MINI PROJECT- II

(CL604)

Determination of Infiltration Rate of

Pervious Concrete by using different
Perforated Pipes in a Miniature scaled
down Pavement
By

Akshay Parmar [15bcl070]

Prachi Mehta [15bcl128]

Deep Patel [15bcl130]

Department of Civil Engineering

Institute of Technology
Nirma University
Ahmedabad – 382481.
May 2018

i
 Determination of Infiltration Rate of Pervious
Concrete by using different Perforated Pipes in a
Miniature scaled down Pavement

(Mini Project – II)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

For the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering

Submitted By

Akshay Parmar [15BCL070]

Prachi Mehta [15BCL128]
Deep Patel [15BCL130]

Guided by
(Prof. Tejas M. Joshi)

Department of Civil Engineering

Institute of Technology
Nirma University
Ahmedabad -382481.
May 2018

ii
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report of Mini Project II entitled “Determination of Infiltration Rate
of Pervious concrete by using different perforated pipes in a miniature scaled down
Pavement” submitted by “Akshay Parmar, Prachi Mehta, Deep Patel”, towards the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
of Nirma University, Ahmedabad, is the record of work carried out by them under my
supervision and guidance. In my opinion, the submitted work has reached a level required for
being accepted for examination. The results embodied in this report, to the best of my
knowledge, haven't been submitted to any other university or institution.

Prof. Tejas M. Joshi Dr. P.V. Patel

Asst. Prof. Prof. & Head,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Institute of Technology,
Nirma University. Nirma University.

iii
 Abstract
Pervious concrete has been increasingly used all over the world to reduce the amount of
runoff water and improve the water quality near light volume pavements and parking
lots, but its use in India is question of concern. The physical and mechanical properties
of pervious concrete will be beneficial for the forthcoming use in the construction field
of pervious concrete which will lead to reduce water runoff, increase water table and
environmental issues. This study evaluates the infiltration capacity of the pervious
concrete and it also includes the discharge that is coming out of the pavement of pervious
concrete. A miniature model of the pervious concrete pavement is being constructed and
the infiltration capacity of the pavement is being calculated using the infiltrometer of
dimeter 300mm and height 500mm. Pipes of diameter 100 mm were taken as the
discharge pipes for the pervious concrete pavement and perforation of different type were
done on the pipes. Perforation like zigzag pattern perforations, slots, slots with
perforation and perforation on the periphery were taken and discharge was measured
from the pervious concrete pavement. The pervious concrete pavement was casted using
10mm aggregates and to check the different properties of pervious concrete casted cubes
and cylinders were also casted. Different properties like void ratio, density, compressive
strength has been calculated by casting cubes specimen.

iv
 Acknowledgements
We are using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who has supported us
throughout. We are thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and
friendly advice during the project work. We are sincerely grateful to them for sharing their
truthful and illuminating views on several issues related to the project. We express our warm
thanks to Dr. P. V. Patel our honourable Head of Department for his support and guidance. We
also express our warm thanks to our guide Prof. Tejas Joshi for their valuable time and
guidance. We would also like to thank the engineers and researchers of the research papers
which we have studied for our knowledge.

Akshay Parmar [15bcl070]

Prachi Mehta [15bcl128]
Deep Patel [15bcl130]

v
 CONTENTS

Certificate ………………………………………………………………………………………… iii

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………. iv
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………... v
List of figures…………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
List of Table……………………………………………………………………………………… 2

1 Introduction 3
1.1 General 3
1.2 Need of Study 3
1.3 Objective of Study 4
1.4 Scope of Work 4
1.5 Applications 4
2 Literature Review 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Experimental Work 5
3 Experimental Work 11
3.1 General 11
3.2 PVC Box 11
3.3 Making of slots and perforation in pipes 12
3.4 Casting of pavement 12
3.4.1 Preparation of mould 12
3.4.1.1 Pavement 12
3.4.1.2 Cubes and Cylinders 13
3.5 Casting of Concrete 14
3.5.1 Mix Design 14
3.5.2 Mixing of Concrete mix 15
3.6 Slump Test 15
3.7 Filling of Pavement, Cubes and Cylinders 16
17
3.8 Curing
17
3.9 Tests on Cubes
17
3.9.1 Compression Test
18
3.9.2 Void Ratio
18
3.10 Tests on Pavement
4 Result and Discussion 20
4.1 General 20
4.2 Tests on Pervious concrete cubes 20
4.3 Tests on the Pervious pavement 20
5 Summary and Conclusions 22
5.1 General 22
5.2 Conclusion 22
5.3 Future Scope of Work 22

References 23

1
List of Tables

Table 2.1 Proportion of Aggregates 7

Table 2.2 Proportion of Aggregates 9
Table 3.1 Mix Design 14
Table 4.1 Cube Tests Results 20
Table 4.2 Infiltrometer Test Results 21

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Hardened Unit Weight v/s Void Ratio 6

Figure 2.2 Plastic Density v/s Void Ratio 6
Figure 2.3 (a) Loss in permeability v/s Aggregates Proportion 7
Figure 2.3 (b) No. of particles deposited v/s Aggregates Proportion 7
Figure 2.4 Curing of Pervious Pavement 8
Figure 2.5 Joints in Pervious Concrete 8
Figure 2.6 Voids in Pervious Concrete 9
Figure 2.7 Seepage flow in cube 10
Figure 3.1 PVC Box 11
Figure 3.2 (a) Type 1 Pipe 12
Figure 3.2 (b) Type 2 Pipe 12
Figure 3.2 (c) Type 3 Pipe 12
Figure 3.2 (d) Type 4 Pipe 12
Figure 3.3 Pavement Mould 13
Figure 3.4 Empty moulds of cubes and cylinders 14
Figure 3.5 (a) Mixing of Concrete mix 15
Figure 3.5 (b) Mixing of Concrete mix 15
Figure 3.6 Slump Test 16
Figure 3.7 (a) Pavement 16
Figure 3.7 (b) Cubes and Cylinders 16
Figure 3.8 (a) Covered Pavement and Cubes 17
Figure 3.8 (b) Curing of Pavement by jute bags 17
Figure 3.9 Compression Test on cubes 17
Figure 3.10 Calculation of Void Ratio 18
Figure 3.11 Calculation of Infiltration Velocity 19

2
Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 General

The concrete is the 2nd most used element in the world after water hence there is always a way
of research available in the field of concrete. Nowadays we are having so many different types
of concrete in market like self-compacting concrete, low heat cement concrete, light weight
concrete, light transmitting concrete, curing less concrete, pervious concrete etc. The world is
facing the problem of scarcity of water hence it becomes very essential to save every drop of
water we receive by any of the form of precipitation.

The pervious concrete serves the purpose of saving water and reduces the run-off from the
pavements. In pervious concrete, carefully controlled amounts of water and cementitious
materials are used to create a paste that forms a thick coating around aggregate particles. A
pervious concrete mixture contains little or no sand, creating a substantial void content. Using
sufficient paste to coat and bind the aggregate particles together creates a system of highly
permeable, interconnected voids that drains quickly. Typically, between 15% and 25% voids
are achieved. But due to less strength it can be used as parking areas, footpaths, pavements,
etc. While pervious concrete can be used for a surprising number of applications, its primary
use is in pavement. This report will focus on the pavement applications of the material,
properties of the aggregates used and strength of the pavement.

1.2 Need of the Study

Massive urbanization in the cities results into the high use of water which ultimately results
into the lowering of the water table below the surface. In USA by the Federal Clean Water
Legislation pervious concrete is recognized as a structural infiltration best management
practice by environmental protection agency for providing first flush pollution control and
storm water management. In India, places like cherrapunji experiences flood during monsoon.
Chandigarh city takes water from deep confined aquifer which does not recharges naturally.

3
The water drops fall on the concrete and asphalt bed contains high level of pollution which
results into the pollution in the waterbodies. So, sustainable technologies like pervious concrete
are likely to become more popular in India. And thus, to achieve proper methodology and
construction procedure, different techniques must be tried and used to develop a new theory
which can transform the existing structures in the present world. To study the effect of pipe
diameter and perforation types on the permeability of Pervious concrete. To check the
permeability of pervious pavement by using aggregates of different grades in different
pavements.

1.3 Objective of study

• Study the behavior of the pervious concrete when water passes through it.
• Analyze the effect of different drainage pipes used for the discharge of water.
• Study the infiltration rate of the pervious concrete.

1.4 Scope of work

• Make a miniature pavement with different mix designs which can imitate like the
original one and thus the tests can be conducted.
• By using pipes of different diameter with different size and shapes of perforation.
• Calculate and Determine Infiltration rate of the pavement by the Infiltrometer Ring.

1.5 Applications

• Parking Pavements.
• Recharging ground waters.
• Less strength resistance pavements.
• Driveways.
• Pathways.

4
Chapter 2
Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
The literature review was done mainly on the pavement construction of pervious concrete.
Literature review mainly focuses on the steps involved in the construction of pervious concrete
pavement. Main emphasis is laid on the type of compaction needed for the pervious pavement
as compaction plays a vital role in pervious pavement. If more compaction is done than the
void ratio and permeability decrease and if less compaction is done than required strength is
not achieved.

2.2 Experimental work

In the paper Kevern [1] deals with the design of plain cement pervious concrete and placing
techniques of pervious concrete. According to the mix design given by NRMCA guidelines if
the void ratio is between 15 to 20% than strength of 20.68MPa and permeability of 0.211cm/sec
can be achieved. There are research papers available for the mix design and other properties of
the plain cement pervious concrete but there is not theoretical proof available for the placing
techniques of the plain cement pervious concrete. IN case of the plain cement pervious concrete
placing technique plays a vital role as if the required void ratio is not kept than there is chance
of less permeability and clogging of the voids in the pavement. In the paper the author gives
evidence about the different ways by which the plain cement pervious concrete can be placed.

Before placing the pervious concrete, we need to prepare the site which include the permeable
base of 18inch and foam work of 8inch for the pervious pavement. The pervious mix is hard to
place as the flowability of it less than the normal concrete, more labor are required. The
compaction can be done by rolling the small diameter roller for the compaction and finishing
work of the pervious pavement. If more compaction is required than screed vibrator can also
be used which gives the uniform compaction and finishing to the pavement. The plate vibrator
also can be used using a plywood for uniformity. The author had studied and plotted graph of
hardened unit weight vs void ratio and hardened unit weight vs number of passes of roller of
122.5 plf weighted roller.

5
 Figure 2.1 Hardened Unit Weight v/s Void Ratio

Figure 2.2 Plastic Density v/s Void Ratio

The above Figures 2.1 and 2.2 show the relation between the number of passes vs the plastic
density and the void ratio vs the hardened unit weight respectively. As the number of passes
increases the density will increase while if the void ratio will increase the unit weight of
hardened concrete will decrease.

Omkar Deo [3]explains that the permeability depends upon the volume of voids in pervious
concrete while this percentage of voids depends upon the gradation of the coarse aggregate
used in the mixed design. In this research paper the author has prepared pervious concrete b
taking different gradation of the aggregate and found out the average volumetric porosity
percentage theoretically and practically. According to the author mix with 75% 4mm and 25%
10mm aggregates gives maximum percentage of volumetric porosity that is 0.218 theoretically
and practically it gives 0.216.

6
 Table 2.1 : Proportion of aggregates
Mixture ID Mass (%) of Aggregates Average Average
%-3/8” %-#4 aggregates %-#8 aggregates volumetric porosity from
aggregates porosity, φv image analysis,
φA
1 100 0 0 0.202 0.192
2 75 25 0 0.187 0.168
3 50 50 0 0.097 0.124
4 25 75 0 0.218 0.216
5 0 100 0 0.188 0.198
6 0 50 50 0.201 0.215
7 0 0 100 0.195 0.195
The Table 2.1 shows the proportion of aggregates taken in the different mix design and the
average volumetric porosity and average volumetric porosity from image analysis is given.

Figure 2.3 : Loss in permeability v/s Figure 2.3 : No. of particles deposited
Aggregates Proportion v/s Aggregates Proportion

The Figure 2.3 shows the amount of fine aggregate which gets stucks in the pores of the
different mix design is represented graphically and the loss of permeability of pervious concrete
after addition of the fines is also mentioned in the graphs given above. According to it the mix
prepared by 100% 10mm aggregates is the best mix design in which the %of fines stucked in
the voids is also less hence %the loss of the permeability is also less.

The author Paul D. Tennis [2] deals with the applications, performance, Environmental
benefits, Engineering properties, design of plain cement pervious concrete, Steps of
construction of pervious pavement, Inspection and maintenance of pavement. According to the
author Plain cement pervious concrete has been used as a sub bar for normal roads to reduce

7
noise reduction in traffic. It is known as the eco concrete as water which is collected is also
been cleaned. 15-20% voids show 20Mpa 7days strength and 2mm/sec permeability.

The Pavement is design by the consideration of the waterflow that is need to be infiltrate in the
pavement and hence the slope of the pavement and pipe and diameter of the pipe is designed
accordingly. During the placing of the pavement the required joints are done quickly by using
the joint cutters as settling time and shrinkage are accelerated in pervious. Joint spacing is
normally kept in between 6m to 13.5m. There is no need of finishing as nearly finishing is done
simultaneously with compaction. Curing is an essential part of any concrete while in case of
PCPC more surface area is exposed hence water evaporation retarders are provided.

For the inspection purpose of the fresh pavement unit weight is calculated which must be
1600kg/m3 to 2000kg/m3 according to the ASTM C 29. For the maintenance purpose of
pervious pavement, the pressure washing is suggested which will regain its 80 to 90% of the
permeability.

Figure 2. 4 : Curing of Pervious Pavement

Figure 2.5 : Joints in Pervious Pavements

8
 Figures 2.4 and 2.5 show the joints and curing methods of the pervious pavement respectively.

In this paper the author Jiong Xang [4]has expressed the new technologies to calculate the
seepage flow through the permeable concrete. The author has made different mix designs to
achieve different void ratio and studied the void ratio by preparation of the specimen by using
the computed tomography (CT) imaging and numerical simulation to observe the pore
characteristics and seepage flow. The 3D pore network models are used to simulate the water
seepage flow using Computer Fluid Dynamics(CFD) method. The target porosity, actual
porosity, 3D porosity, 3D connected porosity and the average planar porosity are analyzed. The
results of pore characteristics analysis prove the 3D porosity and average planar porosity can
represent the actual porosity, and 3D connected porosity can represent the effective porosity.
Table 2.2 : Proportion of aggregates

Groups Target Actual Average 3D porosity 3D connected Ratio of 3D

porosity (%) porosity (%) planar (%) porosity (%) connected to
porosity (%) 3D porosity
(%)
A 10 13.2 14.9 14.1 10.6 0.752
B 15 20.3 21.1 20.8 18.4 0.904
C 20 24.8 23.8 23.1 22.3 0.965
D 25 28.0 26.7 26.2 25.8 0.985

The above Table 2.2 shows the different mix designs depending upon the targeted porosity
value of the cubes. The table shows the actual porosity (%), average planar porosity (%), 3D
porosity (%) and ratio of 3D connected to 3D porosity of the different mix designs.

Figure 2.6 : Voids in Pervious Concrete

9
The Figure 2.6 shows the pores present in the different cubes casted y the author. As noticed
in the image above the porosity is more in the specimen D and least in the specimen A.

Figure 2.7 : Seepage flow in cube

The Figure 2.7 shows the seepage flow of water through the pore structure of the specimen
and the author has also studied the pressure variation and velocities of flowing water in the
different section of the cubes. The author has obtained the relation the seepage velocity and the
pressure gradient.

10
Chapter 3
Experimental work

3.1 General
Different experiments are conducted based on the scope of the work. These experiments are
based on the guidelines provided by IS Codes as well as the research papers those are already
been published by different people throughout the world. The experiments are conducted based
on standard procedure provided.

3.2 PVC Box

To fulfill the objective, we have scaled down the original pavement to an approximate scale of
1:100 as shown in Figure 3.1. Thus, to make the whole pavement confined in a single pvc box,
the selection of the pvc material was due to its durability against water and it becomes very
handy to change the pipes in the pavement. The PVC box will hold the aggregates inside it
acting as base and sub base for the pervious pavement, its function is to allow the seepage flow
coming out from the pavement to percolate easily inside the pvc pipes and can be collected
outside the pvc box.

Dimensions of the PVC box : 1 m × 0.35 m × 0.4 m.

Figure 3.1 : PVC Box

11
3.3 Making of slots and perforations in pipes
According to our objective to study the effects of the perforation type in the pipes we have
selected three types of the perforation types. In Type 1 set of pipes we have done perforations
of small size in the zigzag manner as shown in the Figure 3.2(a) below. In Type 2 of pipes,
slots were made above and below the pipe at an interval of 10cm as shown in the Figure 3.2(b).
In Type 3 of pipes, perforations were made on the bottom periphery of the pipes as shown in
the Figure 3.2(c). And finally, in Type 4 of pipes, slots and perforations were put together as
shown in the Figure 3.2(d).

Figure 3.2 (a) Figure 3.2 (b) Figure 3.2 (c) Figure 3.2 (d)
Type 1 Pipe Type 2 Pipe Type 3 Pipe Type 4 Pipe

3.4 Casting of pavement

A pavement needed to be casted which will act as the upper most pervious course of the
pavement which will be acting as the main reason for the seepage flow inside the pavement.

3.4.1 Preparation of mould

For the casting of the pavement and the cubes some moulds are required which will keep the
concrete in the required shape until it is in its workable/flowable stage.

3.4.1.1 Pavement
A special mould was made to make an pervious pavement of the size 0.8m × 0.33m × 0.08m.

12
The mould was made by a wooden plank at the bottom to provide an even surface to the
pavement at the bottom which was supported on cubes to avoid any kind of deformation on the
base of the pavement. The sides and the edges of the pavement were confined by the AAC
block, I - Section of steel and concrete cubes. Marking was done on the inside of the mould to
have the uniform pavement depth of 80 mm. Figure 3.3 shows the mould which was used to
cast the pervious pavement.

Figure 3.3 : Pavement Mould

3.4.1.2 Cubes and Cylinders

For construction of any type of the pavement, the cubes are casted to verify and check the
quality of the concrete that has been casted. Total of 6 cubes and 2 cylinders were casted to test
the quality of the concrete made. These cubes will help in finding the void ratio, density and
compressive strength of the concrete on 7th and 28th day of casting. Cylinders are casted to find
out the flexural strength of the concrete. Figure 3.4 shows the prepared moulds which will be
filled by the concrete made for the pavement.

13
 Figure 3.4: Empty moulds of Cubes and Cylinders.

3.5. Casting of concrete

For the casting of the concrete, pan mixture was used and total of 0.06m3 of concrete was casted
in batches for maintaining the uniformity of the concrete. The concrete was mixed thoroughly
manually as well as mechanically for 30 min to achieve desired slump value due to the effect
of admixtures.

3.5.1 Mix Design

The pervious concrete was made by the designed mix design made in the earlier semester work.
The mix design was designed which had a workability of approximately 45 to 60 minutes. It
was by adding of E5 Super plasticizer that was naptha based and its specific gravity is 1.10 to
1.15. The Mix design of the pervious concrete casted in as shown in the Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Mix design

Materials Quantity

Cement 375 kg/m3

Aggregate 1489.54 kg/m3

Type of Aggregate Normal Aggregate

w/c ratio 0.4

Chemical Admixture 0.9 %

(Of Cement)

14
3.5.2 Mixing of concrete mix
The Concrete was casted in the pan mixture of capacity 15 kg cement in one particular mix.
Hence the concrete had to be casted in 2 batches viz. 10kg and 13kg cement with same mix
design but seperately. The dry mix was first prepared, filled and then it was well mixed in the
mixer. Then water was added gradually along with the admixture mixed in it. The wet mix time
was 45 minutes. Initially, bleeding occurred and cement paste did not get mixed with the
aggregates as shown in Figure 3.5 (a). But after 45 minutes of manual and mechanical mixing,
the mix got perfectly ready as shown in Figure 3.5 (b), then it was used for the casting of the
pavement. This strange behavior occurred due to the property of the admixture used in the
concrete. The admixture used was taken into consideration for the setting time and thus it took
some time to get well mixed for the cement paste and the aggregates.

Figure 3.5 (a): Mixing of concrete Figure 3.5 (b): Mixing of concrete
mix mix

3.6 Slump Test

Concrete was mixed and after 5 minutes the slum was taken and it completely collapsed as
admixture was added to retard the reaction in the concrete but after manual and mechanical
mixing of 45 to 60 minutes, the slump value obtained was 0, which can be seen in Figure 3.6
and it is desirable for a good pervious concrete.

15
 Figure 3.6 : Slump Test

3.7 Filling of Pavement, Cubes and cylinders

After achieving the proper slump value and field binding criteria of making balls the concrete
was placed in the pavement till the desired depth. The cubes were filled in the layer of 3 each
with 25 blows of hammer. The surface of cube and pavement was rolled over with a small
concrete cylinder to achieve even surfaces on pavement and cubes. Figure 3.7 (a) & (b) show
the filled pavement, moulds and cylinders of the concrete.

Figure 3.7 (a): Pavement. Figure 3.7 (b): Cubes and Cylinders.

16
3.8 Curing
After the filling of the pavement, the whole pavement was covered by the plastic in order to
avoid the evaporation of the water from concrete and when the concrete got hard ,water was
sprinkled over the pavement and jute bags were used to wrap the pavement so as the curing
could be done. It is shown in the Figure 3.8e (a) & (b).

Figure 3.8 (a): Covered Pavement Figure 3.8 (b): Curing of Pavement by
and cubes. jute bags.

3.9 Tests on Cubes

3.9.1 Compression Test
The 6 casted cubes were tested in the CTM and compressive strength was checked at 7 days
and 28 days after the casting.

Figure 3.9: Compression Test on Cube.

17
3.9.2 Void Ratio:

The void ratio and the theoretical and practical density of each cube was found out which is
shown in the Table 4.1 in the results and the discussion. The void ratio was calculated simply
by measuring the weight of cube and water combined and dividing the weight of water in the
voids with the volume of empty cube.

Figure 3.10: Calculation of Void Ratio.

3.10 Tests on pavement

As the box shown in Figure 3.1, was made as the miniature model to test the effect in
infiltration velocity of storm water due to the change of the perforations in pipes. The lower
layer inside the PVC box was filled with the 20 mm aggregates up to a height of 150 mm and
the layer above that was filled with 10mm aggregates up to a height of 150 mm and at the top,
the concrete pavement of thickness 80 mm was kept.

Through the hole made in PVC box, the pipe was inserted, and the infiltration velocity was
tested according to the ASTM C1701. According to it, an infiltration ring of 300 mm diameter
with the 500 mm height was taken and infiltration rate was calculated by maintaining the level
of water and letting the water get percolated through the pavement. The time at different points
is noted down so as calculate the infiltration velocity passing through the pavement and coming
out of the PVC box. Different perforation pipes were used and one by one, the discharge was
noted. Results of the discharge and time taken by the it to come out of the PVC box was
calculated and accordingly the infiltration velocity was calculated which is shown in the Table
4.2.

18
Figure 3.11: Calculation of Infiltration Velocity.

19
Chapter 4

Results and Discussions

4.1 General
The Concrete cubes were tested in CTM and their individual void ratio and density were
calculated. 3 cubes were tested on 7 days while the rest 3 were tested on 28days. The infiltration
rate was calculated on 7 days after casting of pavement with different perforation types on pipe.

4.2 Tests on Pervious concrete cubes:

The results of the cubes for density, void ratio and Compressive strength are mentioned in the
Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Cube Tests Results
Age Testing Samples Density Void Load Compres Average
(days) Dates (kg/m3) Ratio (kN) sive Compressive
Strength strength
(Mpa) (Mpa)
Cube - 1 2222.2 16.40% 394.0 17.4
7 9/04/2018 Cube - 2 2121.4 17.39% 383.0 17.0 14.36
Cube - 3 2251.8 15.60% 194.2 8.6
Cube - 1 2299.3 15.55% 245.7 10.8
28 30/04/2018 Cube - 2 2257.8 15.87% 500.3 10.9 14.63
Cube - 3 2228.1 16.28% 244.0 22.2

From the results obtained, we conclude that the Compressive strength of the pervious concrete
casted is very good and the % voids are also above 15%. Hence there is good no. of voids
present in the concrete and strength obtained is of adequate amount.

4.3 Tests on the Pervious Pavement:

The time taken by the water to pass through the pavement from the infiltration ring and the
time taken by the water to discharge out of the model through the pipe are noted down. The %
of water coming out from the model is also determined.

20
 Table 4.2: Infiltrometer Test Results

Sr no. Infiltration Test

Time Weight of
Elapsed infiltrated Infiltration Starting End Collection % of
(s) water (kg) Rate Time Time of Water water
(mm/s) (Sec) (Sec) (kg) discharged
Type 1 118 18 2.32 35 224 7.85 43.6
Type 2 116 18 2.36 36.7 162 5.46 30.33
Type 3 125 18 2.19 38.1 184 5.148 28.6
Type 4 120 18 2.28 96 166 0.531 2.95

From the results obtained as shown in Table 4.2, we can conclude that the pipe perforation
type does not affect the infiltration rate of the pervious pavement but it does affect the amount
of water discharging from the outlet provided. From the experiment conducted, we can
conclude that the pipe diameter also has very little effect on the discharge of the water coming
out from the model. The pipe with the zigzag pattern showed a highest amount of discharge
while the perforations on the bottom periphery of pipe showed the worst amount of discharge
while the other 2 perforation types showed results intermediate of the above two cases.

21
Chapter 5

Summary and Conclusion

5.1 General
In the semester based on the experiment done the pervious concrete design is found to be very
appropriate as it has very good compression strength along with the required void ratio and
infiltration rate.

5.2 Conclusion
From the experiment done the dead storage of the pavement and soil moisture content plays a
very important role in the discharge coming out from the pavement. If in real pavement some
less amount of rainfall is there than it will efficiently infiltrate in the pavement but for the
discharge to occur more water is required as the discharge from this pavement is due to the
filling of its dead storage than only water enters the discharge pipe and comes out. The coarse
aggregate layers and the water absorption of the aggregates used as the base and sub base of
the pervious pavement also plays an important role in the discharge coming out of the
pavement. It is obvious to notice from the results that the type of perforation in the discharge
pipe plays important role for the discharge of water from the pavement.

5.3 Future Scope of Work

• Further experiment will be conducted on the same model to have max. discharge from
discharge pipes by variation in the pipe diameter and different slopes.
• To improve the efficiency of pervious concrete pavement.
• Maintenance of pervious concrete pavement.

22
References
Journal Papers
1. Kevern et al., “Pervious Concrete Construction: Methods and Quality Control”,
NRMCA Concrete Technology Forum, May 2006 .
2. Paul D. Tennis, Michael L. Leming, and David J. Akers: Pervious Concrete Pavements.
Portland Cement Association; 2004: Net library .
3. Omkar Deo et al., “Permeability Reduction in Pervious Concretes due
to Clogging: Experiments and Modelling”, journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
ASCE, July 2010; 22(7): 741-751.
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