10/12/18

FEED FORMULATION in REVIEW

MK.Teknik Formulasi Ransum (NTP339)

Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology

Faculty of Animal Science
Bogor Agricultural University

BACKGROUND

q In animal production, feed has important role.

q Feed cost is as major variable cost (60-80%) in
animal production.
q Therefore, the ration formulation is very
important as major contribution on farmer’s
profit.
q To formulate a Least-Cost Ration need computer
to running a ration formulation program.

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Least-Cost Feed Formulation

q Combining many feed ingredients in a certain

proportion to provide the target animal with a
balanced nutritional feed at the least possible
cost
q Use Linear Programming
q Need computer program

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Step on Feed Formulation

q Animal nutrient requirement (depend on type,

age, sex, weight, production, etc)
q Feed ingredient and composition
q Limitation of feedstuff usage
q Nutrient content
q Antinutrient content
q Ingredient price
q Price in nutrient unit

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Nutrient Requirements

q Maintenance (nutrient for basic activities (breath,

blood flow, low activities) without body weight
change
q Production (milk, meat, egg, woll, reproduction,
etc.)

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Nutrient Standard

q As some nutrients which need by the animal for

maintenance and production purposes such as
for growth, fattening, egg production, lactation,
reproduction etc.

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Nutrient

q Energy
q Protein (Amino Acids)
q Vitamin
q Mineral
q Fatty Acids
q Water

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Energy Utilization in Poultry

Heat Increment
600 kkal

FAESES
800 kkal

Maintenance
1500 kkal URINE
300 kkal
RATION
4000 kkal

EGG
800 kkal
Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Protein and Amino Acids

q Principal body component, tissue development,

immune system, controlling body chemical
reaction.
q There are 22 amino acids, but 8 essential.
q In poultry the CP level based on the AA
requirement
q In ruminant, CP is degraded in rumen into
amonia (RDP and RUP)

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Relationsip between AA

q Methionine + Cystin
q Penilalanine + Tyrosin
q Glycin + Serin
q Niacin can be syntesis from Tryptophan
q Need AA balance

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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AA Synthetic

q Such as:
q L-Lysin
q DL-Methionin
q Depend on:
q Digestible AA requirements
q Price
q AA digestibility

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Fat

q As energy source (2.25 x charbohydrate), cell

membrane, process regulation in cell,
improvement brain structure, nerve and
reproduction system
q ME value varies
q Increase net energy production (low heat
increament)
q As essential fatty acids sources

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Charbohydrate

q Consist of carbon atom, hydrogen dan oxygen;

the major part feed; provide fiber component
(cellulose, hemicelluse), glucose, starch.
q Cellulose, hemicellulose, pentosan dan
oligosacharide difficult to digest in monogastric.

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Mineral

q Macro:
q Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, S, Cl

q Micro (trace)
q Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Vitamin

q Fat soluble vitamin:

q Vit A, Vit D, Vit E and Vit K

q Water soluble vitamin:

q Vit B and Vit C

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Standard

q NRC (US), ARC (UK)

q University
q Goverment (Dirjen Peternakan)
q Commercial Industry (Rhone Poulenc, Novus, de
Gussa)
q Association (ASA)
q Research

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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National Research Council

q NRC for Poultry (1994)

q NRC for Beef Cattle (2000)
q NRC for Dairy Cattle (2001)
q NRC for Goat (1981)
q NRC for Sheep (1985)
q NRC for Swine (1998)
q NRC for Fish (1993)
q NRC for Laboratory Animals (1995)
q NRC for Primat

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

>> NRC for Poultry

q Broiler
q Layer
q Turkey
q Gees
q Duck
q Quail

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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>> NRC for Beef Cattle

q Growing and Finishing Cattle

q Growing Bulls
q Pregnant Replacement Heifers
q Beef Cows

Nutrient:
n NEm

n NEg

n MP

n Ca

n P

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

>> NRC for Dairy Cattle

n Cows
¡ small (450kg) and large (680 kg) breed;
¡ early and midlactation
n Heifers: small (450kg) and large (680 kg) breed
n Calves: young, calves, weaned

Nutrient:
n NEl
n RDP
n RUP
n CP
n Ca
n P

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Feedstuffs

• Concentrate
• Roughage
• Feed Supplement
• Additive

RATION FORMULATION METHODS

q Square (Pearson) Method

q Simultaneous Equation Method
q Matrix Method
q Trial and Error Method
q Computer Method (LP)

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Square Method

Formulate a ration (CP 20%) from Soybean Meal (SBM)

and Corn

SBM (45%) 10 Unit

(10/35)= 28.6%
20%

Corn (10%) 25 Unit

(25/35)= 71.4%

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Simultaneous Equ. Method

Use mathematical equations

q If X = used corn and Y = used SBM, then the nutrient
requirement can be calculate with this equation 18 = 0.10X +
0.45Y; and if X + Y = 100, then both equations can be used to
calculate the level of X and Y.
0.10X + 0.45Y = 20
- 0.10X + 0.10Y = 10 from (X + Y = 100)/0.10
0 + 0.35Y = 10
then Y = (10/0.35) = 28.6%; SBM = 28.6%
X = 100 – 28.6 = 71.4%; Corn = 71.4%

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Matrix Method

similar with Simultaneous Method

a1 X + b1 Y = C1
a2 X + b2 Y = C2

a1 b1 X = c1
a2 b2 Y c2

X = (c1 b2 - c2 b1) / (a1 b2 - a2 b1)

Y = (c1 c2 - a2 c1) / (a1 b2 - a2 b1)

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Trial and Error Method

q Need experiences
q No consider lowest cost
q Trial and Error method
can use Microsoft Excel
Spreadsheet

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Computer Method

q Based on Linear Program

q Least Cost Ration
q LP, QM, Lindo, Excel Solver.
q Feed formulation programs: Mixit, Spartan,
FeedMania, UFFDA, WinFeed, FeedLive,
Bestmix, Feedsoft, Brill, etc.

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Linear Programming

q Linear Programming (LP) is a technique for

optimization of a linear objective function, subject
to linear equality and linear inequality constraints.
Informally LP determines the way to achieve the
best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest
cost)
q Developed by George B. Dantzing, published the
simplex method in 1947

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Mathematic model of LP

§ Minimize c1x1 + c2x2 + c3x3 + ... + cjxj

§ Constraints
n cj = ingredient prices
§ a11x1 + a21x2 + a31x3 + ... + aijxj > b1 n xj = use of ingredients
§ a12x1 + a22x2 + a32x3 + ... + aijxj > b2 n aij = nurient contents
§ ...... n bi = nutrient requirements
§ ai2x1 + ai2x2 + ai2x3 + ... + aijxj > bi
§ x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xj = 1

§ Assume:
§ x1, x2, x3, ... , xj > 0

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Ration Form ulation using Excel Solver

q The objective
function
q The decision
variables
q The constraints

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Ration Formulation using QM

q No simple
q Need to entry
feed database

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

WinFeed

q Developed by University of
Cambridge UK
q Usefull for ruminants,
poultry,pets, fish,etc.
q Simple and user friendly
q Compatible fo Window 98,
2000, XP, Vista
q www.winfeed.com

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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FeedLive

q Developed by Feed Live

Informatics Company,
Nothaburi, Thailand
q Usefull for monogastric and
ruminant animals
q Simple and user friendly
q Compatible fo Window 98,
2000, XP.
q www.feedliveinformatics.com

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Feedsoft

q Developed by Feedsoft
Corporation,USA
q Usefull for monogastric and
ruminant animals
q Supports for client and plants
q Support multi blending
q Compatible fo Window 98, 2000,
XP.
q www.feedsoft.com

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Brill Feed Formulation

q Developed by Feed Management

System Inc, USA.
q Advance feed formulation software
q Usefull for monogastric and
ruminants
q Minimize cost of a formula, multiple
formulas in multiple feedmills (multi
blending)
q Compatible fo MS Window
q www.feedsys.com

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Summary

q Feed formulation software use LP as basic

analysis
q All softwares do not consider animal
performance
q Animal nutritionist is responsible for the
best result of the formula

Ration Formulation Technique (C) 2016 – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

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Thank You

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