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Chapter 10 Deformation of the Crust and Plate Tectonics Formatted: Left: 0.5", Right: 0.5", Top: 0.

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So there are two theories and both theories acknowledge that the Earth's landscape was formed and
shaped by natural events over geologic time. But the difference is catastrophism assumes that these were
violent, short-lived, large-scale events or also known as cataclysms, while uniformitarianism supports the
idea of gradual, long-lived, small-scale events.

So the First theory is the continental drift theory

The Continental drift theory


This was proposed Alfered Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, means that continents were once
large landmass called “Pangaea”. Then Pangaea split into two small supercontinent called Laurasia (which is the
Northern Hemisphere) consist of N. America, Europe and Asia while the Southern Hemisphere is called Gondwana and it
consist of S. America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and India

Evidence that supports continental drift theory


1st evidence explains that all continent was once one in their shape because of the edge of one continent
surprisingly matches the edge of another like S. America and Africa

2nd. Iron-bearing minerals in rocks record the magnetic field of Earth as it existed when the rock solidified known
as paleomagnetism. means it talks about effect of rocks aging to the magnetic orientation of the plates where rocks of recent origin
are magnetized to its location so the plate's movement is static and ancient rocks showing different magnetic orientation. And bc of that
rocks didto nahibalan nga sgeg polarity reversal sa past

3rd evidence is the fossil. The fossils from reptile and plants groups were found having similarity yet in widely
separated locations like in Australia, India, S. Africa and S. America

Seafloor Spreading
Is the process that occur at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and
then gradually moves away from the ridges.

Evidences that supports seafloor spreading theory:

1. Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridge. Rocks such as the iron-rich basalt that creates record of changes in polarity
reversals

2. Rocks far from the mid-ocean ridge are older.

3. Sediments are thinner at the ridge.

4. Rocks at the ocean floor are younger than those at the continents.

Move along

The theory of Plate Tectonics and its movement

In this theory it further explain Seafloor spreading, subduction ug movements sa lithosphere plates

Often na ma compare silang duha The difference between continental drift and plate tectonics is that the
theory ofcontinental drift states that the world was made up of a single continent.The theory of plate-
tectonics, on the other hand, states that earth's surface is broken into numbers of shifting plates or slabs.
Plate Boundaries
First is the Convergence which means a zone where plates collide

So there are two types of crust which is the oceanic and continental crust so when oceanic and continental crust and
oceanic to oceanic collides a geological feature will be formed which is the volcanoes and if mag tipok na ang mga
deposit sa volcanio sa ocean ang island of arc ang mahitabo and if subduction occurs within the oceanic crust new
trenches and submarine valleys will be formed and when there is no subduction tsunamis will occur and when
continental to continental crust collides it is termed continental collision mountain range will be formed and also
shallow earthquake.

Next is the Divergence which means plates moves apart creating a zone of tension

So when plates move apart new set of crust will be formed for thus magma from the mantle will be pushed up.
Geological feature like rift valleys will be formed

Lastly is the Transform fault boundary or transform movement which means where plates past or grind past each other.
It is mostly found on the ocean floor producing zigzag plate margins and are generally defined by shallow earthquake.

Hotspot

a hotspot is an area in the Earth's mantle where a column of hot magma rises up to melt through the crust,
resulting in volcanic activity and their stationary molten masses of rock occur both in continental and oceanic
crust and in that a chain of volcanoes such as the Hawaiian Islands

Above all the origin of the continents is still debated for most of the earths scientist consider continents to grow by
accretion, that is by adding numerous chunks of crust to the main continent by collision.

Speaking the study of past geographic it is called as the paleogeography we need subay so that we could evaluate the
changes and so we could prepare for the future changes then it all start from the eon which is the Phanerozoic and
Precambrian.

In Precambrian it divided into three eon which is the proterozoic Archean and hadeon eon and the biological
events are the earliest fossil record in life.

In Phanerozoic it consists of three eras which is the Paleozoic which also happens to be divided into 7 periods in
that major things happened like the first reptiles, plants, lands and shelled animal and the formation of Pangaea. Next to
it is the Mesozoic and it is divided into 4 parts and the major geologic happens are first mammals’ breakup of the Pangaea,
formation of the mountains and etc. lastly is the Cenozoic and in this the major things are the beginning and end of ice
age, formation of alps and himalays, eariliest human.
Introduction

Two theory

Continental

Evidence

Seafloor spreading

Evidence

Plate tectonic

Movements

Hotspot

Growth of continents

Paleography

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