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 Design of Engineering Experiments
– Introduction to Factorials
• Text reference, Chapter 5
• General principles of factorial experiments
• The two-factor factorial with fixed effects
• The ANOVA for factorials
• Extensions to more than two factors
• Quantitative and qualitative factors –
response curves and surfaces

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 Some Basic Definitions

Factor effect: The change in the mean response when the

factor is changed from low to high
40 + 52 20 + 30
A = y A+ − y A− = − = 21
2 2
30 + 52 20 + 40
B = yB+ − yB − = − = 11
2 2
52 + 20 30 + 40
AB = − = −1
2 2
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 The Case of Interaction:

50 + 12 20 + 40
A = y A+ − y A− = − =1
2 2
40 + 12 20 + 50
B = yB + − yB − = − = −9
2 2
12 + 20 40 + 50
AB = − = −29
2 2
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Regression Model & The Associated Response Surface

y = β 0 + β1 x1 + β 2 x2 + β12 x1 x2 + ε
The least squares fit is
yˆ = 35.5 + 10.5 x1 + 5.5 x2 + 0.5 x1 x2 ≅ 35.5 + 10.5 x1 + 5.5 x2
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The Effect of Interaction on the Response Surface

Suppose that we add an interaction term to the model:

yˆ = 35.5 + 10.5 x1 + 5.5 x2 + 8 x1 x2

Interaction is actually a form of curvature

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 Example 5.1 The Battery Life Experiment
Text reference pg. 187

A = Material type; B = Temperature (A quantitative variable)

1. What effects do material type & temperature have on life?
2. Is there a choice of material that would give long life regardless of
temperature (a robust product)?
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 The General Two-Factor
Factorial Experiment

a levels of factor A; b levels of factor B; n replicates

This is a completely randomized design
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Statistical (effects) model:
 i = 1, 2,..., a

yijk = µ + τ i + β j + (τβ )ij + ε ijk  j = 1, 2,..., b
 k = 1, 2,..., n

Other models (means model, regression models) can be useful
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 Extension of the ANOVA to Factorials
(Fixed Effects Case) – pg. 189
a b n a b

∑∑∑ ijk ...

( y − y )
i =1 j =1 k =1
2
= bn ∑ i.. ...
( y − y ) 2
+
i =1
an ∑ . j. ...
( y − y ) 2

j =1
a b a b n
+ n∑∑ ( yij . − yi.. − y. j . + y... ) + ∑∑∑ ( yijk − yij . ) 2
2

i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1 k =1

SST = SS A + SS B + SS AB + SS E
df breakdown:
abn − 1 = a − 1 + b − 1 + (a − 1)(b − 1) + ab(n − 1)

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 ANOVA Table – Fixed Effects Case

JMP and Design-Expert will perform the computations

Text gives details of manual computing (ugh!) – see pp.
192
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 Design-Expert Output – Example 5.1

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 Residual Analysis – Example 5.1

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 Residual Analysis – Example 5.1

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 Interaction Plot
DE S IG N-E X P E RT P l o t Interaction Graph
L i fe A: Material
188

X = B : T e m p e ra tu re
Y = A : M a te ri a l

A1 A1 146
A2 A2
A3 A3

Life
104

2
62
2

20

15 70 125

B: Tem perature

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 Quantitative and Qualitative Factors

• The basic ANOVA procedure treats every factor as if it

were qualitative
• Sometimes an experiment will involve both quantitative
and qualitative factors, such as in Example 5.1
• This can be accounted for in the analysis to produce
regression models for the quantitative factors at each level
(or combination of levels) of the qualitative factors
• These response curves and/or response surfaces are often
a considerable aid in practical interpretation of the results

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 Quantitative and Qualitative Factors
A = Material type Candidate model
terms from Design-
B = Linear effect of Temperature
Expert:
B2 = Quadratic effect of Intercept
Temperature A
B
AB = Material type – TempLinear
B2
AB2 = Material type - TempQuad AB
B3
B3 = Cubic effect of
AB2
Temperature (Aliased)

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 Quantitative and Qualitative Factors

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Regression Model Summary of Results

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Regression Model Summary of Results

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 Factorials with More Than
Two Factors
• Basic procedure is similar to the two-factor case; all
abc…kn treatment combinations are run in random
order
• ANOVA identity is also similar:
SST = SS A + SS B + L + SS AB + SS AC + L
+ SS ABC + L + SS ABLK + SS E

• Complete three-factor example in text, Example 5.3

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 Homework
• Solve
– Problem 5.3
– Problem 5.18
• both manually and using DesignExpert

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