The principle of abuse of rights is found under Articles 19, 20 and 21 of the

Civil Code of the Philippines, which states that:

Art. 19. “Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and in the
performance of his duties, act with justice, give everyone his due and observe
honesty and good faith.”

Art. 20. “Every person who, contrary to law, wilfully or negligently causes
damage to another, shall indemnify the latter for the same.”

Art. 21. “Any person who wilfully causes loss or injury to another in manner
that is contrary to morals, good customs or public policy shall compensate the
latter for the damage.”

The above articles, depart from the classical theory that “he who uses a right
injures no one”. The modern tendency is to depart from the classical and
traditional theory, and to grant indemnity for damages in cases where there is
an abuse of rights, even when the act is not illicit.

When a right is exercised in a manner which does not conform with the norms
enshrined in Article 19 and results in damage to another, a legal wrong is
thereby committed for which the wrongdoer must be held responsible.
Although the requirements of each provision is different, these three (3) articles
are all related to each other. As the eminent Civilist Senator Arturo Tolentino
puts it: “With this article (Article 21), combined with articles 19 and 20, the
scope of our law on civil wrongs has been very greatly broadened; it has
become much more supple and adaptable than the Anglo-American law on
torts. It is now difficult to conceive of any malevolent exercise of a right which
could not be checked by the application of these articles” (Tolentino, 1 Civil
Code of the Philippines 72).

There is however, no hard and fast rule which can be applied to determine
whether or not the principle of abuse of rights may be invoked. The question of
whether or not the principle of abuse of rights has been violated, resulting in
damages under Articles 20 and 21 or other applicable provision of law,
depends on the circumstances of each case. (Globe Mackay Cable and Radio
Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, 176 SCRA 778 [1989]).

The elements of an abuse of right under Article 19 are the following: (1) There
is a legal right or duty; (2) which is exercised in bad faith; (3) for the sole intent
of prejudicing or injuring another. Article 20 speaks of the general sanction for
all other provisions of law which do not especially provide for their own
sanction (Tolentino, supra, p. 71). Thus, anyone who, whether willfully or
negligently, in the exercise of his legal right or duty, causes damage to another,
shall indemnify his victim for injuries suffered thereby. Article 21 deals with
acts contra bonus mores, and has the following elements: 1) There is an act
which is legal; 2) but which is contrary to morals, good custom, public order, or
public policy; 3) and it is done with intent to injure. Thus, under any of these
three (3) provisions of law, an act which causes injury to another may be made
the basis for an award of damages.
Of the three articles, Art. 19 was intended to expand the concept of torts by
granting adequate legal remedy for the untold number of moral wrongs which
is impossible for human foresight to provide specifically in statutory law. If
mere fault or negligence in one’s acts can make him liable for damages for
injury caused thereby, with more reason should abuse or bad faith make him
liable. The absence of good faith is essential to abuse of right. Good faith is an
honest intention to abstain from taking any unconscientious advantage of
another, even through the forms or technicalities of the law, together with an
absence of all information or belief of fact which would render the transaction
unconscientious. In business relations, it means good faith as understood by
men of affairs.

While Article 19 may have been intended as a mere declaration of principle,

the “cardinal law on human conduct” expressed in said article has given rise to
certain rules, e.g. that where a person exercises his rights but does so
arbitrarily or unjustly or performs his duties in a manner that is not in keeping
with honesty and good faith, he opens himself to liability.

Article 19 of the Civil Code, sets certain standards which may be observed not
only in the exercise of one’s rights but also in the performance of one’s duties.
These standards are the following: to act with justice; to give everyone his due;
and to observe honesty and good faith. The law, therefore, recognizes the
primordial limitation on all rights: that in their exercise, the norms of human
conduct set forth in Article 19 must be observed. A right, though by itself legal
because recognized or granted by law as such, may nevertheless become the
source of some illegality.

Quasi-delict; human relations. The failure of respondents to act with fairness,

honesty and good faith in securing better terms for the purchase of high-speed
catamarans from AFFA, to the prejudice of the petitioner as the duly appointed
exclusive distributor, is proscribed by Article 19 of the Civil Code. When a right
is exercised in a manner which does not conform with the norms enshrined in
Article 19 and results in damage to another, a legal wrong is thereby
committed for which the wrongdoer must be responsible. The object of this
article, therefore, is to set certain standards which must be observed not only
in the exercise of one’s rights but also in the performance of one’s duties. These
standards are the following: act with justice, give everyone his due and observe
honesty and good faith. Its antithesis, necessarily, is any act evincing bad faith
or intent to injure. Its elements are the following: (1) There is a legal right or
duty; (2) which is exercised in bad faith; (3) for the sole intent of prejudicing or
injuring another. When Article 19 is violated, an action for damages is proper
under Articles 20 or 21 of the Civil Code. Article 21 refers to acts contra bonus
mores and has the following elements: (1) There is an act which is legal; (2) but
which is contrary to morals, good custom, public order, or public policy; and
(3) it is done with intentto injure. A common theme runs through Articles 19
and 21, and that is, the act complained of must be intentional. Allan C. Go,
doing business under the name and style of “ACG Express Liner” vs. Mortimer F.
Cordero/Mortimer F. Cordero vs. Allan C. Go, doing business under the name
and style of “ACG Express Liner”, et al., G.R. No. 164703/G.R. No, 164747. May
4, 2010.