SMART Communication Systems

Lecture # 1

Subject Teacher
Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand
B.E (Electrical-QUEST) M.E (Communication Systems & Networks) MUET.
PhD Communication Systems, UTP Malaysia
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering – QUEST Nawabshah
Ex-Senior Engineer Telecom (IP& Multimedia broadband) PTCL
Ex-Lecturer NED UET Karachi
Member PEC, Member PMI @USA
1

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Objectives of the Course-Synopsis
This course introduces students
Communication Systems
 This course will give you a comprehensive overview of a wide range of
communications systems and networks, including voice, data, video, and
multimedia.
Class Content and Objective:
 The content of "Communication Systems" represents the basic knowledge
necessary for transmitting and receiving information using today's
communication technologies.
 The techniques that will be studied involve coding information onto a carrier
(modulation) which is then transmitted.
 The received signal is then decoded (demodulated) yielding the original
information. Emphasis will be given to modulation of both analog and digital
signals.
 The modulation techniques covered will include Amplitude Modulation (AM),
Frequency Modulation (FM), Time-Division Modulation (TDM) and
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).
 2

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Objectives of Course
 Networks
 Including (Wired and Wireless). Usually a physical medium, such as a
copper wire or optical fiber. A wireless medium, such as radio or infrared
light, also may be employed.
 Communication: Is the transmission of Information
 Information: may be Data in the form of (Video, Audio, Image or Text)
 Data: Can analog or Digital
 The Communication Systems: The function of communication system
is to transfer information from one point to another via some
communication link.
 Electronic Communication: The communication system that involves
the field of electronics to accomplish the task.
 Telecommunications: is the transfer of information (communications)
from a transmitter or sender to a receiver across a distance (Tele).
 Tele (Far) + Communications. Communication at a distance.
 The information can be voice, data, video, image, or some combination
of these — in other words the “ multimedia”.
3

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 Tentative Schedule of the Lectures
SMART For Communication Systems

NO.OF
Topic # NAME OF TOPIC
HRS.

01 Subject Overview & Introduction 01

Ages of Communication Systems ,Types and Technologies
,(lect#1)
02 Basic Elements / Components of Electronic 01
Communication Systems (2)
03 Basic Terminologies and units used In Communication 01
System (3)
04 Frequency , Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth , (4,5) 02
05 Important Communication Systems Design Considerations 01
(6)
06 SNR- Signal-to Noise Ratio and Decibels (7,8) 02

07 Modulation & Demodulation, Amplitude Modulation (9,10,11) 03

08
4

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Tentative Schedule of the Lectures
09 Frequency and Phase Modulation (12,13,14) 03
10 Multiplexing ( Analog and Digital ) – Frequency Division Multiplexing (15) 01
11 Time Division Multiplexing and PCM (16,17) 02
12 Telephony and Telegraphy -Introduction 02
Basic Structures of PSTN and Telephony Components and Equipments
(18,19)
13 Telephony Components/ Equipments (20,21) 02
14 Telephony Signaling System and basic call setup (22,23,24) 03
15 [TEST-2]
16 Guided Transmission Media and Optical Fiber Communication (25) 01
17 Optical Fiber Types and Construction Working Principles (26) 01
18 Optical Fiber Losses and Attenuation , applications , Advantages (27,28) 02
And disadvantages
19 Optical Fiber Systems , Optical Fiber Link (29) 01
20 Microwaves and Satellite Communications – Microwave Fundamentals (30) 01
21 Wave propagation and Microwave Link (31) 01
22 RADAR System and Principles of RADAR (32,33) 02
5
23 Satellite Communication- Fundamentals 02
Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand
SMART
Tentative Schedule of the Lectures

24 Satellite Components and Types and applications (34,35) 02

25 [TEST-2]
26 Radio Transmitter and Receiver (36,37) 02
27 Television System- Scanning and Synchronization (38,39) 02
28 Modulation of Video and Audio Signals (40,41) 02
29 Block diagram an d Typical Circuit and Color TV (42,43) 02

30 Closed Circuit TV (44) 01

31 Data Communication Systems, Multimedia Systems 03
Internet and Email (45,46,47)
32 Mobile Communication Systems (48,49,50) 02

33 Course Closing Seminar (51,52) 02

Total Lectures 52

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Course Evaluation- ACADEMIC PROCEDURES

Ground Rules!!! As per rules !!!!!!!!

 Course Work …………………………………..52 Hours

 Laboratory Work……………………………….25 Hours (12 Practical +Field Visits)

 Theory Exam…...............75 Marks

 25 Marks of Seasonal Work

 (attendance with Punctuality + Class Discipline)

 Tests
 Class presentation
 Class work and
 Assignments and its timely Submission.

 Practical Marks (50 Marks) …Viva 20 Marks+ 10 Objective Exam+ Lab work and
Lab attendance 15 Marks).

 75% minimum attendance is compulsory

 Below 75% attendance ZERO attendance marks.

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART

REFERENCES AND TEACHING MATERIAL

Text books:
Sources!!!
References
1. Modern Electronic Communication by Jeffrey S Brasley Gary Miller 9 th
edition 2013.
2. Frank R. Dungan, "Electronic Communications Systems, 3rd Ed.",
2002 by Delmar Publishers Inc.
3. George Kennedy & Bernard Davis,
"Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Ed.", by MacMillan/McGraw-Hill, Inc.
4. Wayne Tomasi,
"Electronic Communications Systems: Fundamentals Through Advanced, by
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
5. A. Bruce Carlson, "Communications Systems, 3rd Ed.", by McGraw-Hill, Inc.
5.Introduction to Data and Communication Networking, By Wayne Tomasi-
Pearson, 2005

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 Time Table
SMART Communication Systems

9-10 10-11 11-12 12-01 01-02 02-03

Mon A B ----------
Sec Sec
Tues A
Sec Practical Sec-B

Wed A A
Sec Sec
Thurs B B
Sec Practical Sec-A
Sec
Fri B
Sec

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART

What is Communication?
and
What is Communication System?
What are Communication
Processes And
Applications ?

10

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 Block Diagram of Communication System with
SMART Detailed Explanation
• Communication System
• Communication is the process of establishing connection or link between two
points for information exchange.
OR
• Communication is simply the basic process of exchanging of information
between two entities.
• The electronics equipments which are used for communication purpose, are
called communication equipments. Different communication equipments when
assembled together form a communication system.
– Typical example of communication system: are
– line telephony and line telegraphy,
– radio telephony and radio telegraphy, radio broadcasting,
– point-to-point communication and mobile communication,
– computer communication,
– radar communication,
– television broadcasting, radio telemetry, radio aids to aircraft landing etc.

11

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 SMART
The Communication Process
• In the most fundamental sense, communication involves the
transmission of information from one point to another
through a succession of process as listed below :
– The generation of a thought pattern or image in the mind of an
originator.
– The description of that image, with a certain measure of
precision, by a set of oral visual symbols.
– The encoding of these symbols in a form that is suitable for
transmission over a physical medium of interest.
– The transmission of the encoded symbols to the desired
destination.
– The decoding and reproduction of the original symbols.
– The recreation of the original thought pattern or image, with a
definable degradation in quality, in the mind of recipient.

12

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Block Diagram of Communication System

• Figure shows the block diagram of a general

communication system, in which the different functional
elements are represented by blocks.
• The essential components of a communication system
are information source, input transducer, transmitter,
communication channel, receiver and destination.
• Now, we shall discuss the functioning of these blocks

13

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART (i) Information Source
• As we know, a communication system serves to communicate a message or
information. This information originates in the information source.
• In general, there can be various messages in the form of words, group of
words, code, symbols, sound signal etc. However, out of these messages,
only the desired message is selected and communicated.
• Therefore, we can say that the function of information source is to produce
required message which has to be transmitted.

(ii) Input Transducer

• A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form.
• The message from the information source may or may not be electrical in
nature. In a case when the message produced by the information source is not
electrical in nature, an input transducer is used to convert it into a time-varying
electrical signal.
• For example, in case of radio-broadcasting, a microphone converts the
information or massage which is in the form of sound waves into
corresponding electrical signal.

14

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART (iii) Transmitter

• The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from

different aspects.
• For example in radio broadcasting the electrical signal obtained from
sound signal, is processed to restrict its range of audio frequencies
(upto 5 kHz in amplitude modulation radio broadcast ) and is often
amplified.
• In wire telephony, no real processing is needed. However, in long-
distance radio communication, signal amplification is necessary
before modulation.
• Modulation is the main function of the transmitter. In modulation, the
message signal is superimposed upon the high-frequency carrier
signal.
• In short, we can say that inside the transmitter, signal processings
such as restriction of range of audio frequencies, amplification and
modulation of are achieved.
• All these processings of the message signal are done just to ease
the transmission of the signal through the channel.
15

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 SMART (iv) The Channel and The Noise
• The term channel means the medium through which the message travels from the
transmitter to the receiver. In other words, we can say that the function of the
channel is to provide a physical connection between the transmitter and the receiver.
• There are two types of channels, namely point-to-point channels and broadcast
channels.
• Example of point-to-point channels are wire lines, microwave links and optical
fibres. Wire-lines operate by guided electromagnetic waves and they are used for
local telephone transmission.
• In case of microwave links, the transmitted signal is radiated as an electromagnetic
wave in free space. Microwave links are used in long distance telephone
transmission.
• An optical fibre is a low-loss, well-controlled, guided optical medium. Optical fibres
are used in optical communications.
• Although these three channels operate differently, they all provide a physical medium
for the transmission of signals from one point to another point. Therefore, for these
channels, the term point-to-point is used.
• On the other hand, the broadcast channel provides a capability where several
receiving stations can be reached simultaneously from a single transmitter.
• An example of a broadcast channel is a satellite in geostationary orbit, which covers
about one third of the earth’s surface. 16

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Noise

• During the process of transmission and reception the

signal gets distorted due to noise introduced in the
system.
• Noise is an unwanted signal which tend to interfere with
the required signal.
• Noise signal is always random in character.
• Noise may interfere with signal at any point in a
communication system.
• However, the noise has its greatest effect on the signal
in the channel.

17

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART (v) Receiver
• The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the
message signal in electrical form, from the distorted
received signal. This reproduction of the original signal is
accomplished by a process known as the demodulation or
detection. Demodulation is the reverse process of
modulation carried out in transmitter.

((vi) Destination

• Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an

electrical message signal into its original form.
• For example in radio broadcasting, the destination is a
loudspeaker which works as a transducer i.e. converts the
electrical signal in the form of original sound signal.
18

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 Describe the Classification of Electronic
SMART Communication System

• The communication systems may be classified into various

categories as shown in figure.
• It shows that the electronic communication system may be basically
categorized into three groups based on :
– Whether the system is unidirectional or bidirectional
– Whether it uses as analog or digital signal
– Whether the system uses baseband transmission or uses some kind of
modulation
19

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 Classification Based on Direction of Communication
SMART

• Based on whether the system communicates only in one direction or

otherwise, the communication systems are classified as under :
– Simplex System
– Half duplex System
– Full duplex System
• Figure shows this classification .
20

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 SMART Simplex System

• In these systems, the information is communicated in only one direction

• For example, the radio or TV broadcasting system can only transmit,
they can not receive .
• Another example of simplex communication is the information
transmitted by the telemetry system of a satellite to earth . The
telemetry system transmits information about the physical status of the
satellite such as its position or temperature .

Half Duplex System

• These systems are bidirectional, i.e. they can transmit as well as
receive but not simultaneously .
• At a time, these systems can either transmit or receive, for example, a
transreceiver or walky talky set .
• The direction of communication alternates . The radio communications
such as those in military, fire fighting, citizen band (CB) and amateur
radio are half duplex system .
21

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART Full duplex System

• These are truly bidirectional systems as they allow the

communication to take place in both the directions
simultaneously .
• These systems can transmit as well as receive
simultaneously .
• For example, the telephone systems.
• However, the bulk of electronic communications is two -
way.
• The best example of full duplex communication system
is telephone system .

22

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 Classification Based On The Nature of Information Signal
SMART

• They are classified into two categories namely :

– Analog communication system
– Digital communication system

23

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Analog communication

• The modulation systems or techniques in which one of

the characteristics of the carrier is varied in proportion
with the instantaneous value of modulating signal is
called as analog modulation system .
• If the carrier is sinusoidal, then its amplitude, frequency
or phase is changed in accordance with the modulating
signal to obtain AM, FM or PM respectively . These are
continuous wave modulation systems.
• Analog modulation can be pulsed modulation as well .
Here the carrier is in the form of rectangular pulse . The
amplitude, width or position of the carrier pulses is varied
in accordance with the modulating signal to obtain the
PAM, PWM or PPM outputs .

24

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 SMART
Examples of analog modulation

• Drawbacks of analog
• Following are the examples of analog communication
modulation systems :
• Noise affects the signal quality
– Amplitude modulation (AM)
– Frequency modulation (FM) • It is not possible to separate
noise and signal
– Phase modulation (PM)
– Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
• Repeaters can not be used
between transmitter and
– Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) receiver
– Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
• Coding is not possible
• Advantages of analog communication
• It is not suitable for the
– Transmitters and receivers are simple transmission of secret
– Low bandwidth requirement information
– FDM (Frequency division multiplexing) can • Applications
be used
• Radio broadcasting (AM and
FM)
• TV broadcasting
• Telephones
25

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Digital Communication

• The modulation system or technique in which the

transmitted signal is in the form of digital pulses of
– constant amplitude,
– constant frequency and
– phase
is called as digital modulation system .
• Pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation
(DM) are the examples of digital modulation .
• In PCM and DM , a train of digital pulses is transmitted
by the transmitter . All the pulses are of constant
amplitude, width and position . The information is
contained in the combination of the transmitted pulses .
26

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 SMART
Advantages of Digital Communication
• Due to the digital nature of the transmitted signal, the interference of additive
noise does not introduce many errors . Hence, digital communication has a
better noise immunity .
• Due to the channel coding techniques used in digital communication, it
is possible to detect and correct the errors introduced during the data
transmission .
• Repeaters can be used between transmitter and receiver to regenerate
the digital signal . This improves the noise immunity further .
• Due to the digital nature of the signal, it is possible to use the advanced
data processing techniques such as digital signal processing, image
processing, data compression etc .
• TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) technique can be used to transmit
many voice channels over a single common transmission channel .
• Digital communication is useful in military applications where only a few
permitted receivers can receive the transmitted signal .
• Digital communication is becoming simpler and cheaper as compared to
the analog communication due to the invention of high speed computers
and integrated circuits (ICs) . 27

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Drawbacks of Digital Communication

• The bit rates of digital systems are high . Therefore, they require a
larger channel bandwidth as compared to analog system .
• Digital modulation needs synchronization in case of synchronous
modulation .
Applications of Digital Communications

• Long distance communication between earth and space ships .

• Satellite communication
• Military communication
• Telephone systems
• Data and computer communications

28

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

 Classification Based on the Technique of Transmission
SMART

• Based on the technique used for the signal transmission, we can

categories the electronic communication system as under :
– Baseband transmission system
– Communication systems using modulation
• Baseband Transmission
• In baseband transmission systems, the baseband signals (original
information signals) are directly transmitted .
• Example of these type of systems are telephone networks where the
sound signal converted into the electrical signal is placed directly on
the telephone lines for transmission .
• Another example of baseband transmission is computer data
transmission over the coaxial cables in the computer networks .
• Thus, the baseband transmission is the transmission of the original
information signal as it is .

29

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART
Limitation of Baseband Transmission

• The baseband transmission can not be used with certain mediums

e.g., it can not be used for the radio transmission where the medium
is free space . This is because the voice signal can not travel long
distance in air . It gets suppressed after a short distance . Therefore,
for the radio communication of baseband signals, a technique called
modulation is used .
• In the modulation process, two signals are used namely the
modulating signal and the carrier .
• The modulating signal is nothing but the baseband signal or
information signal while the carrier is a high frequency sinusoidal
signal .
• The receiver demodulates the received modulated signal and gets
the original information signal back .
• In the process of modulation the carrier wave actually acts as carrier
which carries the information signal from the transmitter to receiver .

30

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand

SMART

Questions and Answer

if Any

Thank you
31

Subject: Communication Systems Subject Teacher: Dr. Abdul Sattar Saand