Building Materials Stones March 2016 PDF

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Stones
• hard, solid, non-metallic
substance, formed of mineral matter
of which rocks consist
• quarried and worked into a specific
size and shape for a
particular purpose such as
paving stone; building stone
• a small piece of rock, as a pebble
• precious stones

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Properties of Stone
 Durability
 Resistance to Frost, Thermal Shock, Acidic Attack,
Salt Crystallisation
 Bowing potential
 Alteration may lead to weakening and disintegration

of the stone
 Moisture induced expansion
 Abrasion resistance
Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Properties of Stone
 Strength
 High compressive strength,

suitable for load bearing
strengths
 Tensile strength, stones with
higher tensile strength are
more resistant to frost and salt
crystallization
Both strength & durability are affected by

the texture & mineral composition, chemical
charactersitics & physical characteristics

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Properties of Stone
 Porosity
 Density of the types of stone will affect its abilities to
withstand frost or staining

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Properties of Stone
 Water Absorption &
Permeability
 Absorption is a measure of
Absorption
how much liquid the stone
can contain in its pores –
indirect measure
 Permeability is how well
water moves through the
stone and relates to the
transport of dissolved
material through the stone Permeability

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Properties of Stone
 Thermal Expansion
 Large temperature fluctuations may occur on
building façades therefore create tensions in the
façade panels, if there is no room for expansion.
The degree of a stone thermal expansion must be
considered for façade and pavement applications.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Properties of Stone
 Fire resistance
 Stones are generally bad
conductors of heat hence
it resists fire moderately
 However, the strength
stability of the stone during
fire should also be
considered, especially in
cases where the stone is
applied as load bearing
element, or in cases where
it can fall from great heights
Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Quarry
A quarry is a place from which dimension stone,
rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand,
gravel or slate are been excavated from the
ground.
Source: wikipedia

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Marble Quarry Process

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Cutting and Sawing

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Marble blocks

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Process in Factory

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
Rock Cycle
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Next the weather, or a river, and other
events will slowly break up this rock As sediment builds up and hardens over
into small pieces of sediment. years, a sedimentary rock is formed.
Slowly this sediment

rock will get covered
Melted rock or with other rocks and
magma is sent end up deep in the
to the earth's Earth's crust.
surface by a
When the pressure
volcano. It
and heat get high
cools and
enough, the
forms an
sedimentary rock will
igneous rock.
metamorphose into a
metamorphic rock
and the cycle will
start over again.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Types of Stone

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Types of Stone Igneous rocks are formed by

volcanoes. When a volcano
erupts, it spews out hot molten
rock called magma or lava.
Eventually the magma will cool
down and harden, either when it
reaches the Earth's surface or
somewhere within the crust. This
hardened magma or lava is
called igneous rock. Examples
of igneous rocks include basalt,
https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/index.html
granite and gabbro.
Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 GRANITE – Characteristics
 Very hard & crystalline
 Visibly homogeneous in texture
 Durable - high load bearing capacity, crushing
strength, abrasive strength, amenability to cutting
and shaping without secondary flaws, ability to
yield thin and large slabs
 Porosity : low
 Absorption :0.2% - 0.5%
 Tendencies : absorb oil and other liquids
 Weathering : Resistant

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Granite is also used for wall cladding, roofing,

flooring, and a variety of other interior and exterior
applications.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 GRANITE – Chemical Properties

 igneous/metamorphic rocks composed of
quartz, feldspar & ferromagnesian minerals
like kriolite, chlorite, garnet, etc.
 Typical composition of granite:
Silica (SiO2) 70-75%
Al2O3 (aluminium oxide) 10-15%
CaO+MgO (calcium oxide + magnesium oxide) Less then 0.5%
FeO + Fe2O3 (iron oxide) 2-4%
Alkalies 4-6%
TiO2 (titanium dioxide) Less then 0.5%
Loss On Ignition (LOI) Less then 0.5%

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 Occurances of GRANITE
 India is one of the largest
producers of granites blocks
and processed granite slabs
and granite tiles
 China
 Brazil
 Scotland
 Latin America

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
GRANITE – Finished surface

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
GRANITE - Application

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Mount Rushmore, a granite monument in the

Black Hills of South Dakota is a tribute to
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,
Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln that
is carved directly into the mountain.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Sydney Opera House

architect - Jorn Utzon

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Tower Bridge St Mary Cathedral

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 BASALT – Characteristics
 Grey to black in color
 Fine grained
 Hard
 Opaque
 Durable
 Porosity : low
 Low absorbtion
 Heat, pressure and wear resistant

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Basalt is used for a wide variety of purposes.
It is most commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in

construction projects. Crushed basalt is used for road
base, concrete aggregate, asphalt pavement aggregate,
railroad ballast, filter stone in drain fields and may other
purposes.
Basalt is also cut into dimension stone. Thin slabs of

basalt are cut and sometimes polished for use as floor
tiles, building veneer, monuments and other stone
objects.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 GRANITE – Chemical Properties
 Mineral content s include Olivine, Plagioclase,
Pyroxene
 Typical composition of granite:
Silica (SiO2) 49.97%
Al2O3 (aluminium oxide) 15.99%
CaO (calcium oxide +) 9.62%
MgO magnesium oxide 6.84%
FeO + (iron oxide) 7.24%
Fe2O3 3.85%
MnO 0.2%
Na2O 2.96%
TiO2 (titanium dioxide) 1.87%
K2O 1.12%
P2O5 0.35%
Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Sedimentary rocks are formed by
Types of Stone years and years of sediment
compacting together and
becoming hard. Generally,
something like a stream or river
will carry lots of small pieces of
rocks and minerals to a larger
body of water. These pieces will
settle at the bottom and over a
really long time (perhaps
millions of years), they will form
into solid rock. Some examples
of sedimentary rocks are shale,
limestone, and sandstone.
Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 SANDSTONE – Characteristics
 Very hard
 Compact
 Fine grained
 Porosity : low
 Absorption :1% - 1.2%
 Tendencies : absorb oil and other liquids
Some types can be comparatively porous ie Teakwood and

Rainbow sandstones.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 SANDSTONE – Chemical Properties
 very resistant Mono-Mineralic rocks, principally
composed of silica
 They are highly resistant to acids, alkalies and
thermal impact. Insolubility in acids and alkalies is
about 97%
 Typical composition of sandstone:
SiO2 95-97%
Iron (Fe2O3) 0.5%-1.5%
Alumina (Al2O3) 1 to 1.5%
Soda (Na2O) & Potash (Kro) Less then 1%
Lime (CaO) Less then 0.5%
Magnesia (MgO) Less then 0.5%

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Uses of Sandstone
Manufacturing of plate glass, fine table glassware,
and common glassware.
Crushed in concrete and asphalt to fill in dike and
jetty construction.
Rough and weathered sandstone is used as
fireplaces, walls, and walkways.
As decorative stones.
As bookends, clocks, paperweights, coaster, etc.
As flooring or paving material.
Load bearing masonry

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Uses of Sandstone
Sandstone slabs and sandstone tiles are used in
cladding.
In chemical industries as flooring, wall fixing and
lining due to its acid and alkali resistant properties.
It is ideal for carving and architectural uses as
pillars, arches, garden furniture, fountains,
landscaping products and stone arts & crafts.
Sandstone blocks are used as foundations and
stonewalls.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 Occurances of SANDSTONE
 India
 Scotland
 Algeria

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
SANDSTONE – Finished surface

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
SANDSTONE - Application
Ancient City of Petra, Jordan Humayun Tomb, India

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Rajasthan Hotel Building, India

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Exterior Finish

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Interior Finish

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 LIMESTONE – Characteristics
 Hard
 Compact
 Fine grained calcerous rocks
 Porosity : low
 Absorption : Less 1%
 Quite impervious
Limestone that will take a polish are considered marbles by

most people, but technically, if there are still shells visible or
the structure is not crystalline, it is still a limestone.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 LIMESTONE – Chemical Properties
 It is composed of calcite (CaCO3) which are
calcic minerals with minor amounts of alumina,
ferric & alkaline oxides.
 Acid sensitive, therefore acidic products should
not be used on limestone and marbles.
 Typical composition of limestone:
Lime (CaO) 38-42%
Alumina (Al2O3) (Aluminium Oxide) 3-5%
MgO (Magnesium Oxide) 0.5 to 3%
FeO + Fe2O3 (Iron Oxide) 1-1.5%
Alkalies 1-1.5%
Loss On Ignition (LOI) 30-32%

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Uses of Limestone
Flooring
Wall cladding
Vanity tops
Furniture
Cement Production
RefiningMetals
Blackboard chalk

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 Occurances of LIMESTONE
 India
 Texas
 United Kingdom
 New Zealand

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
LIMESTONE – Finished surface

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
LIMESTONE - Application

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Interior Finish

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Metamorphic rocks are formed by
Types of Stone great heat and pressure. They
are generally found inside the
METAMORPHIC Earth's crust where there is
enough heat and pressure to form
the rocks. Metamorphic rocks are
often made from other types of
rock. For example, shale, a
sedimentary rock, can be changed,
or metamorphosed, into a
metamorphic rock such as slate or
gneiss. Other examples of
metamorphic rocks include marble,
anthracite, soapstone, and schist.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 SLATE – Characteristics
It is produced by the compression of clays, shale, and
various other rocks It can be associated with other
metamorphic sedimentary or volcanic rocks.
 Moderately hard and compact
 Fine to medium grained rocks
 Less homogeneous with varying textures
& shades
 Absorption : 1.5% to 2%
 Ability to split within layers
 Weathering: Resistant
The colour of slates are generally gray, red, brown and green ranging from
dark to light.
Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 SLATE – Chemical Properties
 It is composed of calcite (CaCO3) which are calcic
minerals with minor amounts of alumina, ferric &
alkaline oxides.
 Acid sensitive, therefore acidic products should
not be used on limestone and marbles.
 Typical composition of slate:
Lime (CaO) 38-42%
Alumina (Al2O3) (Aluminium Oxide) 3-5%
MgO (Magnesium Oxide) 0.5 to 3%
FeO + Fe2O3 (Iron Oxide) 1-1.5%
Alkalies 1-1.5%

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Uses of Slate
 Paving
 Stepping stone in garden
 Combined with other materials gives quality and
attractiveness
 Square blocks for a break band in section of granite
paving
 Decorative clocks and thermameters
 Picture frame, mirrors, coasters, trivets, switch
plates, candle holders.
 Engraved and painted in jewellery like earrings and
pins.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 Occurances of SLATE
 India
 Wales

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
SLATE – Finished surface

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
SLATE - Application
Exterior Finish, La Salle College of Arts, Singapore

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
SLATE - Application
Exterior Finish, walls
Exterior Finish, roofing

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
SLATE - Application
Interior Finish

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 MARBLE – Characteristics
- formed from limestone
- pressure or forces cause limestone to re-crystalize,

changing its texture and make up. The minerals that
result from impurities give marble a wide variety of
colors.
- The purest calcite marble is white in colour. Marble
containing hematite are reddish in color. Marble that
has limonite is yellow, and marble with serpentine is
green in colour. Marble does not split easily into sheets
of equal size and must be mined with care.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 MARBLE – Characteristics
 Hard
 Compact
 Fine to very fine grained metamorphosed rocks,
( capable of taking shining polish )
 Absorption : Less than 0.5%
 Porosity : Low

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 MARBLE – Chemical Properties
 They are crystalline rocks composed
predominantly of calcite, dolomite or serpentine
minerals.
 It may vary form origin to origin
 Typical composition of marble:

Lime (CaO) 28-32%
Silica (SiO2) 3-30% (varies with variety)
MgO 20 to 25%
FeO + Fe2O3 1-3%

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Uses of Marble
 Sculptures
 Floors
 Columns
 Walls
 Crushed or ground marble is also used in paving
roads and in manufacturing roofing materials and
soil treatment products
 Other decorative uses

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 Occurances of MARBLE
 India
 Italy
 Spain
 Australia
 Namibia
 China

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
MARBLE – Finished surface

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
MARBLE - Application
GianLorenzo Bernini, David, 1623-1624, Marble Sculpture

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Interior Finish

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 QUARTZITE – Characteristics
- Formed from sandstone.
- As sandstone becomes deeply buried, rising

temperature will fuse the quartz grains together
forming the extremely hard and weather-resistant
rock quartzite.
- Quartzite comes in many colors, but when pure it is
light-colored. Quartzite tends to have a sugary
appearance, and when broken the fractures cut
through the sand grains.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 QUARTZITE – Characteristics
 Hard
 Compact
 Fine grained
 Absorption : 1% - 1.2%
 Porosity : Low to very low

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 QUARTZITE – Chemical Properties
 Very resistant Mono-Mineralic rocks, principally
composed of silica
 Highly resistant to acids, alkalies and thermal
impact. Insolubility in acids and alkalis is about
97%
 The other minor constituents vary from origin to
origin.

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 Typical composition of quartzite:

SiO2 95-97%
Iron (Fe2O3) 0.5%-1.5%
Alumina (Al2O3) 1 to 1.5%
Soda (Na2O) & Potash (Kro) Less then 1%
Lime (CaO) Less then 0.5%
Magnesia (MgO) Less then 0.5%

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Uses of Quartzite
Usually dyed to some pleasing color -- has been

tumbled or otherwise fashioned into decorative items.
Quartzite is the raw material for the glass and
ceramics industries

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
 Occurances of QUARTZITE
 Italy
 Sweden
 Norway

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
QUARTZITE – Finished surface
Polished Riven Honed

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
QUARTZITE - Application
The 1884 Syndicate Block is the largest and oldest Sioux quartzite building in the historic
district

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Kimberley Quartzite – Engineering Building Murdoch University

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Therme Vals,Graubünden, Switzerland Built using locally quarried Valser quartzite slabs

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Interior Finish

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
APPLICATION OF STONE IN CONSTRUCTION :
Rubble
Dimension stone
Flagstone
Crushed stone
Pebble stone
Pavers

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
Pebble stone
• applied loose or formed

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

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BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Building Material
BLD 60103/ ARC 1513
References
http://www.mineralszone.com/
https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/index.html

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Building Material

BLD 60103/ ARC 1513

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

 Alteration may lead to weakening and disintegration

 High compressive strength,

Both strength & durability are affected by

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Cutting and Sawing

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Slowly this sediment

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Types of Stone Igneous rocks are formed by

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Granite is also used for wall cladding, roofing,

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

 GRANITE – Chemical Properties

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

GRANITE – Finished surface

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Mount Rushmore, a granite monument in the

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Sydney Opera House

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Tower Bridge St Mary Cathedral

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Basalt is used for a wide variety of purposes.

It is most commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in

Basalt is also cut into dimension stone. Thin slabs of

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Some types can be comparatively porous ie Teakwood and

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

SANDSTONE – Finished surface

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Ancient City of Petra, Jordan Humayun Tomb, India

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Rajasthan Hotel Building, India

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Prepared by : Ar. Sateerah Hassan