between
different Mobile Stations (MS) as
working of the “Current ID” is set up on
only the inter gateway routers of mobile
stations and not the base station.
- This, can also be taken to a global level
where the attribute is only needed at inter
gateway routers of SP situated across the
country boundaries enabling the devices
to only use this working when travelling
between countries.
Disadvantage :
i. The Inter Gateway Routers needs to be
very fast in creating a new table with a new
Attribute. So, routers with high processing
power, high CPU utilization, high memory
are required.
REFERENCES
1. C. Perkins, E. Royer, S. Das and K.
Marina, "Performance comparison of
two on-demand routing protocols for ad
hoc networks,"' in IEEE Personal
Communications, February 2001.
2. Clausen, T., Jacquet, P., Laouiti, A., Minet,
P., Qayyum, A., Viennot, L.: "Optimized
Link State Routing Protocol", Sept 2001,
IETF Internet Draft, draft-ietf- manet-olsr-
06.txt
3. Perkins, C. E., Royer, E. M.: "Ad-hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector Routing",
February 1999, Proc. 2 IEEE Workshop
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