Biology End of Course Test Review Name______________________________

Content Domain I: Cells (SB1) – 20% of EOC

The Characteristics of Life – ALL living organisms must have ALL of the following characteristics to be
considered as living:
a. made up of cells g. homeostasis – ability to maintain a stable,
b. reproduce internal environment
c. universal genetic code (DNA) h. display organization
d. obtain and use energy i. respiration – gas exchange
e. grow and develop j. respond to stimuli
f. adaptation – changes organisms go through
to help them better survive-camouflage

SB1a. Construct an explanation of how cell structures and organelles (including nucleus, cytoplasm,
cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, lysosome, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, ribosomes,
and mitochondria) interact as a system to maintain homeostasis.

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

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What is Homeostasis?

How are organelles in a cell important in maintaining Homeostasis?

Name the organelle whose function is described in the table below.

Organelle Function
Contain DNA, which controls the functions of the cell

Capture solar energy for photosynthesis

Gel-like fluid called cytosol. Keeps organelles in place.

Boundary of the cell.

 selectively permeable – allows certain matter ____and _______ of cell
 responsible for ________________________
 structure - ____________________________________ bilayer

Found only in plants. Surrounds the cell membrane and is made of

cellulose.
Found only in plants. Takes in light energy to form food/energy for plants.

Gets rid of waste using powerful digestive enzymes

Modify, package, and ships materials/information like proteins and lipids.

Transport of proteins, delivery, circulatory system

Storage

Location of protein synthesis

ATP formation, energy

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SB1d. Plan and carry out investigations to determine the role of cellular transport (e.g., active,
passive, and osmosis) in maintaining homeostasis.

What organelle is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

Label the parts of this structure:

What is selective permeability?

Cellular Transport – Passive and Active Transport

Passive Transport Active Transport

N_____ E_____________ is required by cell---moves R__________________ E_________________ from
from high to low concentration cell – moves from low to high concentration (against
gradient)
Types:
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis- diffusion of water across membrane 1. Endocytosis – moving into cell
from high to low 2. Exocytosis – moving out of cell
 H_______________________– cell swells,
3. Phagocytosis – solids moving
water in : RBC in pure water
 H______________________ – cell shrinks – 4. Pinocytosis – liquids going in and out
more water going out than going in- water
leaves : RBC in concentrated salt/sugar water
Picture Examples:
 I_______________________ – equal in & out

Picture Examples:

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SB1c. Construct arguments supported by evidence to relate the structure of macromolecules
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) to their interactions in carrying out cellular
processes.

The 4 major Macromolecules (Biomolecues – molecules of life) – Fill in the chart below

Biomolecule Elements Examples Monomers Function

composed of “building blocks”
C, H, O Sugars-end in OSE Monosaccharaides Source of energy
H:O starches
2:1
C, H, O Fats, waxes, oils Fatty acids, glycerol Waterproofing,
insulation, stored
energy
C, H, O, N Enzymes Amino acids Break things down,
hemoglobin transport, build
transport protein
Structural
C, H, O, N DNA Nucleotides- Genetic info
sometimes Sulfur & RNA  Sugar
Phosphates  Phosphate
 Nitrogen bases

Characteristics of Enzymes:

Enzymes are p__________________ that act as c________________ – speed up biochemical reactions and
lower activation energy -- they end in “_________”

Examples: __________ase and __________ase

Enzymes work like a lock-and-key mechanism:

The ________________________ _____________ of the enzymes fits
into a molecule known as a ___________________________________.

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SB1e. Ask questions to investigate and provide explanations about the roles of photosynthesis and
respiration in the cycling of matter and flow of energy within the cell (e.g., single-celled alga).

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process that organisms called _________________ perform to trap energy from the sun
and use the energy to build carbohydrates. The trapped sun energy is used to convert the raw materials
_________________________ and ___________________ into __________________ and _______________.
The key to the process is the pigment ____________________________________. Photosynthesis takes place
in the _______________________________________.

The 2 main reactions of photosynthesis are the

A. ______________ ________________. (When water molecules are split, providing hydrogen and an
energy source for the Calvin Cycle. Oxygen is given off.)
a. occurs in the ________________________________ of the chloroplasts
B. ______________ __________________(The series of reactions that form simple sugars using carbon
dioxide and hydrogen from water).
a. occurs in the ___________________________.
b. Another name for the dark reaction is the _________________ _______________.

Cellular Respiration

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 Aerobic respiration is the splitting glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy (ATP)

Anaerobic respiration is the splitting glucose without oxygen to produce energy (ATP)
Fermentation – produces energy without oxygen available (anaerobic)
1. Lactic Acid
2. Alcoholic

Content Domain II: Cellular Genetics & Heredity (SB2, SB3) – 23% of EOC

SB2a. Construct an explanation of how the structures of DNA and RNA lead to the expression of
information within the cell via the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.

DNA is a type of ______________ acid. Its main function is _____________________________. It’s made of
smaller subunits called _______________________ which are composed of 3 parts:
1) _____________________
2) ______________________
3) ______________________.
DNA vs. RNA

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DNA Replication
DNA has the unique ability to make an exact copy of itself in a process called ___________________________
which occurs in the ______ phase of interphase.

DNA Template strand: A T C G C A G C T T A C

DNA Compliment strand:

Protein Synthesis

 During _____________________________________, a “copy” of the DNA is made in the form of mRNA –

messenger RNA. Transcription is making a complimentary mRNA sequence from a DNA strand.
 ________________________________________ is the process of converting the information in mRNA
into a sequence of amino acids that make up proteins or polypeptide chains. Transfer RNA brings the
amino acids to the ribosomes so that protein synthesis can occur.
 3 types of RNA:
1. mRNA 2. tRNA 3. rRNA

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SB3a. Use Mendel’s laws (segregation and independent assortment) to ask questions and
define problems that explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.

Name the Mendelian law that is described:

a. ________________________________________________ - The dominant allele will prevent
the recessive allele from being expressed. The recessive allele will appear when it is paired with
another recessive allele in the offspring.

b. ________________________________________________ - The gene pairs separate when

gametes are formed, so each gamete has only one allele of each pair.

c. _____________________________________________________ - Different pairs of genes

separate independently of each other when gametes are formed.

SB3b. Use mathematical models to predict and explain patterns of inheritance

Compare/contrast the following terms:

dominant traits-the allele that shows or is expressed; written as a capital letter
recessive traits – the allele that is NOT expressed, but can be carried; written as a lower case letter

genes – segment of DNA

alleles – alternate forms of genes ---- Tall – T, short – t

Homozygous allele pairs – alleles are the same for a trait (PURE) ----Ex: TT or tt
Heterozygous allele pairs – alleles are different for a trait (HYBRID)------Ex: Tt

Genotype – genetic makeup (what the alleles are ex: TT, Tt, tt)
Phenotype – physical appearance

Monohybrid cross – crossing a single trait

Ex: Height Tt x Tt

Dihybrid cross – crossing ______ traits (ex-height & shape)

AaBB x Aabb
Parent Gametes (remember to FOIL): ____ ____ ____ ____ x ____ ____ ____ ___
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Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns:
 Multiple Alleles – more than ____ alleles for a _________________
Examples: blood types, eye color
Alleles for blood type:
Type A: Type B: Type AB: Type O:

 Incomplete Dominance:

 Codominance:

 Polygenic Inheritance:

SB1b. Develop and use models to explain the role of cellular reproduction (including binary fission,
mitosis, and meiosis) in maintaining genetic continuity.

Binary Fission vs. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

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SB3c. Construct an argument to support a claim about the relative advantages and disadvantages of
sexual and asexual reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction – gives you great _________________ - Meiosis – Gametes (sex cells)

Asexual Reproduction – gives you _______________ cells (no variation) – Mitosis – Somatic cells (body cells)

Differentiate diploid and haploid cells.

 Diploid - (2n) full # of chromosomes; Mitosis

 Haploid – (n) 1⁄2 the # of chromosomes; Meiosis

The Stages of the Cell Cycle (growth & division)

Interphase:
1. G1 phase – 2. S phase – 3. G2 phase –

__________________________ is the process in which nuclear material is divided equally between 2 daughter
cells. This keeps the number of chromosomes constant from one generation to the next, and in eukaryotes is
the main process by which growth and tissue repair is accomplished.
Name the phase of Mitosis described below:
1. During ___________________________, the duplicated chromosomes become distinct and spindle fibers
radiate across the cell. The nuclear envelope starts to break up.
2. During __________________________, the duplicated chromosomes line up randomly in the center of the
cell between the spindles at the spindle equator.
3. During __________________________, the duplicated chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the
cell. Every chromosome that was present in the parent cell is now represented by the daughter
chromosomes at the poles.
4. During __________________________, a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end
of the cell. The spindle fibers disappear and the chromosomes disperse and become less distinct. Each
nucleus has the same chromosome number as the parent cell. The process of mitosis is now complete.
5. At the end of telophase, the cytoplasm begins to divide in a process known as
___________________________. Animal cells go through ____________________.
***Plant cells form a ____________ _________________________.

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SB2b. Construct an argument based on evidence to support the claim that inheritable genetic
variations may result from:
 new genetic combinations through meiosis (crossing over, nondisjunction);
 non-lethal errors occurring during replication (insertions, deletions, substitutions); and/or
 heritable mutations caused by environmental factors (radiation, chemicals, and viruses).

Male gametes are known as ____________ while female gametes are known as _______________. When a
sperm fertilizes an egg, a ___________________ results.

Meiosis allows for the shuffling of chromosomes and the genetic information they contain. Whether by
crossing over or by independent segregation of homologous chromosomes, the end result is a re-assortment
of the genetic information.
This is known as ________________________________________.

Nondisjunction – during Meiosis, chromosomes can fail to ____________________ which could result in a
trisomy in which there is an extra chromosome passed along to the offspring through the gametes.

Example of Disorder that results from nondisjunction is:

Changes in the sequence of a DNA molecule are known as ____________________. Examples of mutations are
base pair substitutions (point mutations) and frame shift mutations.
Insertion – too many
Deletion – too few

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SB2c. Ask questions to gather and communicate information about the use and ethical
considerations of biotechnology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
Review DNA Fingerprinting and Karyotypes

GENETIC Disorders-
Autosomal vs. Sex-linked

Practice problem: Eye color is sex linked in fruit flies, R = red eyes and r = white eyes, cross XRXr with XrY
(Show your punnett square). What percent of males will have white eyes?

Practice problem: If a hemophiliac male mates with a homozygous dominant normal female (who has no
alleles for hemophilia), what percent of their daughters could have hemophilia? Sons? (make sure you
identify their sex)

Content Domain III: Classification & Phylogeny (SB4) – 13% of EOC

SB4a. Construct an argument supported by scientific information to explain patterns in structures and
function among clades of organisms, including the origin of eukaryotes by endosymbiosis.

Endosymbiotic Theory

 What does the Endosymbiotic Theory

state?

 What evidence supports the

Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria and Chloroplast have…
a. Their own __________.
b. Divide by Binary Fission, similar to how ______________ divide.
c. They are more similar to _________________ than Eukaryotes.

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Understanding the binomial nomenclature systems and its basis. – 2 word naming system developed by
Linnaeus

Dichotomous keys

What is the branch of biology dealing with naming and grouping organisms?

List the levels of classification from most broad to most specific.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Examining the basis and development of the current six kingdom classification system. Complete the chart.
Kingdom Name Domain Examples Unicellular Prokaryote Method of
or or Nutrition
Multicellular Eukaryote
Cyanobacteria Autotroph or
Eubacteria Prokarya penicillin Unicellular Prokaryote heterotroph
Oldest forms- Autotroph or
Archaebacteria Prokarya extreme Unicellular Prokaryote heterotroph
conditions
Amoeba, Mostly Autotroph or
Protista Eukarya paramecium, unicellular Eukaryote heterotroph
ciliates
Mold, mildew, Heterotroph
Fungi Eukarya mushrooms Multicellular Eukaryote (decomposer)
Grass, trees,
Plants Eukarya shrubs, weeds Multicellular Eukaryote Autotroph
Insects,
Animals Eukarya mammals, multicellular Eukaryote Heterotroph
birds, reptiles
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SB4b. Analyze and interpret data to develop models (i.e., cladograms and phylogenetic trees)
based on patterns of common ancestry and the theory of evolution to determine relationships among
major groups of organisms.

Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees – show the evolutionary history of an organism.

 Root – the initial ancestor common to all organisms within the cladogram (incoming line shows it
originates from a larder clade)
 Nodes – Each node corresponds to a hypothetical common ancestor that speciated to give rise to two
(or more) taxa
 Outgroup – the most distantly related species in the cladogram which functions as a point of
comparison and reference group
 Clades- a common ancestor and all of its descendants (i.e. a node and all of its connected branches)

SB4c. Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence to compare and contrast the
characteristics of viruses and organisms.
Characteristics of Life
(circle the ones viruses exhibit)
Made of cells
Can reproduce
Has its own genetic code (DNA)
Grows & develops
Responds to stimuli
HIV Maintain homeostasis
Evolve (adapt)
Viruses are considered: Biotic / Abiotic
Viral Structure of a
T4 Bacteriophage

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Viral Reproduction

Which letter from the image to the

right indicates the following stages?

1. A bacteriophage injects its

DNA into a host cell.
2. A host cell begins producing
new bacteriophages.
3. The bacteriophage DNA
becomes part of the cell’s
DNA
4. In which cycle is the host cell
destroyed?

Content Domain IV: Ecology (SB5)– 27% of EOC

SB5a. Plan and carry out investigations and analyze data to support explanations about factors
affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems.

What is Ecology?

Define:
a. Biosphere – supports all life on _________________

b. Biome – regions on earth with ________________________ climate (average temperature &

precipitation)

c. Ecosystem – biotic & abiotic factors; Community & its surroundings

d. Community – ____________________ factors; several populations living together

e. Population – 1 species, 1 place at 1 time

f. Organism – 1 living thing

Differentiate biotic and abiotic factors.

a. Biotic
b. Abiotic
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Define the following terms associated with populations:
a. Population density

b. Exponential growth (j-shaped curve)

c. Logistic growth (s-shaped curve)

d. Carrying capacity

Compare and contrast density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.

Density-dependent – factors that _______________ on population density
*biotic factors – competition, parasites
*abiotic factors – the only abiotic factor is virus (disease)

Density-independent- factors that ____________ depend on population; occur wherever the conditions are
right
Ex: abiotic factors – natural disasters, weather, forest fire

Define niche and habitat.

a. Niche –
b. Habitat -

SB5b. Develop and use models to analyze the cycling of matter and flow of energy within
ecosystems through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
 Arranging components of a food web according to energy flow.
 Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid.
 Explaining the need for cycling of major biochemical elements (C, O, N, P, and H).

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Producers or __________________________ use the sun’s energy to create their own food while consumers
or _______________________________ must consume other organisms to obtain their energy and nutrients.
Organisms that feed on dead plants or animals or their waste products are known as
______________________. Organisms are grouped into ______________________ based on their source of
energy. Because energy cannot be recycled, there must be a way for it to move through an ecosystem. As
sunlight hits the Earth, energy flows first to the tissues of primary producers, then to consumers, and finally to
decomposers. This is called a ________________ _________________. It shows how matter and energy flow
through an ecosystem. A more complex interconnected system is known as a _____________ ____________.

Energy pyramids show how energy decreases at each succeeding trophic

level. In fact, the total energy transfer from one trophic level to
another is only about _____%.

Unlike energy, matter is recycled in an ecosystem. Matter cycles from one

organism to another. Examples of cycles of matter are: (Make use you understand these terms)

a. Carbon Cycle b. Water Cycle

c. Phosphorous Cycle d. Nitrogen Cycle (fixation, decay)

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SB5c. Construct an argument to predict the impact of environmental change on the stability of an
ecosystem.

What is succession?

Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession.

Define the following terms that are associated with succession.

a. Pioneer species –

b. Climax community –

SB5d. Design a solution to reduce the impact of a human activity on the environment.
SB5e. Construct explanations that predict an organism’s ability to survive within changing
environmental limits (e.g., temperature, pH, drought, fire).

Compare and contrast renewable and nonrenewable resources.

a. ________________________ resources – nature can replace or recycle it
Ex: Plants, animals, water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
b. ________________________resources – can NOT be recycled by nature
Ex: metals, coal, oil

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 c. ________________________ – Earth can break it down

d. ________________________ – cannot be broken down naturally

Differentiate Keystone, Invasive, extinct, threatened, and endangered species.

a. Keystone –

b. Invasive –

c. Extinct –

d. Endangered -

e. Threatened -

Describe some concerns with the following types of pollution:

a. __________________ – Particulates(solid particles), smog, acid rain, 𝐶𝑂2
b. __________________ effect – retention of heat by atmospheric gases
c. _________________ layer - 𝑂3 Earth’s sunscreen (stratosphere)
 Protects Earth from UV radiation from sun
 Depleted by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
d. __________________ – eutrophication – pesticides & fertilizers pollute the water

Content Domain V: Theory of Evolution (SB6) – 17% of EOC

SB6a. Construct an explanation of how new understandings of Earth’s history, the emergence of new
species from pre-existing species, and our understanding of genetics have influenced our
understanding of biology.

Evolution is the ____________________ in species/organisms over time.

Types of Evolution:
a. Divergent evolution / adaptive radiation – One species evolved into 2 or more species
Ex:

b. Convergent evolution – unrelated species evolve in similar traits even though they live in different
parts of the world, or just not related.
Ex:
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 c. Co-evolution - when a species evolve for a mutualistic relationship
Ex:

d. Gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium –

a. Gradualism –___________ process of evolution; evolution occurs in small steps
b. Punctuated equilibrium – a new species forms ____________ quickly

SB6b. Analyze and interpret data to explain patterns in biodiversity that result from speciation.
Speciation – formation of a ____________ species
Reproductive Isolation – occurs when members of different populations can no longer _______________
successfully.
 The final step of becoming a separate ______________

Types of Isolation:
Prezygotic Postzygotic
 Behavioral Isolation  Hybrid Sterility
 Geographical Isolation
 Ecological Isolation
 Temporal Isolation

SB6c. Construct an argument using valid and reliable sources to support the claim that evidence
from comparative morphology (analogous vs. homologous structures), embryology,
biochemistry (protein sequence) and genetics support the theory that all living organisms are
related by way of common descent.
Evidence of Evolution
Fossils

Geographic Distribution

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Homologous Structures

Vestigial Structures

Analogous Structures

DNA/Protein Sequence Comparisons

Embryological Comparison

Camouflage

Mimicry

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SB6d. Develop and use mathematical models to support explanations of how undirected genetic
changes in natural selection and genetic drift have led to changes in populations of organisms.

Charles Darwin’s discovery: _________________________selection-mechanism for a change in population

leads to natural variation; differences in individuals of a species

Relate natural selection to changes in organisms

1. Natural selection is a mechanism that explains changes in a population that occur when organisms with
favorable __________________ for that particular environment survive, _________________ and pass
these variations on to the next generation.

2. What is fitness? Fitness is a _______________________ of a trait’s relative contribution to the next

generation

3. Differentiate stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.

a. Stabilizing selection – the most _____________________form of natural selection; extreme
expressions are removed
Graph:

b. Directional selection – shift towards a favorable or beneficial ______________

Graph:

c. Disruptive selection – individuals with average traits are ____________________ creating

populations with extreme traits
Graph:

Artificial selection – (selective breeding, genetic engineering) - getting desired traits from 2 organisms into an
offspring Ex: corn, dogs

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Calculating Allele frequency – Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium

3 Types of Gene Flow: Hardy Weinberg Principle

1. ________________ 5 Conditions:
2. ________________ 1. NO _________________
3. ________________ 2. NO _________________
3. NO Gene Flow
4. _____________________
The Hardy Weinberg Equation: 5. _____________________

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 If these conditions are met, then we reach

___________ _________________
p=
pq =
q=

This means ________ _________________

Genetic Drift = RANDOM change in a population’s gene frequencies

2 Extreme Types of Genetic Drift:

1. Bottleneck Effect 2. Founder’s Effect

Disaster kills off majority of population Small population goes off to start over

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SB6e. Develop a model to explain the role natural selection plays in causing biological resistance
(e.g., pesticides, antibiotic resistance, and influenza vaccines).

Looking at the scenario in the picture above, what can you conclude about the use of antibacterial soap on the
population of bacteria?

Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
Plants
1. Vascular plants – have vascular tissue called xylem & phloem (thin tubes)
a. Xylem –carries _____________ and nutrients up from the roots
b. Phloem – takes _______________ down to the roots
2. Nonvascular plants: mosses & liverworts don’t have thin tubes– near water
3. Angiosperms – fruits and flowers
4. Gymnosperms – cone bearer – conifers

What is a tropism? A plants _______________________ to an external stimulus.

(+) goes to the stimulus ( -) Away from stimulus

Name the tropism that is described:

a. Response to the force of gravity - Gravitropism
(+) goes downward
(-) goes up

b. Response to light – Phototropism

(+) grows toward light
(-) away from light

c. Response to touch – Thigmotropism --- Ex: fly trap

Nastic movement – A plant’s response that is not directional

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2. Most plants control their growth in response to environmental stimuli by way of chemical
messengers known as hormones. Examples include auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid.

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