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1. Majority of salivary stones occur in 11. Which of the following materials is easily confused with
a. Parotid gland dental caries when viewed radiographically
b. Ectopic salivary gland a. Calcium hydroxide cement b. Dental amalgam
c. Sub lingual gland c. Zink oxide engenol cement d. Zink phosphate cement
d. Sub mandibular gland 12. Ammonia treated gold foil is also known as
a. Cohesive foil b. Non cohesive foil
2. Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of c. Corrugated foil d. Non-corrugative foil
a. External carotid artery b. Internal carotid artery 13. The cavo surface angle for inlay cavity preparation
c. Common carotid artery d. Subclavian artery a. 90 degree b. 150 degree
c. Less than 90 degree d. 180 degree
3. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis refers to
a. Tuberculous thyroid b. Hashimoto’s thyroid 14. Which of the following drug is commonly used to control
c. Dequervain’s thyroid d. Riedel’s thyroid salivation in operative denstistry
a. Pilocarpine b. Propanolal c. Atropine d. Muscerine
4. The organism least resistant to thermal inactivations is
a. Bacterial spores b. Virus 15. Ferrier double bow separator works on the principles of
c. Spirochete d. Streptococcus mutans a. Wedge principle b. Traction principle
c. Slow separation d. Delayed tooth movement
5. Periapical granuloma can be differentiated from
cementoma by 16. Fluoride substitutes the following components of
a. Radiograph b. Pulp vitality test hydroxyapatite crystal
c. C.T. Scan d. MRI Scan a. Calcium b. Hydroxyl c. Phosphate d. All the above

6. RC-prep is a combination of 17. Cell rests of malassez are found in

a. EDTA with carbamide periodide a. Enamel b. Dentine
b. EDTA with hydrogen periodide c. Pulp d. Periodontal ligament
c. EDTA with sodium hypochlorite
d. EDTA with urea periodide 18. Gnarled enamel is seen in
a. Proximal surface of tooth b. Cervical region of tooth
7. Peso reamer is used for c. Cusp tips of tooth d. All the above.
a. To remove lingual shoulder of anterior teeth
b. Enlarge rootcanal orifices 19. Mesial development depression is the characteric feature
c. Post space preparation of
d. To remove gutta percha a. Maxillary first premolar b. Maxillary second premolar
c. Mandibular first premolar d. Mandibular second premolar
8. When restoring a tooth with resin material, acid etching
can do all of the following except 20. Muscles of tongue are formed by
a. Increase the surface area a. First arch mesoderm b. Second arch mesoderm
b. Permit chemial bonding between resin and enamel c. Occipital myotomes d. Cervical somites
c. Create surface irregularities in enamel for better
mechanical retention of resin. 21. The structure that does not traverse parotid gland is
d. Condition the tooth surface for better wetting. a. Superficial temporal artery b. Posterior auricular artery
c. External carotid artery d. Internal carotid artery
9. Radio opacity of composite resins is achieved by the
addition of 22. Sensory innervation of larynx as far as the vocal folds is
a. Borax by
b. Barium and strontium glasses a. External laryngeal nerve b. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
c. Small amount of lead and carbon c. Internal laryngeal nerve d. Glossopharyngeal nerve
d. Rare earthmetallic oxides
23. Nerve of the pterygoid canal is formed by union of
10. Preparation of class I cavities for dental amalgam, direct a. Deep petrosal nerve with greater petrosal nerve
filling gold or gold inlays have in common b. Deep petrosal nerve with lesser petrosal nerve
a. Occlusally diverging facial and lingual walls c. Greater petrosal and lesser petrosal nerves
b. Occusally diverging mesial and distal walls d. Greater petrosal and external petrosal nerves
c. Occlusally converging facial and lingual walls
d. Occlusally converging mesial and distal walls 24. Lymphatics of upper gum drains into
a. Lingual nodes b. Retropharyngeal nodes
c. Submandibular nodes d. Submental nodes

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c. Streptococcus mutans d. Staphycococcus albus

25. Accessory meningeal artery enters cranial cavity through
a. Foramen lacerum b. Foramen rotundum 38. Cyst arising from rest of malassez is
c. Foramen spinosum d. Foramen ovale a. Dental cyst b. Dentigerous cyst
c. Radicular cyst d. Kerato cyst
26. Basic metabolic unit of bone is
a. Osteon b. Osteoblast c. Osteocyte d. Osteoclast 39. Common salivary gland tumour in children
27. Neurogenic cause of dysphagia includes the following a. Lymphoma b. Pleomorphic adenoma
except c. Adenoid cystic carcinoma
a. Multiple sclerosis b. Tetanus d. Muco epidermoid carcinoma
c. Parkinson’s disease d. Tetany 40. Bone loss following extraction is
a. Less for first 6 months b. Less for first 1 month
28. Cribriform, honey comb(or) swiss cheese histology c. More for first 6 months
pattern is seen in d. Process uniformly for first one year
a. Adenoid cystic carcinoma b. Pleomorphic adenoma
c. Acinic cell carcinoma d. Clear Cell Carcinoma 41. A retruded tongue position in an edentulous patient
results in
29. Which cyst is always associated initially with the crown of a. Good peripheral seal b. Over extended impression
an impacted embedded or unerupted tooth. c. Under extended impression
a. Dentigerous cyst b. Periodontal cyst d. Increased stability of lower denture
c. Odontogenic kerato cyst d. Primordial cyst
42. Determining the relative parallelism of proximal tooth
30. Rigidity of facial muscles ‘Risus sardonicus’ is associated surfaces by contacting with the surveyor blade is known
with as
a. Tetanus b. Syphilis c. Leprosy d. Actinomycosis a. Guiding planes b. Angle of cervical convergence
c. Height of contour d. Interference
31. The tooth most commonly involved in chronic focal 43. The modulus of elasticity of an alloy refers to
sclerosing osteomyelitis is a. Flexibility b. Ducttility c. Stiffness d. Malleability
a. Maxillary second moloar b. Maxillary third moloar
c. Maxillary first moloar d. Mandibular first molar 44. Tissue conditioning materials are
a. Elastomers b. Elasto polymers
32. Severe cellulitis beginning in the submaxillary space and c. Polymers d. Impression plaster
secondarily involving the sublingual and submental
spaces is known as 45. Which component of a removable partial denture used to
a. Submandibular cellulites b. Submaxillary cellulitis retain or prevent dislodgement
c. Ludwigs angina d. Sura hyoid cellulitis a. Indirect retainer b. Rest
c. Minor connector d. Direct retainer
33. Pain, muscle tenderness, clicking or popping noise in
T.M joint and limitation of jaw motion are the four 46. Functional impression technique can be applied in
cardinal signs and symptoms of a. Uniformly firm ridge consistency
a. Costen’s syndrome b. Traumatic arthritis of TM joint b. All variety of residual ridges
c. Osteo arthritis d. Myo facial pain dysfunction syndrome. c. Knife Edge ridge d. Displacable alveolar ridge

34. Cooleys anemia is also known as 47. A rigid reciprocal arm of a clasp may also act as
a. Erythro blastosis fetalis b. Aplastic anemia a. Direct retainer b. An axillary indirect retainer
c. Thalassemia d. Permicious anemia c. Major connector d. Minor connector

35. Rubeola refers to 48. Complete denture patients have a preference for which
a. German measles b. Measles region when the consistency of food is tough
c. Small pox d. Chicken pox a. 2nd molar region b. Pre molar region
c. 1st molar region d. Pre molar and molar region
36. An interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes
mellitus and vascular hypertension is described as 49. Guiding plane in RPD should be located at
a. Gardner’s syndrome. b. Grinspan’s syndrome a. In between edentulous space
c. Costen’s syndrome d. Cowden’s syndrome b. Abutment surface adjacent to an edentulous area
c. Edentulous area d. Abutment area
37. Most common organism causing caries
a. Streptococcus Faecalis b. Streptococcus viridans

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50. The teeth that are retained for the longest period of time 63. Blood supply of coronoid process of mandible is
are primarily from
a. Maxillary incisors b. Maxillary canines a. Inferior alveolar artery b. Deep temporal artery
c. Mandibular incisors d. Mandibular canines. c. Facial artery d. Middle Meningeal artery

51. The preferred gingival finish line for veneer metal 64. The method of presenting data of geographic distribution
restoration is is
a. Shoulder b. Chamfer a. Histogram b. Pie chart
c. Shoulder with bevel d. Radial shoulder c. Frequency polygon d. Cartogram

52. The term thrush refers to 65. The number of independent members in the sample is
a. Acute atrophic candidiasis b. Chronic atrophic candidiasis a. Null b. Degrees of freedom
c. Acute pseudo membranous candidiasis c. Bias d. Significance
d. Median rhomboid glossitis
53. Heck’s disease is another name for 66. The method of prepayment wherein the patient pays a
a. Focal epithelial hyperplasia b. Fibromatosis gingiva percent of total cost.
c. Oral melanotic macule a. Loan b. Co-insurance
d. Hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome c. Reasonable fee d. Fee for service
67. Tasks involving exposure to blood, body fluids, tissues are
54. Which of the following is a precancerous lesions called
a. Speckled leukoplakia b. Benign migratory glossitis a. Category I b. Category II
c. White sponge nevus d. Hairy leukoplakia c. Category III d. Category IV

55. Target lesions are seen in 68. The castration complex is associated with which income
a. Pemphigoid b. Lichenplanus group
c. Erythema multiforme d. Mickulicz’s disease a. Upper middle class b. Lower middle class
c. Upper lower class d. Lower class
56. The milliampere (MA) control of X-Ray machine controls
a. The speed of electrons b. The quantity of electrons 69. The point at which chlorine demand of water is met is
c. The speed of protons d. The quantity of protons termed
a. Chlorine point b. Super chlorination
57. The size of actual focal spot is c. Break point d. Dechlorination
a. 1 x 3 MM b. 1 x 1 MM 70. Emporiatrics is the word used to describe the science of
c. 1 x 4 MM d. 1 x 2 MM a. Epidemics b. Feet
c. Health of travelers d. Child health
58. Which layer of epithelium of oral mucous membrane is
more sensible to radiation 71. Blinding can be done to eliminate which type of bias
a. Stratum Spinosum b. Stratum granulosam a. Breksorian b. Recall c. Confounding d. Interviewers
c. Stratum basale d. Stratum corneum
72. The prevention of emergence or development of risk
59. In recent avulsion of teeth the image of laminadura of the factors in countries where they have not appeared is
empty socket in the Radiograph is usually what type of prevention?
a. Lost b. Discontinuous a. Primary b. Secondary c. Fertiary d. Primordial
c. Persisting d. Widened
73. The first dental college in India was started in 1926 at
60. Most common site of tuberculous lesion in the oral cavity a. Delhi b. Calcutta c. Bombay d. Chennai
is
a. Buccal Mucosa b. Lips c. Tongue d. Palate 74. The index age group for deciduous teeth in year is
a.12 b.5 c. 35-44 d. 65-74
61. Most common fungus in diabetics
a. Cryptococcus b. Aspergillus 75. When a disease spreads from one country to another in a
c. Rodotorula d. Nocordia short time it is called
a. Endemic b. Pandemic c. Epidemic d. Sproadic
62. Actinomycosis is caused by
a. Virus b. Bacteria 76. Oral hygiene was first practiced by
c. Fungus d. Unknownfactor a. Chinese b. Etruscans c. Summerians d. Sustuta

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77. Length of junctional epithelium c. Nerve membrane d. Perineurium

a. 0.0 to 1.0 mm b. 0.01 to 0.02 mm
c. 0.25 to 1.35 mm d. 0.30 to 0.40 mm 90. The receding chin where the occlusion is acceptable the
choice of surgical procedure for correction would be
78. Recent classification of periodontal disease organised by a. Sliding genioplasty b. Sagittal split osteotomy
American Academy of periodontology was introduced in c. Kole procedure d. Oblique ramus osteotomy
the year
a.1989 b.1997 c.1998 d.1999 91. A patient with severe periodontal involvement requires
flap surgery on the complete mandibular arch. A
79. EM study of the four zones of necrotising ulcerative potential problem is the damage to the
gingivitis was coined by a. Facial nerve b. Mental nerve
a. Listgarten b. Slot c. Pinborg d. Socransky c. Attachment of the mentalis muscle
d. Attachment of the inferior labialis muscle
80. Plateau like bone margins caused by resorption of 92. A maxillary central incisior of an 8 yr old boy was
thickened bony plates is called completely displaced. The avulsed tooth was found, and
a. Lipping b. Crater the patient was seen by the dentist 20 minutes after the
c. Reversed architecture d. Ledge injury. Immediate treatment of choice is
a. Clean the tooth with saline ,then replant the tooth in its
81. Arc-shaped alveolar bone loss is seen radiographically in socket
a. Chronic periodontitis b. Plane the root to remove necrotic tissue ,then replant the
b. Localised Jeuvenile periodontities tooth in the socket
c. Refractory periodontitis d. Localised periodontities.
82. Linear gingival erythema is a characteristic finding in
c. Sterilize the tooth in a strong cold sterilizing solution ,
a. Chronic gingivitis b. Chronic periodontitis then replant the tooth in the socket
c. Human immuno-deficiency virus d. Perform endodontic treatment and root canal filling ,
d. Aggressive periodontitis then replant the tooth in its socket
93. Which of the following is least likely to elicit a painful
83. Sub-gingival scaling alters the microflora of periodontal response by a person who has exposed root surfaces
pocket a. Use of a periodotal aid
a. Never gets altered b. Aerobes only b. Vigorous horizontal tooth brushing
c. Gets altered d. Anerobes only
c. Ice cream
84. The primary etiologic factor in the development of d. Tooth surface evaluation by a dental explorer
furcation defect is
a. Calculus b. Plaque 94. A dentist is removing extrinsic stains from a patients
c. Cemental caries d. Root infection teeth when suddenly the patient loses consciousness and
stops breathing. What is the first step in the management
85. The most widely recommended tool for removing plaque of this medical emergency
from proximal tooth surfaces a. Make sure there is an unobstructed airway
a. Tooth brush b. Mouth wash b. Determine the cause of loss of consciousness
c. Dental floss d. Tooth paste c. Loosen tight clothing
86. Reshaping of bone without removing tooth supporting
d. Attempt to ventilate the patient lungs
bone is known as
95. The principal reason for placing an aluminum filter in
a. Odontoplasty b. Osteoplasty
the primary beam of radiation is to
c. Coronoplasty d. Ostectomy
a. Reduce exposure time
87. The syndrome characterised by hyperkeratotic skin b. Decrease development time of the films
lesions, severe destruction of the periodontium and c. Reduce radiation to the skin of the patient
calcification the dura
a. Down’s syndrome b. Chediak-Hagashi syndrome
d. Obtain greater definition of the images of the teeth
c. Papillon-lefevre syndrome d. Plummer-vinson syndrome
96. Connective tissue is characterized by
88. The primary excretory organ for the local anaesthetic a. Being derived from the mesenchyme, and by contaning
and its metabolites is more intercellular material than cells
a. Lungs b. Kidneys c. Rectum d. Skin b. Contaning amorphous intercellular substance, and by
having little tissue fluid
89. The site of action of the local anaesthetic is on
a. Axioplasm b. Epineurium

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c. Being calcified in some types ,and by having sensitivity c. Giddiness

as its main function d. Tingiling of the hands
d. Having poor reparative ability, and by contaning few
lymphatic channels 99. Cranial base length is measured from
a. Nasion to Bolton
97. Gingival curettage is indicated in the treatment of b. Nasion to sella
a. Inflamed and edematous gingiva c. Sella to Bolton
b. Fibrotic gingiva d. None of the above
c. Bleeding gingiva
d. All of the above 100. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim are synergestic
bacteriostatic agents because in bacteria they
98. Which of the following is the first symptom that is a. Both inhibt folic acid
usually perceived by a patient being administered b. Interfere sequently with folinic acid production
nitrous nitrous oxide? c. Are both inhibitors of dihydrofolic acid reductase
a. Nausea d. Are both transformed invivo into a single active
b. Euphoria compound

1. Ans. ”d”: Refg.207.manipal manual of surgery by shenoy.

·- Salivary calculi are the commonest causes of sialoadenitis Calculi are more common in the submandibular salivary gland than
parotid gland because of the following reasons.
· -Higher mucin content in the submandibular salivary gland secretions.
· - calcium and phosphate content in the secretion is high.
· -nondependent drainage of secretions. Gland is in the neck and opening of the duct in the oral cavity.

2. Ans. ”d”: Ref:138/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy

• The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the
thyrocervical trunk which arises from the subclavian
artery.
• Branches of Arch of Aorta
• Brachiocephalic II left common carotid III left
subclavian artery
• Right common Carotid artery Right subclavian artery
• External carotid internal carotid
• Supply structures in front Of neck and in face
• principal artery of brain and eye)

3. Ans. ”B”
• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the main component of thyroiditis.
• Autoimmune aetiology is characteristic by extensive lymphocytic infiltration resulting in destruction of thyroid follicles with
variable degree of fibrosis.
• Females in premenopausal group (40-50years) commonly affected. Initially, symptoms of mild hyperthyroidism (hashitoxicosis)
may be present. Later, extensive intrathyroidal fibrosis results in permanent hypothyroidism.
• The thyroid follicles are destroyed by significant fibrosis. The deep eosinophilic-staining thyroid follicular cell, Askanazy cell, is
characteristic.
• The gland can be firm to hard and sometimes rubbery in consistency, smooth or irregular and can involve the lobe or entire gland.
• In many cases, thyroid antibodies are raised, suggesting an autoimmune disorder.
Treatement: Thyroxine 0.2 mg/day is given as a supplementary dose.

4. Ans. ”A”
Bacterial spores constitute some of the most resistant forms of life . They remain viable for centuries. They are extremely resistant
to dessication and relatively so to chemicals and heat. though some spores may resist boiling for prolonged periods, spores of all
medically important species are destroyed by autoclaving at 120degree.c for 15 minutes.
Viruses are more prone for thermal inactivation

5. Ans B: Ref:298/4th shafers

In periapical granuloma the teeth is nonvital as a result of death of the pulp through infection or trauma whereas in cementoma the
teeth is vital, so both are differentiated by vitality test.
Cementoma ( periapical cemental dysplasia). The site commonly involved is mandibular anterior teeth .It is common in women in
second decade of life

6. Ans. ”D”: Refg.225 Grossman’s Endodontic practice 11th edition.

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A combination of EDTA and urea peroxide [R-C prep]+developed by Stewart and colleagues was an effective lubricating and
cleaning agent for root canals and allowed deeper penetration of the medicament into the dentin.

7. Ans.”C”: Refg.211,Grossman’sEndodontic practice 11th edition.

Two types of power-driven reamers are used in endodontics:Gates Glidden drills and the peeso reamers. The Gates Glidden drill has
a long, thin shaft ending in a flameshaped head, with a safe tip to guard against perforations.
The peeso reamer has long, sharp flutes connected to a thick shaft. It cuts laterally and is primarily used for the preparation of post
space when gutta-percha has been removed from the obturated root canal.
The Gates Glidden drill is used to remove the lingual shoulder during access preparation of anterior teeth, to enlarge root canal
orifices, and to clean and shape the cervical third of root canals in the step-back preparation.

8. Ans. ”B” 9. Ans. ”B”: Ref:375/sikhri

10. Ans.”B”: Ref:336/sikhri

Walls of the preparation are made parallel to each other. In wide cavities, mesial and distal walls need to be diverged slightly
towards the occlusal surface so as to prevent any undermining and weakening of the marginal ridges. Pulpal floor is made flat and
perpendicular to the occlusal forces. All enamel must be supported by sound dentine. All these features contribute to the
resistance form of the cavity. Retention is provided by the paralleslism of walls and sharp line angles and point angles.

11. Ans. A: This question seems to be from old national board papers when no radioopaque material was included in calcium
hydroxide cement. Now a days calcium hydroxide contains radioopaque ingredients.
12. Ans. B: Refg.327 sikhri
-pure gold classified into cohesive: semi cohesive non cohesive forms.
-the gold foil which is free of any surface contaminants and can be placed directly into cavity preparation is called “cohesive gold”.
-The ‘semicohesive gold form” is one in which a protective gas film like ammonia is absorbed on to surface of gold.
The non-cohesive form of gold is one in which certain non-volatile contaminants like iron, sulphur or phosphorous are permanently
deposited onto surface.

13. Ans. B
The angle at the junction of the walls of the cavity preparation and the external surface of the tooth.
It is of two types
[Ref Sturdevant 4th ed. Pg 300]
Butt joint
Lap / Slip joint
90o cavosurface angle
Advocated in amalgam restorations because amalgam is a brittle material and has low edge strength
Butt joint produces maximal strength for both tooth and amalgam.
It is also advocated in silicate and porcelain restorations
> 90 degree cavosurface angle.
Advocated in cast and composite restorations
30 – 40o marginal metal and 140 – 150o cavosurface angle.
Beveling enables superior adaptation and burnishability of marginal metal

14. Ans. c : Ref:108 sikhri

Drugs can reduce salivation but are rarely indicated. These include antisialogogues, antianxiety agents, sedatives etc.,
i) Antisialogogues:0-25-1mg,oral,1hr before.Premedication may be indicated using an anticholinergic agent to depress
salivation. A tropine can be given half an hour before the appointment, but should be avoided in patients with high ocular
pressure or with cardiovascular problems; and glaucoma.
ii) Antianxiety agents and barbiturate sedatives premedication with these drugs is quite helpful in apprehensive patients. E.g.
Diazepam 5-10mg. or Barbiturates, 24 hours before the appointment. Because of psychological dependence on these drugs,
these should be given only for short periods and to selected patients.
iii) Muscle relaxants.

15. Ans. B: Ref: 157/sikhri ; Separators,which work on traction principle, are:

a) Non interfering true separator b) Ferrier double bow separator c) Ivory adjustable separator
d) perry separator e) Woodward separator f) Parr’s universal separator g) Dentatus-Nystrom separator
The first and second types of separators are commonly used.

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16. Ans. b: Ref: 423/sikhri

It converts the typical calcium hydroxyapatite crystals of the dental tissues to acid resistant calcium fluorapatite crystals that resist
acid attack from caries producing micro organisms.

17. Ans. d; page.39,Carranza’s Clinical periodontology, 9th edition.

The epithelial rests are considered remnants of Hertwig’s root sheath, which disintegrates during root development.
Epitehlial rests are distributed close to the cementum throughout the periodontal ligament of most teeth and are most numerous in
the apical88 and cervical areas.119,120. they diminish in number with age106 by degenerating and disappearing or undergoing
calcification to become cementicles. The cells are surrounded by a distinct basal lamina, are interconnected by hemidesmosomes,
and contain tonofilaments.7 Epitehlial rests proliferate when stimulated 109,112,116 and participate in the formation of periapical
cysts and lateral root cysts.

18. Ans. c: Ref:63,Essentials of oral histology/Kabita Chatterjee.

Gnarled enamel-If the section of the enamel, cut in an oblique plane is examined, under the microscope, the enamel rods appear
twisted around each other in the region of cusps and incisal edge near dentin. The alternate right and left deviation of the rods
becomes more complicated in an oblique plane. The bundles of rods appear to intertwine more irregularly. This optical
appearance of the enamel is called gnarled enamel. This is associated with an increased strength of the enamel.

19. Ans. A: A distinguishing feature of this tooth is found on the medial surface of the crown. Immediately cervical to the mesial
contact area, centered on the mesial surface and bordered buccally and lingually by the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual line angles,
is a marked depression called the mesial developmental depression.

20. Ans. c: Ref:214/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.: Development of Tongue.

I. Epithelium
(a) Anterior 2/3:from two lingual swellings and tuberculum impar, i.e., from the first branchial arch . Therefore, it supplied by
lingual nerve (pertrematic) and chorda tympani (pretrematic).
(b) Posterior 1/3:from cranial half of the hyper branchial eminence i.e., from the third arch. Therefore it is supplied by the
glossopharyngeal nerve.
(c) posteriormost part from the fourth arch. This therefore supplied by the vagus nerve.
II. Muscles develop from the occipital myotomes which are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve.
Palatoglossus is supplied by cranial accessory nerve.
III. Connective tissue develops from the local mesenchyme.

21. Ans. D: Ref. 110/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.

Structures within the parotid Gland - Arteries: The external carotid artery enters the gland through its posteromedial surface. The
maxillary artery leaves the gland through its anteromedial surface. The superficial temporal vessels emerge at the anterior part of
the superior surface. The posterior auricular artery may arise within the gland.

22. Ans. c: Ref: 208,209/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.

• Nerve supply of Muscles:
• All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the cricothyroid which is supplied by
the external laryngeal nerve.
• Nerve supply of Larynx
• A motor nerves. The internal laryngeal nerve supplies the mucous membrane above the level of the vocal folds. The recurrent
laryngeal nerve supplies it below the level of the vocal folds.

23. Ans. a: Ref: 81/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.

The deep petrosal nerve is a branch of the sympathetic plexus round the internal carotid artery. It contains postgandlionic fibres
from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The nerve of the pterygoid canal. The sympathetic fibres in it are distributed
through the branches of the pterygopalatine gandlion.

24. Ans. c

25. Ans. d: Ref: 24/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.

The foramen ovale transmits the mandibular nerve the lesser petrosal nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, an emissary vein
connecting the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid plexus of veins and occasionally the anterior trunk of the middle meningeal
vein.

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26. Ans. A: Osteology by Inderbir singh

Compact bone consists of numerous haversian canal surrounded by concentric lamellae. each haversian canal and lamellae
consists of haversian system or osteon. Interstital lamellae is present in between osteons, circumferential lamella is present on
surface parallel to outer surface of compact bone

27. Ans. D: Ref:- reference harrison manual of medicine –16th edition

Dysphagia is difficulty moving food or liquid through the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. The patient senses swallowed material
sticking along the path. Odynophagia is pain on swallowing. Globus pharyngeus is the sensation of a lumplodged in the throat,
but swallowing is unaffected.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Dysphagia is caused by two main mechanisms: mechanical obstruction or motor dysfunction
Mechanical causes of dysphagia can be luminal (e.g., large food bolus, foreign body), intrinsic to the esophagus (e.g.,
inflammation, webs and rings, strictures, tumors), or extrinsic to the esophagus (e.g., cervical spondylitis, enlarged thyroid or
mediastinal mass, vascular compression).
The motor function abnormalities that cause dysphagia may be related to defects in initiating the swallowing reflex (e.g., tongue
paralysis, lack of saliva, lesions affecting sensory components of cranial nerves X and XI), disorders of the pharyngeal and
esophageal striated muscle (e.g., muscle disorders such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis, neurologic lesions such as
myasthenia gravis, polio, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and disorders of the esophageal smooth muscle (e.g., achalasia,
scleroderma, myotonic dystrophy).
OROPHARYNGEAL DYSPHAGIA Pt has difficulty initiating the swallow; food sticks at the level of the suprasternal notch;
nasopharyngeal regurgitation and aspiration may be present.
Causes include: for solids only, carcinoma, aberrant vessel, congenital or acquired web (Plummer-Vinson syndrome in iron
deficiency), cervical osteophyte; for solids and liquids, cricopharyngeal bar (e.g., hypertensive or hypotensive upper esophageal
sphincter), Zenker’s diverticulum (outpouching in the posterior midline at the intersection of the pharynx and the cricopharyngeus
muscle), myasthenia gravis, glucocorticoid myopathy, hyperthyroidism, hypo thyroidism, myotonic dystrophy, amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy. ESOPHAGEAL
DYSPHAGIA Food sticks in the mid or lower sternal area; can be associated with regurgitation, aspiration, odynophagia. Causes
include: for solids only, lower esophageal ring (Schatzki’s ring, symptoms are usually intermittent), peptic stricture (heartburn
accompanies this), carcinoma, lye stricture; for solids and liquids, diffuse esophageal spasm (occurs with chest pain and is
intermittent), scleroderma (progressive and occurs with heartburn), achalasia (progressive and occurs without heartburn).

28. Ans. a: In adenoid cystic carcinoma/cylindroma the basal cells are arranged in anastomosing cords or a duct like pattern. The
central portion may contain a mucoid material, producing typical cribriform or swiss cheese pattern.
-perineural spread of tumour cells is also seen.

29. Ans. a: Refage.261, Shafers 4th edition

This cyst is always associated initially with the crown of an impacted, embedded or unerupted tooth. A dentigerous cyst may also
be found enclosing a complex compound odontoma or involving a supernumerary tooth. The most common sites of this cyst are
the mandibular and maxillary third molar and maxillary cuspid areas, since these are the most commonly impacted teeth.

30. Ans. a: Tetanus/lock.jaw is a disease of nervous system characterised by intense activity of motor neurons resulting in severe
muscle spasms.
- caused by clostridium tetani
- incubation period within 14 days.
-C/F-pain and stiffness in jaws and neck muscles with muscle rigidity producing trismus and dysphagia.
- rigidity of facial muscles is “Risus sardonicus”
- when entire body is effected-opisthotonos.

31. Ans. d: Refg.502/4 Shafers 4th edition.

Chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis is an unusual reaction of bone to infection, occurring in instances of extremely high tissue
resistance or in cases of a low-grade infection.
Clinical features.This form of osteomyelitis arises almost exclusively in young persons before the age of 20 years. The tooth most
commonly involved is the mandibular first molar, which presents a large carious lesion.

32. Ans. c
Ludwig’s angina is a severe cellulites beginning usually in the submaxillary space and secondarily involving the sublingual and
submental spaces as well.
The chief source of infection is involvement of a mandibular molar, either periapical or periodontal, but it may result also from a
penetrating injury of the floor of the mouth, such as a gunshot or stab wound, or from osteomyelitis in a compound jaw fracture.

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33. Ans. D : Refage.714,Shafers 4th edition.

In addition to these four positive findings, MPDS patients also have two typical negative disease characteristics: (1)an absence of
clinical, roentgenographic or biochemical evidence of organic changes in the joint itself, and (2) lack of tenderness in the joint
when it is palpated through the external auditory meatus.
Costen’s syndrome:- it is due to altered anatomic relationship in the mandibular joint on account of reduced vertical dimension.It
is generally seen in edentulous patients c/f:-pain in and around the ears.-Stuffy sensation in the ear with impairment of hearing,
tinnitus, pain in the back of head and side of neck -painful burning of tongue with neuralgia of 2nd and 3rd divisions of Vth
nerves. Osteoarthritis is degenerative disease of weight bearing joints.

34. Ans. c: Refg.725 shafers 4th edition.

Synonyms:Cooley’s Anemia;Mediterranean Disease; Erythroblastic Anemia)
Charecterstic cells: Target cells:Target cells, safety-pin cells and normoblasts
radiological appearences. Salt and pepper.
The thalassemia group of anemias is a heterogeneous group characterized by diminished synthesis of the a- or b-globin chain of
hemoglobin A. the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and exhibits a racial pattern.

35. Ans. b: Refg.378.Shafers 4th edition

Synonyms:-Rubeola;Morbilli
Measles is an acute, contagious, dermaropic viral infection, primarily affecting children, and occurring many times in epidemic
form. Outbreaks are often cyclic in their appearance and are seen commonly at two or three-year intervals.
The portal of entry being the respiratory tract.
Clinical features. The disease, which has an incubation period of 8 to 10 days, is characterized by the onset of fever, malaise,
cough, conjunctivitis. Photophobia, lacrimation and eruptive lesions of the skin and oral mucosa.
The oral lesions are prodromal, frequently occurring two to three days before the cutaneous rash, and are pathognomonic of this
disease. The intraoral lesions are called koplik’s spots.
In german measles/Rubella kopik’s spots are absent.

36. Ans. b: Refg.809, Shafers 4th edition.

An interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension has been described by Grinspan, the triad
being described as Grinspan’s syndrome by Grupper.
Cowden’s syndrome:Association of oral papillomatous lesions, facial trichlemmomas associated with GIT, thyroid CNS
abnormalities.
Gardner’s syndrome:-multiple polyposis of large intestine, multiple sebaceous cysts, impacted supernumerary teeth and osteomas
of bone.

37. Ans. c: Refg. 414, shafers 4th edition.

Streptococcus mutans is considered today to be the chief etiologic agent in human dental caries.Especially Steptococcus mutans
have the ability to metabolize dietary sucrose and synthesize by cell-surface and extracellular glucosytransferase. This enzyme is
considered to be of special importance in the establishment of Streptococcus mutans in the dental plaque.
Streptococcus viridans causes SABE staphylococus albus causes postoperative endocarditis.

38. Ans. c : Ref.pg.493,494,Shafers 4th edition.

Synonyms:Radicular cyst; periapical cyst; Root End Cyst
The epithelial lining of radicular cyst is derived from the epithelial rests of Malassez., which proliferate as a result of the
inflammatory stimulus in a pre-existing granuloma.

39. Ans D: Refg.248, Shafers 4th edition

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurs with an equal distribution between men and women. It occurs primarily in the third to fifth
decades of life but actually can occur in virtually all decades. It is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor of children.
pleomorphic adenoma is most common salivary gland tumor in all ages as far as the epithelial salivary gland tumors is considered

40. ans. (C) 41. Ans. (B)

42. Ans.”a”: Ref:324 Nallaswamy.- Guiding planes or guide planes are defined as “Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of
abutment teeth so oriented as to direct the path of placement and removal of removable partial dentures”-GPT.
They are prepared on the proximal and axial surfaces of primary and secondary abutment teeth.

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43. Ans. ”c”: modulus of elasticity (or)young’s modulus is the relative stiffness or rigidity of a material
-It is the ratio of stresses to strain within the proportional limit.
Flexibility: It is the strain that occurs when the material is stressed to its proportional limit.
Malleability: Ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation under a compressive load without rupture.
Ductility: Ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation under a tensile load without rupture.

44. Ans. ”b”: Ref:136/2nd Basic Dental Material

Composition
These are highly plasticized acrylic resins, supplied as a powder and a liquid. Powder poly (ethyl methacrylate) or one of its
copolymers.
Liquid Aromatic ester (butyl phthalate butylglycolate) in ethanol or an alcohol of high molecular weight.

45. Ans.”d”

46. Ans. ”a”; Ref:409/ Nallaswamy - Functional Impressions

These impressions are recorded under functional load (pressure), that is, the tissue surface is recorded in the compressed form.
Since the soft tissues are recorded in the compressed form, the denture will not exert additional stress on the abutment teeth
during functional loading. By this procedure, the occlusal load can be evenly distributed between the soft tissues and the
abutment teeth. This prevents the concentration of deleterious forces on the abutment teeth.
Functional impressions are required only to record edentulous saddles. The existing teeth do not change form under load and
hence they do not require a functional impression. These impressions are indicated for tooth-tissue supported partial dentures.

47. Ans.”b”: Ref:353/Nallaswamy: Reciprocal arm “A clasp arm or other extension used on a removable partial denture to oppose
the action of some other part or parts of the prosthesis”.-GPT.
It is located on the side of the tooth opposite to the retentive arm. It resists the lateral forces exerted by the retentive arm when it
passes through the height of contour during the placement and removal of the RPD.
It is always placed in the supra-bulge area it may act as an indirect retainer when placed on an abutment located anterior to the
fulcrum line (axis of rotation) of the partial denture. Thus, the rigid reciprocal arm can resist the rocking of the denture base. A
properly positioned reciprocal arm can act as a minor connector.

48. Ans.(B)

49. Ans.”b”: Ref:324/Nallaswamy - Guiding planes or guide planes are defined as “Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of
abutment teeth so oriented as to direct the path of placement and removal of removable partial dentures”-GPT.
They are prepared on the proximal and axial surfaces of primary and secondary abutment teeth.
50. ans.(D)

51. Ans B: Ref:571/Nallaswamy - Chamfer

This finish line possesses a curved slope from the axial wall till the margin it can be procedured using a torpedo diamond point. .
It is the finish line of choice for cast metal restorations and lingual margins of metal ceramic restorations.

52. Ans. ”c”: Refg.418/9th Carranza.

Pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush) presents as painless or slightly sensitive white lesions that can be readily scraped and
separated from the surface of the oral mucosa. This type is most common on the hard and soft palate and the buccal or labial
mucosa.

53. Ans. ”a”: Refg.22,shafers 4th edition.

For option D- peutz-jegheur-syndrome. Focal epithelial hyperplasia presents as multiple nodular lesions. Usually with a sessile
base, occurring most commonly on the lower lip but also seen on the buccal mucosa, commissures. Upper lip, and tongue. The
gingivae and anterior faucial pillars are infrequently involved and lesions do not appear to occur on the floor of the mouth or
palate.

54. Ans.”a”: precancerous lesion:- morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently
normal counterpart.
• Leukoplakia • Dyskeratosis congenital
• Erythroplakia • Dyskeratosis follicularis.
• Stomatitis nicotina palatinae. • Precancerous conditions
• Chronic candidiasis

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• Generalised state of body which is associated with a • Siderophagic dysphagia

significantly increated risk of cancer. • Syphilis
• Oral submucous fibrosis • Oral lichen planus.

55. Ans.”c”: Refg.817,Shafers 4th edition.

Synonyms:-Erythema Multiforme Eudativum; Stevensjohnson syndrome; Ectodermosis Erosiva pluriorificialis.
A concentric ringlike appearance of the lesions, resulting from the varying shades of erythema, occurs in some cases and has
given rise to the terms “target”, “iris” or “bull’s eye”.
Target cells are found in Thalasemia iron deficiency anemia mickuliz’s disease is benign lymphoepithelial lesion.

56. Ans. ”b”: The milliampere determines the number of x-ray photons generated.
-As MA is increased, more number of electrons are generated at the cathode.
-No. of photons produced depend on product of tube current and time.

57. Ans. ”a”: Ref:26/2nd white-Goaz Radiology : The size of actual focal spot is 1 x 3 MM.The effective focal spot is 1X1 mm.

58. Ans. ”c”: ref:35 promos john radiology

- The oral changes due to radiation are mainly the result of radiotherapy for malignant lesions.
- The oral mucous membrane contains radiosensitive vegetative and differentiating intermitotic cells in the basal layer, marked
redness and inflammation (mucositis) are seen by the end of second week of radiotherapy.

59. Ans.(c) -pathologic condition with persisting lamina dura is traumatic bone cyst
Thickening of lamina dura is seen in TFO. Lamina dura is lost in pagets disease lamina dura is discontinuous in case of periapical
abscess.

60. Ans. ”c”: Ref:342/4th,shafers

The usual tuberculous lesion is an irregular, superficial or deep, painful ulcer which tends to increase slowly in size. It is
frequently found in areas of trauma and may be mistaken clinically for a simple traumatic ulcer or even carcinoma. Tuberculous
gingivitis is an unusual form of tuberculosis which may appear as a diffuse, hyperemic, nodular or papillary proliferation of the
gingival tissues.

61. Ans.(a): The fungi which causes massive necrotising lesions in uncontrolled diabetic patient is Cryptococcus

62. Ans.”b”: Refg.346/4th shafers

Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous, suppurative, and fibrosing disease caused by anaerobic, gram-positive, nonacid – fast,
branched, filamentous bacteria, the most commonly isolated organism being Actinomyces israelii.
Charecteristic features are sulphur granules and multiple draining sinuses, lumpy jaw.

63. Ans. (b)

64. Ans. (d): Depending on the nature of data. whether it isQualitative or Quantitative. Any one of the following diagrams may be
chosen.
a. Bar Diagram: This diagram is used to represent Qualitative data. It represents only one variable.
b. Multiple Bar: This diagram is used to compare Qualitative data with respect to a single variable. like sex-wise or with respect
to time or region. This diagram is similar to the bar diagram except that for each category of the variable we have a set of
bars of the same width corresponding to the different sections without any gap in between the width and the length
c. Proportional BarDiagram:This diagram is used to represent Qualitative data. When it is desired to compare only the
proportion of subgroups between different major groups of observations. then bars are drawn for each group with the same
length, either as I or 100%. These are then divided according to the sub-group proportion in each major group.
d. Pie Diagram: These are popularly used to show percentage breakdowns for Qualitative data. It is so called because the entire
graph looks like a pie and its components represent slices cut from a pie. A circle is divided into different sectors
corresponding to the frequencies of the variables in the distribution.
e. Histogram: This diagram is used to depict Quantitative data of continuous type. A Histogram is a bar diagram without gap
between the bars. It represents a frequency distribution.
f. Frequency Polygon: This is used to represent frequency distribution of Quantitative data and is useful to compare two or
more frequency distributions..
g. Cartogramsor SpotMap: These maps are used to show geographical distribution of frequencies of a characteristic.

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65. Ans. (b): Bias: Any systematic error in the determination of the association between exposure and disease.
Degree of Freedom:The degree of freedom is defined as the number of independent members in the sample.
Null Hypothesis:The null hypothesis asserts that there is no real difference in the sample(s) and the population in the particular
matter under consideration and the difference found is accidental and arises out of sampling variations. Having set up the
hypothesis, one has to decide on the magnitude of risk of making a wrong conclusion of rejecting the null hypothesis that the two
groups are from the same population. This is fixed in terms of a probability level P and is called the level of significance.

66. Ans. (B): MECHANISM OF PAYMENT FOR DENTAL CARE:

The mechanisms by which dental practitioners receive payment for their services can be grouped into.
1. Private fee-for-service 2. post payment plans.
3. private third – party prepayment plans
a) Commercial insurance companies. b) Non profit health service corporations.
E.g. Delta dental plans
Blue cross/Blue shield
c) prepaid group practice d)Capitation plans.
4. Salary
5. public programs.
Mechanism of payment Features Advantage Disadvantage
1. Private fee-for-service
Most preferred and traditional form of reimbursement of dental service.
Most efficient, and culturally acceptible.
Flexible payment options—price discrimination
Financially poor cannot afford
2. Post payment plans.
• This is also called as “ budget plan”.The patient takes • Difficulty for lower income groups to obtain the
loan to pay the dentists fee. credit
• Useful for middle class income groups. • Difficulty of defaulted loans.
3. Private third – party prepayment plans
Payment by some agency rather than directly by the beneficiary of those services.first party and second is dentist and patient and
the third party is the insurance company.
a) Commercial insurance companies b) Non profit health service corporations.
E.g. Delta dental plans
National Association of Dental service Plans ( NADSP) formed in june 1966 in colloboration with ADA was renamed as Delta
dental planin apr 1969
Quality of care is acceptible
Dentists participating in the Delta plan are paid 90th percentle
Non participating dentists are paid only 50th percetile
Blue cross/Blue shield
It is a health service corpoaration insurance similar to Delta dental plan with limited participation
c) prepaid group practice
HEALTH MAINTAINENCE ORGANISATION
It is a group practise that provides dental care on prepaid basis
d) Capitation plans a negotiated amount is paid to the dentist for eligible patient if he receives treatment or not

Offer only limited services. Only individuals can buy. Groups are not allowed
4. Salary
Armen forces, some members of froup practise, Public agencies
No business concerns for the dentistso more concentration on clinical work.
Financial incentive is lacking that is highly productive.
5. Public programs
Medicare: TITLE XVIII of the social security society amendments act of 1965.
Limited to procedures required for hospitalization
Initial payment is required by the patient.
Medicaid
TITLE XIX of the social security society amendments act of 1965.

Dental care is not mandatory except EPSDT under 21 years ( Early and periodic screening . diagnoisis and treatment )
Complex and confusing

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All health insurances violates some of the principles of dental health care. To overcome this insurance carriers have found ways
to get around these problems by offereing different types of payment like
a. DEDUCTIBLE:_ it is a stipulated flat sum that the patient must pay toward the cost of the treatment before benefits of the
programme go into effect. This is also called as “ front- end payment”.
b. C0INSURANCE;- the patient pays a percentage of the total cost of the treatment. Both carrier and beneficiary are each liable
for a share of the cost.
c. GROUP INSURANCE;- offered only to groups as illness experience is predictable in a group.

67. Ans.(a)
Answer is 1 (Yellow): park 17th/567; park 18th/599
Human anatomical wastes such as human tissues, organs, and body parts are classified as waste category No. 1, They are disposed in
‘plastic bags’ with a ‘ yellow color code’ and treated by ‘Incineration or deep burial’.
Color coding Type of container Waste category
Yellow Plastic bag Cat.1, cat. 2 and cat. 3, cat.6
Red Disinfected container/plastic bag Cat.3, Cat. 6, Cat. 7
Blue/white Plastic bag/puncture Cat. 4, Cat. 7
Translucent Proof container
Black Plastic bag Cat. 5 and Cat. 9 and Cat. 10/ (solid)

Waste Category
Option
Treatment and disposal
Category no.1
Human Anatomical Waste (human tissues, organs, body pasrts
Incineration/Deep burial
Category no.2
Animal waste (animal tissue, organs of body parts, carcasses, bleeding
Parts, fluids, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste
Generated by veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge from hospitals,
Animal house)
Incineration/Deep burial
Category no.3
Microbiology and Biotechnology waste (waste from laboratory cultures
Stocks or specimens of micro-organisms, love or attenuated vaccines,
Human and animal cell culture used in reach and infectious agents from
Research and industrial laboratories, waste from production of biolo Gical, toxins, dishes and devices and for transfer of cultures)
Local autoclaving/microwaving/incineration
Category no.4
Waste sharps (needles, syringses, scalpes, blade glass etc, that may
Cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps.)
Disinfection (chemical treatment/autoclaving/microwaving and mutiliation/shredding)
Category no.5
Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic drugs (wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines)
Incineration destruction and rugs disposal in secured landfills
Category no. 6
Solid waste (items contaminated with blood, and fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, linen, beddings, other material
contaminated with bollod)
Incineration autoclaving/microwaving.

68. Ans.(d)THE LOWER CLASS: have the following attitudes towahealth care
1. Castration complex 2. Contradiction of commonsense 3. coming in crowds. 4. The last ditch effort
5. If it hurts, you are a quack 6. Unclean or dirty feeling. 7. The clinic was built there, not here,
8. cold professional attitudes. 9. Difference in pain threshold. 10. The pills don’t work
11. Appointments are not important. 12. teeth lost anyhow 13. Traditions.

69. Ans. ”c”: Ref.27.josephjohn.

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As the filtration proceeds, the suspended impurities and bacteria clog the filters. The filters soon become dirty and begin to lose
their efficiency. When the “loss of head” approaches 7-8 feet, filtration is stopped and the filters are subjected to a washing
process known as “back washing.”
70. Ans. (c)
71. Ans. (d): Basic steps in conducting a (RCT) include.
Drawing up a protocol
Selecting reference and experimental populations Randomization
Manipulation or intervention
Follow up
Assessment of outcome
-In RCT the reference population may comprise the population of a white city, or a population of school children, industrial
workers, obsterie population and so on according to nature of study.
-The reference population may be as broad as mankind or it may be geographically limited or limited to persons in specific age,
sex occupational or social groups.
-Randomization is an attempt to eliminate bias and allow for comparability.
-Blinding can be done in 3 ways.
Single blind trial: participant is not aware whether he belongs to the study group or control group.
-Double blind trial:Trial is to planned that neither the doctor nor the participant is aware of the group allocation and the treatment
received.
-Tripple blind trial:The participant, The investigator and the person analyzing the data are all blind.
-Double blinding is the most frequently used method
-Haring formed the study and control groups, the next step is to interrene or manipulate the study group by the deliberate
application or withdrawal or reduction of suspected causal factor (eg: this may be a drug vaccine dictary component a habit etc.,)
as laud down in the protocol
The manipulation creates an independent variable whose effect is men determined by measurement of final outcome, which
constitutes the dependent variable
Ex:incidence of disease
Survival time
Recovery period.
Some losses such as death, migration & loss of interest are ineritable. This is known as attrition.

72. Ans. (d) 73. Ans.(b)

74. Ans. (b)
1. Recommended ages are 5 years for primary teeth and 12, 15,35-44 and 65-74 years for permanent teeth.
2. 5 years children should be examined between their 5th and 6th birthdays.
3. This is of interest in relation to levels of caries in the primary dentition at other index ages.
4. 12 years age especially important as it is generally the age at which children leave primary school and in many countries is
the last age at which a reliable sample may be obtained and also it is likely at this age that all permanent teeth except IIIrd
molars will have erupted.
5. 15 years age teeth permanent teeth may have exposed to oral environment for 3-9 years.
6. Assessment of caries prevalence is more meaningful than at 12 years.
Important for the assessment of periodontal disease indicators in adolescents 35-44 years (mean-40 years) –full effect dental caries,
the level of severe periodontal involvement, and general effects of care can be monitored

75. Ans. (b): En-in,demos=people: it refers to the constant presence of a disease or infections agent with in a given geographic area
or population group.
Epidemic: The unusual occurrence in a community, or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg smoking) or other-
health events (eg traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence”.
Sporadic : The cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time and generally infrequently.
Pandemic:An epidemic usually affecting a large proportion of population, occurring over a wide geographic area such as section
of a nation, the entire ration, a continent or the world.
Exotic: diseases which are imported into a country in which they do not otherwise occur.
Epornithic: An out break (epidemic?) of disease in a bird population.( bird flu in recent times )
Enzootic An endemic occurring in animals eg:Anthrax, rabies.

76. Ans.”c”: Ref: Refg.1/9th Carranza.: Oral hygiene was practiced by the Sumerians of 3000 BCE, and elaborately decorated gold
toothpicks found in the excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia suggest an interest in cleanliness of the mouth. The Babylonians and

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Assyrians, like the earlier Sumerians, apparently suffered from periodontal problems, and a clay tablet of the period tells of
treatment by gingival massage combined with various herbal medications.

77. Ans.”c”: Refg.23/9th Carranza.: The junctional epithelium consists of a collarlike band of stratified squamous nonkeratinizing
epithelium. It is three to four layers thick in early life, but the number of layers increases with age to 10 or even 20 layers. These
cells can be grouped in two strata: basal and suprabasal. The length of the junctional epithelium ranges from 0.25 to 1.35mm.)

78. Ans.”d”: Refg.64/9th Carranza.: the most recent, internationally accepted, consensus opinion of the diseases and conditions
affecting the tissues of the periodontium was presented and discussed at the 1999 International workshop for the classification of
the periodontal diseases organized by the American Academy of periodontology (AAP)22

79. Ans.”a”: Refg.299/9th Carranza.: Necrotic lesion contains microorganisms that morphologically resemble cocci, fusiform bacilli,
and spirochetes.. the layer between the necrotic and the living tissue contains enormous numbers of fusiform bacilli and
spirochetes, in addition to leukocytes and fibrin. Spirochetes and other bacteria invade the underlying living tissue.
Listgarten described the following four zones, which blend with each other and may not all be present in every case:
Zone 1:Bacterial zone, the most superficial, consists of varied bacteria, including a few spirochetes of the small, medium, and
large types.
Zone2: Neutrophil-rich zone contains numerous leukocytes, preponderantly neutrophils, with bacteria, including many
spirochetes of various types, between the leukocytes.
Zone3: Necrotic zone consists of disintegrated tissue cells, fibrillar material, remnants of collagen fibers, and numerous
spirochetes of the medium and large types, with few other organisms.
Zone4: zone of spirochetal infiltration consists of wellpreserved tissue infiltrated with medium and large spirochetes, without
other organisms.

80. Ans.”d”: Refg.366/9th Carranza.: Ledges are plateau-like bone margins caused by resorption of thickened bony plates

81. Ans.”b”

82. Ans.”c”: Refg.423/9th Carranza.: It is a persistent, linerar, easily bleeding, erythematous gingivitis (LGE) has been described in
some HIV-positive patients. This may or may not serve as a precursor to rapidly progressive necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
(NUP) the microflora of LGE may closely mimic that of periodontitis rather than gingivitis. linear gingivitis lesions may be
localized or generalized in nature. The erythematous gingivitis may (1) be limited to marginal tissue, (2) extend into attached
gingiva in a punctuate or a diffuse erythema, or (3) extend into the alveolar mucosa.

83. Ans.(c): primary etilogy for furcation defect is plaque

84. Ans.(b)
85. Ans.”c”: Refg.660/9th Carranza.
Dental floss is the most widely recommended tool for removing plaque from proximal tooth surfaces. Floss is available as
multifilament nylon yarn that is twisted or nontwisted, bonded or nonbonded,waxed or unwaxed, and thick or thin.

86. Ans. ”b”: Refg.788/9th Carranza. - Procedures used to correct osseous defects have been classified in two groups: osteoplasty
and ostectomy. Osteoplasty refers to reshaping the bone without removing tooth-supporting bone.

87. Ans.”c”: Refg.406/9th Carranza.

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is characterized by hyperkeratotic skin lesions, severe destruction of the periodontium, and in some
cases, calcification of the dura. The cutaneous and periodontal changes usually appear together before the age of 4 years. The skin
lesions consist of hyperkeratosis and ichthyosis of localized areas on palms, soles, knees, and elbows.

88. Ans.(b) 89. Ans.(c) 90. Ans.(a) 91. Ans b 92. Ans. A 93. Ans. A 94. Ans. a
95. Ans. C 96. Ans. A 97. Ans. A 98. Ans. D 99. Ans. A 100. Ans. b

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