A9 Fired Heaters - III, How Combustion Conditions Influence Design And

Operation
Berman Herbert L., Fired Heaters-III, How Combustion
Conditions Influence Design And Operation, Chemical
Engineering, 14 August 1978
Discusses the relative importance of different design
considerations for a typical heater, but does not look at other
options
Discusses combustion basics, fuels, combustion calculations.
Includes design details and formulas. Includes net efficiency
calculations. Defines radiant rate (flux rate) for various types of
applications (between 6000 and 10000 BTU/hr/ft2). Suggests
that higher radiant rates result in higher maintenance costs and
potential for coking.
Convection zones in heater designs are almost always equipped
with extended surface. Gives examples of heaters calculations
including stack, pressure drop, tube wall thicknesses, etc.
Discusses stack temperature loss at average 75 deg F. Stack
should provide 25% overcapacity.
A10 Fired Heaters - IV, How To Reduce Your Fuel Bill
Berman Herbert L., Fired Heaters - IV, How To Reduce Your
Fuel Bill, Chemical Engineering, 11 September 1978
Proven methods of reducing fuel consumption for typical
heaters.
Excess air is the most important combustion variable affecting
efficiency
Adding extended surfaces can improve efficiency by up to 10%
but might require additional stack height. Recommends use of
finned tubes. And heat recovery from flue gases/
Automatic draft control can increase efficiency.
APPEDNIX A – LITERATURE STUDY DETAILS
IMPROVED IMMERSION FIRE-TUBE HEATER EFFICIENCY PROJECT Page A-6
PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY ALLIANCE CANADA PROJECT EETR 0401
A11 Combustion Engineering
Borman, Gary L., Combustion Engineering, McGraw Hill, Singapore,
1998
Good source of information about principles of combustions, fuels,
thermodynamics of combustion. Application of Laws of
Thermodynamics to combustion, chemical kinetics, flame
characteristics. Ignition and quenching theory. Discussion of mass
energy balances in a furnace.
Efficiency calculation should be always based on higher heating
value. Explains principles of pulse combustion, and suggests as
good method for high efficiency designs. States that over 80% of
extra energy, which does not go to heat, transfer ends up in the
exhaust gas. Therefore exhaust gas recovery has the biggest
potential for improvements.
A12 The Influence of Prandtl Number on Heat Transfer And Pressure Drop Of
Artificially Roughened Channels
Burck, E., The Influence of Prandtl Number on Heat Transfer And
Pressure Drop Of Artificially Roughened Channels, Augmentation of
Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, ASME, New York, 1970
Discusses various methods and analyzes both integral surface
roughness and surface mounted roughness.
The heat transfer rate is influenced more by good thermal contact of
the roughness with the tube, and not the shape of the roughness
element.
The amount of heat transferred by turbulence is limited by
conduction through the thermal boundary layer. Includes data on
different surface roughness efficiency. Good thermal contact
between the roughness element and the heat transfer surface is
essential; therefore integral roughness is more effective. The
amount of heat transported by turbulence is the bulk flow is limited
by the amount of heat, which can be transported by conduction
through the boundary layer.