Table of Contents

1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1

1.2 What is STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .................................................................. 1

1.3 Objectives of report ............................................................................................... 1

2.1 Indeterminate Structure ............................................................................................. 2

2.2 Determinate Structure ........................................................................................... 3

2.3 Difference between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures ........................... 3

2.4 Classification of Structures ................................................................................... 4

2.4.1 Structural Elements ........................................................................................ 4

2.4.2 Tie Rods .............................................................................................................. 4

2.4.3 Beams ............................................................................................................. 4

2.4.4 Columns ......................................................................................................... 5

2.5 Types of Structures................................................................................................ 5

2.5.1 Trusses ........................................................................................................... 5

2.5.2 Cables and Arches.......................................................................................... 6

2.5.3 Frames ............................................................................................................ 8

2.6 Support Connections: ............................................................................................ 8

2.7 Determinacy and Stability ................................................................................... 10

2.7.1 Determinacy ................................................................................................. 10

2.7.2 Stability ........................................................................................................ 11

2.8 DETERMINATE STRUCTURES ...................................................................... 12

2.8.1 Fan................................................................................................................ 12

2.8.2 Bulb Holder .................................................................................................. 12

2.8.3 Merry-Go-Round ......................................................................................... 12

.................................................................................................................................... 12

2.8.4 Electric Pole ................................................................................................. 13

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 2.8.5 Column......................................................................................................... 13

2.9 INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE .................................................................... 14

2.9.1 Swing ........................................................................................................... 14

2.9.2 Sign Board ................................................................................................... 14

2.9.3 Bench ........................................................................................................... 15

2.9.4 Pipe Rod ....................................................................................................... 15

3. FORCE MATHOD AND DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS .............. 17

3.1 Force Method ...................................................................................................... 17

3.3 Application of Displacement Method ................................................................. 17

3.3.1 Slope-Deflection Method ............................................................................. 17

4 COMPUTER BASED ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE ........... 19

4.1 About Software Used .......................................................................................... 19

4.1.1 SAP 2000 ..................................................................................................... 19

4.1.2 Microsoft Excel ............................................................................................ 20

4.2 Discussion and Comparison Long Hand Calculation Result with SAP200 ........ 20

4.3 Generate Excel Sheet for Analysis of the Given Problem .................................. 53

Problem 4.3.1 ............................................................................................................. 53

Problem 4.3.2 ............................................................................................................. 54

Problem 4.3.3 ............................................................................................................. 55

Problem 4.3.4 ............................................................................................................. 55

5 CALCULATIONS AND DISCUSION ..................................................................... 57

5.1 What Have You Learned From the Report ......................................................... 57

5.2 Which Technique Is Preferable? Long Hand Calculation or Software Simulation

for Analysis of Indeterminate Structure. And Why? ..................................................... 57

5.3 Suggestion for the Future Lab Report for Lab Work of SA-II............................ 57

References: ......................................................................................................................... 57

iv
 Table of Figures
Figure 2. 1: Indeterminate Structure .................................................................................... 2
Figure 2. 2 (b): Types of Beams .......................................................................................... 4
Figure 2. 3: Typical cross section ........................................................................................ 4
Figure 2. 4: Columns............................................................................................................ 5
Figure 2. 5: Truss Member................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2. 6: Arch & Cable.................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2. 7: Frame ................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 2. 8: Connections ...................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2. 9: Connections ...................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2. 10: Supports & Joints ......................................................................................... 10
Figure 2. 11: Forces criteria according to supports............................................................ 11
Figure 2. 12: Fan ................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 2. 13: Bulb .............................................................................................................. 12
Figure 2. 14: Merry-Go-Round .......................................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 15: Electrical Pole............................................................................................... 13
Figure 2. 16: Column ......................................................................................................... 13
Figure 2. 17: Swing ............................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2. 18: Sign board..................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2. 19: Bench ............................................................................................................ 15
Figure 2. 20: Pipe Rod ....................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 21: Electric Transmission Pole ........................................................................... 16

v
CHAPTER-1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In this report we discuss all work in lab and assignments of STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
given by ENGR NAJAM ABBAS.

1.2 What is STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures and
their components. Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must
withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges, vehicles, machinery, furniture, attire, soil
strata, prostheses and biological tissue.

1.3 Objectives of report

Reports communicate information which has been compiled as a result of research and
analysis of data and of issues. Reports can cover a wide range of topics, but usually focus
on transmitting information with a clear purpose, to a specific audience. Good reports are
documents that are accurate, objective and complete. They should also be well-written,
clearly structured and expressed in a way that holds the reader's attention and meets their
expectations. The true value of the research may be assessed through a report since the
written report may be the "only tangible product of hundreds of hours of work. Rightly or
wrongly, the quality and worth of that work are judged by the quality of the written report
- its clarity, organization and content"

1
CHAPTER-2

2 INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE

In this chapter we will present some of the approximate methods used to analyze
statically indeterminate trusses and frames. These methods were developed on the basis
of structural behavior, and their accuracy in most cases compares favorably with more
exact methods of analysis. Although not all types of structural forms will be discussed
here, it is hoped that enough insight is gained from the study of these methods so that one
can judge what would be the best approximations to make when performing an
approximate force analysis of a statically indeterminate structure.

2.1 Indeterminate Structure

In statics, a structure is statically indeterminate (or hyper static) when the static
equilibrium equations are insufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions on
that structure.

Σ H = 0: the sum of the horizontal components of the forces equals zero;

Σ V = 0: the sum of the vertical components of forces equals zero;

Figure 2. 1: Indeterminate Structure

2
CHAPTER-2

2.2 Determinate Structure

Statically determinacy is a term used in structural mechanics to describe a structure where

force and moment equilibrium conditions alone can be utilized to calculate internal
member actions. Descriptively, a statically determinate structure can be defined as a
structure where, if it is possible to find internal actions in equilibrium with external loads,
those internal actions are unique.

2.3 Difference between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures

Table 2.1:

S. No. Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures

1 Equilibrium conditions are fully Conditions of equilibrium are not

adequate to analyze the structure. adequate to fully analyses the structure.

2 Bending moment or shear force at Bending moment or shear force at any

any section is independent of the section depends upon the material
material property of the structure. property.

3 The bending moment or shear force The bending moment or shear force at
at any section is independent of the any section depends upon the cross-
cross-section or moment of inertia. section or moment of inertia.

4 Temperature variations do not cause Temperature variations cause stresses.

stresses.

5 No stresses are caused due to lack Stresses are caused due to lack of fit.
of fit.

6 Extra conditions like compatibility of Extra conditions like compatibility of

displacements are not required to displacements are required to analyze the
analyze the structure. structure along with the equilibrium
equations.

3
CHAPTER-2

2.4 Classification of Structures

It is important for a structural engineer to recognize the various types of elements

composing a structure and to be able to classify structures as to their form and function.
We will introduce some of these aspects now and expand on them at appropriate points
throughout the text.

2.4.1 Structural Elements

Some of the more common elements from which structures are composed are as follows.

2.4.2 Tie Rods

Structural members subjected to a tensile force are often referred to as tie rods or bracing
struts. Due to the nature of this load, these members are rather slender, and are often
chosen from rods, bars, angles, or channels, Fig. 2.2

2.4.3 Beams

Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads.
Quite often they are classified according to the way they are supported, as indicated in
Fig. 2.3. In particular, when the cross section varies the beam is referred to as tapered or

haunched. Beam cross sections may also be “built up” by adding plates to their top and
bottom

Figure 2. 2 (b): Types of Beams

Figure
Figure2.2.2
3: Typical
Typicalcross section
cross section

4
CHAPTER-2

2.4.4 Columns

Members that are generally vertical and resist axial

compressive loads are referred to as columns, Fig. 2.4. Tubes
and wide-flange cross sections are often used for metal
columns, and circular and square cross sections with
reinforcing rods are used for those made of concrete.
Occasionally, columns are subjected to both an axial load
and a bending moment as shown in the figure. These
members are referred to as beam columns.

Figure
Figure 2.
2.44: Columns
Columns

2.5 Types of Structures

The combination of structural elements and the materials from which they are composed
is referred to as a structural system. Each system is constructed of one or more of four
basic types of structures. Ranked in order of complexity of their force analysis, they are
as follows.

2.5.1 Trusses

When the span of a structure is required to be large and its depth is not an important
criterion for design, a truss may be selected. Trusses consist of slender elements, usually
arranged in triangular fashion. Planar trusses are composed of members that lie in the
same plane and are frequently used for bridge and roof support, whereas space trusses
have members extending in three dimensions and are suitable for derricks and towers.
Due to the geometric arrangement of its members, loads that cause the entire truss to bend
are converted into tensile or compressive forces in the members. Because of this, one of

5
CHAPTER-2

the primary advantages of a truss, compared to a beam, is that it uses less material to
support a given load, Fig. 2.5. Also, a truss is constructed from long and slender elements,
which can be arranged in various ways to support a load. Most often it is economically
feasible to use a truss to cover spans ranging from 30 ft. (9 m) to 400 ft. (122 m),
although trusses have been used on occasion for spans of greater lengths.

Figure
Figure 2. 5: Truss
2.5: TrussMember
Member
Fig 2.5

Loading causes bending of truss, which develops compression in top members, tension in
bottom members.

2.5.2 Cables and Arches.

Two other forms of structures used to span long distances are the cable and the arch.
Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension. They are commonly used to
support bridges, Fig. 2–6a, and building roofs. When used for these purposes, the cable
has an advantage over the beam and the truss, especially for spans that are greater than
150 ft. (46 m). Because they are always in tension, cables will not become unstable and
suddenly collapse, as may happen with beams or trusses. Furthermore, the truss will
require added costs for construction and increased depth as the span increases. Use of
cables, on the other hand, is limited only by their sag, weight, and methods of anchorage.
The arch achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse curvature to that of
the cable. The arch must be rigid, however, in order to maintain its shape, and this results
in secondary loadings involving shear and moment, which must be considered in its

6
CHAPTER-2

design. Arches are frequently used in bridge structures, Fig. 2–6b, dome roofs, and for
openings in masonry walls.

7
CHAPTER-2

Cables support their loads in tension. (a) Arches support their loads in compression. (b)
Figure 2. 6: Arch & Cable

2.5.3 Frames

Frames are often used in buildings and are composed of beams and columns that are
either pin or fixed connected, Fig. 2.7. Like trusses,
frames extend in two or three dimensions. The
loading on a frame causes bending of its members,
and if it has rigid joint connections, this structure is
generally “indeterminate” from a standpoint of
analysis. The strength of such a frame is derived
from the moment interactions between the beams and
the columns at the rigid joints.

Figure 2. 7: Frame

2.6 Support Connections:

Structural members are joined together in various ways depending on the intent of the
designer. The three types of joints most often specified are the pin connection, the roller
support, and the fixed joint. A pin-connected joint and a roller support allow some
freedom for slight rotation, whereas a fixed joint allows no relative rotation between the
connected members and is consequently more expensive to fabricate. Examples of these

8
CHAPTER-2

Figure 2. 8: Connections

Joints, fashioned in metal and concrete, are shown in Figs. 2.8 and 2.9, respectively. For
most timber structures, the members are assumed to be pin connected, since bolting or
nailing them will not sufficiently restrain them from rotating with respect to each other.
Idealized models used in structural analysis that represent pinned and fixed supports and
pin-connected and fixed-connected joints are shown in Figs. 2.10a and 2.10b. In reality,
however, all connections exhibit some stiffness toward joint rotations, owing to friction
and material behavior. In this case a more appropriate model for a support or joint might
be that shown in Fig. 2.9c. If the torsional spring constant the joint is a pin, and if k: q, the
joint is fixed.

Figure 2. 9: Connections

9
CHAPTER-2

Figure 2. 10: Supports & Joints

2.7 Determinacy and Stability

Before starting the force analysis of a structure, it is necessary to establish the

determinacy and stability of the structure.

2.7.1 Determinacy

The equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and sufficient conditions for
equilibrium. When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from these
equations, the structure is referred to as statically determinate. Structures having more
unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are called statically indeterminate.
As a general rule, a structure can be identified as being either statically determinate or
statically indeterminate by drawing free-body diagrams of all its members, or selective
parts of its members, and then comparing the total number of unknown reactive force and
moment components with the total number of available equilibrium equations.* For a
coplanar structure there are at most three equilibrium equations for each part, so that if
there is a total of n parts and r force and moment reaction components, we have

r = 3n, statically determinate

r > 3n, statically indeterminate

10
CHAPTER-2

Figure 2. 11: Forces criteria according to supports

2.7.2 Stability

To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not only necessary to satisfy
the equations of equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held or constrained
by their supports. Two situations may occur where the conditions for proper constraint
have not been met.

11
CHAPTER-2

2.8 DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

2.8.1 Fan

Figure 2. 12: Fan

Because the member of reaction is equal to the number of equilibrium condition that’s
why beam is determinate.

2.8.2 Bulb Holder

Figure 2. 13: Bulb

Because the member of reaction is equal to the number of equilibrium condition that’s
why beam is determinate.

2.8.3 Merry-Go-Round

Figure 2. 14: Merry-Go-Round

12
CHAPTER-2

2.8.4 Electric Pole

Figure 2. 15: Electrical Pole

Because the member of reaction is equal to the number of equilibrium condition that’s
why beam is determinate.

2.8.5 Column

Figure 2. 16: Column

Because the member of reaction is equal to the number of equilibrium condition that’s
why beam is determinate.

13
CHAPTER-2

2.9 INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE

2.9.1 Swing

Figure 2. 17: Swing

Because the number of reaction is more than the equilibrium condition and degree of
indeterminacy is “3” that’s why frame is indeterminate.

2.9.2 Sign Board

Figure 2. 18: Sign board

Because the number of reaction is more than the equilibrium condition and degree of
indeterminacy is “3” that’s why frame is indeterminate.

14
CHAPTER-2

2.9.3 Bench

Figure 2. 19: Bench

Because the number of reaction is more than the equilibrium condition and degree of
indeterminacy is “3” that’s why frame is indeterminate.

2.9.4 Pipe Rod

Figure 2. 20: Pipe Rod

Because the number of reaction is more than the equilibrium condition and degree of
indeterminacy is “3” that’s why frame is indeterminate.

15
CHAPTER-2

2.9.5 Electrical Transmission Pole

Figure 2. 21: Electric Transmission Pole

Because the number of reaction is more than the equilibrium condition and degree of
indeterminacy is “3” that’s why frame is indeterminate.

16
CHAPTER-3

3. FORCE MATHOD AND DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF

ANALYSIS

3.1 Force Method

The force method was originally developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 and later
refined by Otto Mohr and Heinrich Müller-Breslau. This method was one of the first
available for the analysis of statically indeterminate structures. Since compatibility forms
the basis for this method, it has sometimes been referred to as the compatibility method or
the method of consistent displacements. This method consists of writing equations that
satisfy the compatibility and force-displacement requirements for the structure in order to
determine the redundant forces. Once these forces have been determined, the remaining
reactive forces on the structure are determined by satisfying the equilibrium requirements.
3.2 Displacement Method

The displacement method of analysis is based on first writing force-displacement

relations for the members and then satisfying the equilibrium requirements for the
structure. In this case the unknowns in the equations are displacements. Once the
displacements are obtained, the forces are determined from the compatibility and force
displacement equations.

3.3 Application of Displacement Method

3.3.1 Slope-Deflection Method

As indicated previously, the method of consistent displacements studied in Point 3 is

called a force method of analysis, because it requires writing equations that relate the
unknown forces or moments in a structure. Unfortunately, its use is limited to structures
which are not highly indeterminate. This is because much work is required to set up the
compatibility equations, and furthermore each equation written involves all the
unknowns, making it difficult to solve the resulting set of equations unless a computer is

17
CHAPTER-3

available. By comparison, the slope-deflection method is not as involved. As we shall see,

it requires less work both to write the necessary equations for the solution of a problem
and to solve these equations for the unknown displacements and associated internal loads.
Also, the method can be easily programmed on a computer and used to analyze a wide
range of indeterminate structures. The slope-deflection method was originally developed
by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr for the purpose of studying secondary stresses in
trusses. Later, in 1915, G.A. Maney developed a refined version of this technique and
applied it to the analysis of indeterminate beams and framed structures.

18
CHAPTER-4

4 COMPUTER BASED ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURE

4.1 About Software Used

There are two software used are following.

4.1.1 SAP 2000

Sap 2000 founded about 30 years ago and is the most widely used structural software in
Latin America, Portugal, Italy and Spain. It is also very popular in Asia and UK as well.

In parallel the second most widely used software are StaadPro, ETABS and Risa
3D.However, the grids provided in SAP makes it easier to create the geometric input than
with the StaadPro or any other software of the same kind. Dynamic analysis is stronger in
SAP2000 for example earthquake force applied in any direction, automatic lumping of
masses for earthquake, live load reduction, bridges transient loads, eigen modes and ritz
modes, etc. it has facilities for creep and shrinkage of concrete. Its ability to solve
heterogeneous soil-structure interaction clearly differentiates it from others.

19
CHAPTER-4

4.1.2 Microsoft Excel

There is no need to explain that how important this software is. It is obvious that none of
the person can start his professional career especially office work without knowing the
importance and usability of Microsoft Office products like MS Word, MS Excel, MS

PowerPoint and list goes on. If you want to become a good Civil Engineer your top most
choice for software should be Microsoft Office.

4.2 Discussion and Comparison Long Hand Calculation Result with SAP200

Advantages, Disadvantages, and Conclusion Advantages and Disadvantages to the Client

There are a number of advantages to the proof of concept (POC) for the client including
Expectation synchronization with the vendor Improved ownership of the implementation
process Identification of functional gaps or overselling Better understanding of
investment required. More accurate scoping provides a better understanding of the
investment required to complete the implement

20
CHAPTER-4

4.3 Generate Excel Sheet for Analysis of the Given Problem

Problem 4.3.1

53
CHAPTER-4

Problem 4.3.2

54
CHAPTER-4

Problem 4.3.3

Problem 4.3.4

55
CHAPTER-4

56
CHAPTER-5 CALCULATIONS AND DISCUSION

5 CALCULATIONS AND DISCUSION

5.1 What Have You Learned From the Report

I think it's a good experience for me and now I am so happy for completion of the report.
I learn more thing from this report now I can work on Microsoft office easily. Now I am
able to compose anything on Microsoft office with complete specification of any
document that required.

5.2 Which Technique Is Preferable? Long Hand Calculation or Software

Simulation for Analysis of Indeterminate Structure. And Why?

I think software simulation is preferable, because the software is more accurate then long
hand calculation. The software have very less chance of error, and it’s very fast. We can
save time and money through the software.

5.3 Suggestion for the Future Lab Report for Lab Work of SA-II

My suggestion is that making of report is very hard work so it should be assign for
student after mid-term examination. The report is very help full for the preparation of
final year project report.

57
References

References:

1. Structural Analysis by “R.C Hibbeler”, Eight edition

2. Notes by “Engineer Najam Abbas”
3. Theory Structures by “Stephen-P-Timoshenko”
4. Basic Structural Analysis by C.S Reddy

57