AIR GAP – unobstructed vertical space between the
water outlet and the flood level of a fixture
BACK FLOW-
BACK SIPHONAGE-
BATTERY OF FIXTURE-
BIB-
BLIND FLANGE - A flange that closes the end of a pipe.
There is no opening for the passage of water. (Used for
black iron pipes).
BLOW OFF - A controlled outlet on a pipe line used to
discharge water or detritus. (In Sanitary house trap).
BRANCH-
BRANCH INTERVAL-
BRANCH VENT – A vent pipe connecting from a branch
of the drainage system to a vent stack.
CALKING – Plugging an opening with oakum, lead or
other materials that are pounded into place. Also, the
material that is pounded into the opening.
CIRCUIT VENT – A group vent extending from in front
of the last fixture connection on a horizontal branch to
the vent stack. See also loop vent. (Loop vent, Branch
vent)
CONTINUOUS VENT – A continuous vent is a vertical
vent that is a continuation of the drain, to which the
vent connects. (or VSTR)
COMBINATION FIXTURES-
COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT SYSTEM-
COMMON VENT – (Unit Vent, Dual Vent)
An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent
pipe will serve two (2) traps.
CROSS CONNECTION-
DEAD END - The extended portion of a pipe that is
closed at one end to which no connections are made
on the extended portion, thus permitting the
stagnation of water or air therein. (Water hammer
arrester or air gap or air chamber).
DEVELOPED LENGTH-
DIAMETER - “Diameter” of a pipe or tube shall mean
the nominal internal diameter (I.D.) of such pipe;
except brass and copper tubing wherein the term shall
mean the outside diameter (O.D.) of tubing.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM-
DRY VENT - A vent that does not carry water or water-
borne wastes

EFFECTIVE OPENING- The minimum cross-sectional

area at the point of water supply discharge

FLUSH VALVE – A valve used for flushing a fixture

by using water directly from the water supply
pipes or in connection with a special flush tank.

EXISTING WORK
FIXTURE BRANCH- - The supply pipe between the
fixture and the water distributing pipe.

FIXTURE DRAIN - - The drain from the trap of a fixture

to the junction of the drain with any other drain pipe.

FLUSHOMETER VALVE –

FIXTURE SUPPLY
FIXTURE UNIT - One fixture unit is equivalent to a flow
rate of one (1) cubic foot of water per minute or
seven and a half (7 1/2) gallons of water per minute.

FIXTURE UNIT FLOW RATE - the total discharge flow in

gallons per minute of a single fixture divided by 7.5,
which provides the flow rate of that particular
plumbing fixture as a unit of flow; fixtures are rated as
multiples of this unit of flow.
FLOOD LEVEL –
GRADE - The slope or fall of a line of pipe in
reference to a horizontal plane usually expressed
in percent.
GROUP VENT - A branch vent that performs its
function for two (2) or more traps.

FERRULE - A metallic sleeve, called or otherwise,

joined to an opening in a pipe

HORIZONTAL PIPE
INVERT – lowest portion of inside of any pipe
LIQUID WASTE-
LOCAL VENT PIPE – through which foul air is
removed.
LOOPED VENT – same as circuit except it loops
back with a stack vent instead of vent stack
See CIRCUIT VENT
LATERAL –
In Plumbing – secondary pipe
In Sewerage – common sewer
MAIN – principal artery of any system which
branches may be connected
MAIN SEWER – sewer line or system directly
controlled by public authority
MAIN VENT - principal artery of venting system
See VENT STACK
PLUMBING FIXTURES
PLUMBING SYSTEM
RELIEF VENT - A relief vent is a vent the primary
function of which is to provide circulation of air
between drainage and vent system.
RE-VENT PIPE – (also called Individual Vent)
Connects directly with an individual waste
See BACK VENT PIPE
RISER – A water supply pipe that extends
vertically one full story or more too convey water
to branches or fixtures.
ROUGH-IN - plumbing work done before the
setting of the fixtures, or finishing
RETURN BEND - An open return bend, usually
with inside threads, but applied also to a one
hundred eighty (180 degree) bend in a pipe.
PUBLIC SEWER – common sewer controlled by
public authorities
SANITARY SEWAGE - The sewage containing
human excrement and liquid household waste;
also called domestic sewage.
SANITARY SEWER – A sewer intended to receive
sanitary sewage with or without industrial
wastesand without the admixture of surface
water, storm water, or drainage.
SECONDARY BRANCH – any branch in a building
drain other than primary branch
SEWERAGE OF SEWAGE WORK –
SIAMESE CONNECTION – A wye connection used
on fire lines so that two lines of hose may be
connected to hydrant or to the same nozzle.
STANDPIPE – A vertical pipe usually used for the
storage of water, frequently under pressure.

SUMP - A pit or receptacle at a low point to

which the liquid wastes are drained.

SIDE VENT – TRAP - A fitting or device so constructed as to

SOIL PIPE – discharge of water closets
STACK – vertical main of a system of Soil, Waste
or Vent pipe
prevent the passage of air, gas, and some vermin
through a pipe without materially affecting the
flow of sewage or waste water through it.

STACK GROUP –

STACK VENT - A stack vent is the extension of a

soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal
drain

TRAP SEAL – The vertical distance between the

dip and the crown weir of a trap. Also, the water
in the trap between the dip and the crown weir.
See SEAL

STACK VENTING –

SUBSOIL DRAIN - Subsoil drains are underground

drain pipes that receives only sub-surface or
seepage water and convey it to place of disposal.
 WET VENT – vent that receives the discharge
from wastes other than water closet

CHAPTER 2
PLUMBING MATERIALS

I. CAST IRON PIPE – most popular and generally

specified material for drainage system
- For buildings less the 25 storeys in height

VENT STACK – Vertical pipe installed primarily for

the purpose of providing circulation of air to diff
parts of drainage system

CAST IRON PIPES 2 TYPES:

SV TYPE – for building installations
XV TYPE – for underground installations

CAST IRON PIPE 4 VARIETIES

1. Standard Pipe
2. Single Hub Pipe
VENT SYSTEM – to protect trap seals siphoning
3. Double Hub pipe
and back pressure
4. Hubless Pipe
VERTICAL PIPE – pipe installed in a vertical
II. ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE – made from
position not more than 45 ° with the vertical
alloy of cast iron and silicon. Brittle in character
- Widely used in chemical laboratories,
WASTE PIPE – conveys liquid waste from fixture industries and other installations where
that is free of fecal matter
acid wastes are being discharge.
- Same dimensions as cast-iron pipe
WATER DISTRIBUTING PIPE – pipe that conveys
water from the water service pipe to the
III. ASBESTOS PIPE – made of asbestos fibers and
plumbing fixtures and other outlets
Portland cement. Thickness is twice as that of the
standard cast iron pipe.
WATER SERVICE PIPE – pipe from the water main
- Could be used as a soil, waste, ventilation
or other source of water supply to the bldg.
and downspout
served
- Remarkably superior for embedment in
concrete structure for having the same
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM – water supply of a
properties
building -consists of the water service pipe, the
water distributing pipe and the necessary
connecting pipes

JOINTS
- Grouted with OAKUM or OLD HEMP ROPE
soaked in tar to be watertight
IV. BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPE – cheapest
among the sewer pipes. Recommended for house
sewer and for septic tank installation
- “ORANGEBURG PIPE”
V. VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE – one of the oldest
materials used for sewer lines. Made from clay
cast in length of 75cm treated with glazing
compound.
VI. LEAD PIPE – one of the oldest plumbing
materials used by Egyptians, the Greeks and
Roman builders as soil and waste pipe.
VII. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – made out from
mild steel, cast into 6.00 meters long.
- This type of pipe is easily corroded by
alkaline and acid water
- Detoriate faster when used as hot water
supply line.
VIII. GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE – better
quality than steel pipe.
- More resistant to acid
IX. BRASS PIPE – one of the most expensive.
Made of alloy or zinc and copper mixed at 15%
and 85% proportion respectively.
 - Bec of its smooth interior surface and high
resistance to acid,brass pipe is superior
material for waste and water supply
installations.
- Similar in design with galvanized steel
pipe.
XI. PLASTIC or SYNTHETIC PIPES – a new concept
in the field of plumbing
- Introduced in the Philippines at the early
70s
- Developed in Germany in the mid-year of
1935

Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipes

a. The Rigid Type

1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
(uPVC)
4. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
5. Polypropylene (PP)
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

b. The Flexible Type

X. COPPER PIPE – durable and extremely 1. The Polyethylene (PE)
corrosive resistant material. 2. The Polybutylene (PB)

COPPER PIPE 3 TYPES: CHAPTER 3

1. K TYPE – heaviest. For underground
installation
2. L TYPE – lighter than the K type.
- Available in rigid and flexible form
- Commonly used in residential water
supply line and for radiant heating
installations.
3. M TYPE – thinnest and available only in
rigid form
- For small water supply lines and for
radiant heating installations
*Copper pipe may be used one size smaller than
a steel pipe
MEASURING, CUTTING AND JOINING
PIPES
I. CAST IRON PIPE
COMMERCIAL LENGTH – 150cm long with various
diameters from 50cm-150mm
II. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE
Considerations:
1. Direct Connection – manner of planning
the layout to reach the point of service
2. Measuring and Cutting
Face to face methods of measuring and
cutting of pipe – considered most reliable
3. Cutting and Threading Operations -