Chapter 7: Introduction To Column Analogy Method

COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 315
CHAPTER = 7
INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD
The column analogy method was proposed by Prof. Hardy Cross and is a powerful
technique to analyze the beams with fixed supports, fixed ended gable frames, closed frames & fixed
arches etc., These members may be of uniform or variable moment of inertia throughout their lengths but
the method is ideally suited to the calculation of the stiffness factor and the carryover factor for the
members having variable moment of inertia. The method is strictly applicable to a maximum of 3rd degree
of indeterminacy. This method is essentially an indirect application of the consistent deformation method.
This method is based on a mathematical similarity (i.e. analogy) between the stresses
developed on a column section subjected to eccentric load and the moments imposed on a member due to
fixity of its supports .*(We have already used an analogy in the form of method of moment and shear in
which it was assumed that parallel chord trusses behave as a deep beam). In the analysis of actual
engineering structures of modern times, so many analogies are used like slab analogy, shell analogy &
girder analogy etc. In all these methods, calculations are not made directly on the actual structure but,
infact it is always assumed that the actual structure has been replaced by its mathematical model and the
calculations are made on the model. The final results are related to the actual structure through same
logical engineering interpretation.
In the method of column analogy, the actual structure is considered under the action of
applied loads and the redundants acting simultaneously. The load on the top of the analogous column is
usually the B.M.D. due to applied loads on simple spans and therefore the reaction to this applied load is
the B.M.D. due to redundants on simple spans.
P1 P2 WKN/m
Ma A
B MB
L
E1=Constt. (d) Loading on top of
(a) Given beam analogous column,
Ms diagram, same as(b).
0 0 1 (Unity)
(b) B.M.D. due to
applied loads, L
plotted on the
compressin side. (e) X-section of analogous
column.
0 0
MB
MA (c) B.M.D. due to

(f) Pressure on bottom of
redundant, plotted analogous column,
on the compression Mi diagram.
side.
The resultant of B.M.D’s due to applied loads does not fall on the mid point of analogous column section
which is eccentrically loaded.
316 THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Msdiagram = BDS moment diagram due to applied loads.
Mi diagram = Indeterminate moment diagram due to redundants.
If we plot (+ve) B.M.D. above the zero line and (-ve) B.M.D below the zero line then we can say
that these diagrams have been plotted on the compression side.
(The conditions from which MA & MB can be determined, when the method of consistent
deformation is used, are). From the Geometry requirements, we know that
(1) the change of slope between points A & B = 0; or sum of area of moment diagrams between
A & B = 0 (note that EI = Constt:), or area of moment diagrams of fig.b = area of moment diagram
of fig..c.
(2) the deviation of point B from tangent at A = 0; or sum of moment of moment diagrams between
A & B about B = 0, or Moment of moment diagram of fig.(b) about B = moment of moment
diagram of fig.(c) about B. above two requirements can be stated as follows.
(1) total load on the top is equal to the total pressure at the bottom and;
(2) moment of load about B is equal to the moment of pressure about B),
indicate that the analogous column is on equilibrium under the action of
applied loads and the redundants.
SIGN CONVENTIONS:-
It is necessary to establish a sign convention regarding the nature of the applied load (Ms -
diagram) and the pressures acting at the base of the analogous column (Mi-diagram.)
FIRST SIGN CONVENTION:-

Load ( P) on top of the analogous column is downward if Ms diagram is (+ve) which means that it
causes compression on the outside or vice- versa..
Outside
C
Inside
T
Outside
2ND SIGN CONVENTION :-
Upward pressure on bottom of the analogous column ( Mi - diagram) is considered as (+ve).
3RD SIGN CONVENTION :-

Moment (M) at any point of the given indeterminate structure ( maximum to 3 rd degree) is given by the
formula.
M = Ms - Mi,
which is (+ve) if it causes compression on the outside.
PROBLEM :- Determine the fixed-ended moments for the beam shown below by the method of column
analogy.
SOLUTION:
W/Unit length.
A B
EI=Constt.
L 2 Ms-diagram
WL
8 (B.M.D. due to applied
loads on B.D.S.)
+
Loading on top of
0 3 0 analogous column.
WL
12 3
WL
12
X-section of
1 analogous column
Mi-diagam
L
Pressure on bottom of
2 analogous column.(uniform as
WL 0
12 resultant falls on the mid point of
2 analogous column section
2 WL
WL WL2 /24 12 2
+
12 0 WL
12
Pressure at the base of the column = P
A
= WL3
12(Lx1)
Mi = WL2
12
(MS)a = 0
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a
= 0 - WL2
12
Ma = - WL2
12
Mb = (Ms-Mi)b = (0 - WL2) = - WL2

12 12
Mc = (Ms - Mi)c = WL2 - WL2
8 12
Mc = 3 WL2 - 2 WL2 = WL2

24 24
IF B.D.S. IS A CANTILEVER SUPPORTED AT ‘A’.
W/unit-length
A B
EI=Constt.
L
3
WL
L/4 6 3/4L
0 0 Ms-diagram
2
WL
2
L/4 L/2
3 yo
WL
6 M X-section of
1
analogous column.
L 3
yo Eccentric load wl /6 acts on centre of
analogous column x-section with an
associated moment as well
A = bh = L x WL2 = WL3
(n+1) 2 (2+1) 6
X = b = L = L
(n+2) (2+2) 4
X =  Mxdx
 Mdx
 Mdx = oL (- WX2 ) dx = - W X3 oL = - WL3 ( Same as above)

2 2 3 6
 Mxdx = o (- WX ) dx = o - WX dx
L 2 L 3
2 2
= - W  X4 oL = - WL4
2 4 8
X=  Mxdx
 Mdx
X = - WL4 . 6 = 3 L. (from the origin of moment
8 (-WL3) 4 expression or moment area formula can be used)
NOTE : Moment expression is independent of the variation of inertia.

Properties of Analogous Column X-section :-
A =L1=L
I yo yo = L 3
12
C = L
2
A e’=M = ( WL3) ( L ) = WL4 ( L/4 is distance between axis yo- yo and the centroid of Ms diagram)
6 4 24
(Mi)a = P  Mc ( P is the area of Ms diagram )

A I
= -WL3 - WL4 . L . 12 (Load P on analogous column is negative)
6.L 24 . 2 . L3
= - WL2 - WL2 ( Reaction due to MC/I would be having the same

6 4 direction at A as that due to P while at B these
= -2WL2 - 3 WL2 two would be opposite)
12
= - 5 WL2
12
(Ms)a = - WL2
2
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a
= - WL2 + 5 WL2
2 12
= - 6 WL2 + 5 WL2
12
Ma = - WL2
12
Mb = (Ms - Mi)b
(Mi)b = P  Mc
A I
= - WL3 + WL4  L  12
6L 24  2  L3
= -WL2 + WL2
6 4
= - 2WL2 + 3 WL2
12
= WL2
12
(Ms)b = 0
Mb = (Ms - Mi)b = 0 - WL2 = - WL2
12 12
PROBLEM :- Determine the F.E.Ms. by the method of column analogy.
SOLUTION:- CASE 1 ( WHEN BDS IS A SIMPLE BEAM )
a b
L
Pab
L
+ Ms-diagram
L+b
L+a 3
1 (P ab) P ab
3 xL= 2
2 L
a P ab
2
M
1 x-section of analogous column
L
e = L - (L + a) = 3 L - 2 L - 2a = ( L - 2 a) ( The eccentricity of load w.r.t
2 3 6 6 mid point of analogous column)
M = (Pab) (L - 2a ) = Pab (L - 2a)

2 6 12
Properties of Analogous Column X - section

.
A =L1=L
I = L2
12
C = L
2
(Mi)a = P  Mc
A I
= Pab + Pab (L - 2a)  L  12

2 L 12 2  L3
= Pab + Pab (L - 2a)
2 L 2 L2
= PabL + PabL - 2 Pa2b

2 L2
= 2 PabL - 2 Pa2b
2 L2
(Mi)a = PabL - Pa2b

L2
= Pab (L - a) a+b=L
L2 b=L-a
= Pab . b
L2
(Mi) = Pab2
L2
(Ms) a = 0
Ma = (Ms - Mi) a
= 0 - Pab2
L2
Ma =- Pab2
L2
The (-ve) sign means that it gives us tension at the top when applied at A.
(Mi)b = P  MC
A I
= Pab - Pab (L - 2a)  L  12

2L 12L2 2  L3
= Pab - Pab (L - 2a)

2L 2L2
= PabL - PabL + 2Pa2b

2L2
= 2Pa2b
2L2
(Mi)b = Pa2b
L2
(Ms)b = 0
Mb = (Ms - Mi)a = 0 - Pa2b

L2
2
Mb = - Pa b
L2
The minus sign means that it gives us tension at the top.

CASE (2) If B.D.S. is a cantilever supported at A:-

P
A a b
EI=Constt B
L
1 Pa(a)
2
Pa 2
2 0 Ms-diagram
0
Pa
2
e Pa
2
M
1 x-section of analogous column
L
L/2
e=L - a = ( 3L - 2a )
2 3 6
Pe =M = Pa2 ( 3L - 2a ) = Pa2 (3L - 2a)

2 6 12
Properties of Analogous Column section :- A = L , I = L3 , C = L

12 2
(Mi)a = P  MC
A I
= - Pa2 - Pa2 (3L - 2a) . L . 12 (Due to upward P= Pa2/2, reaction at A
2L 12 . 2 . L3 and B is downwards while due to moment
= - Pa2 - Pa2 (3L - 2a) , reaction at B is upwards while at A it is

2L 2L2 downwards. Similar directions will have
= -Pa2L - 3Pa2L + 2Pa3 the same sign to be additive or vice-versa)

2L2
= -4 Pa2L + 2Pa3
2L2
= -2Pa2L + Pa3
L2
= Pa2 (a - 2L)
L2
= -Pa2 (2L - a)
L2
(Mi)a = -Pa2 (L + b)
L2
(Ms)a = - Pa
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a
= -Pa + Pa2(L + b)
L2
= - PaL2 + Pa2 L + Pa2b

L2
= - PaL (L - a) + Pa2 b
L2
= - PabL + Pa2 b
L2
= - Pab (L - a)
L2
= - Pab . b
L2
Ma = - Pab2 ( Same result as was obtained with a different BDS)
L2
(Mi)b = P  MC
A I
= - Pa2 + Pa2 (3L - 2a)
2L 2L2
= - Pa L + 3Pa L - 2Pa3
2 2
2L2
= 2 Pa L - 2Pa3
2
2L2
= Pa2 L - Pa3
L2
2
= +Pa (L - a )
L2
2
(Mi)b = Pa b
L2
(Ms)b = 0
Mb = (Ms - Mi)b
= 0 - Pa2 b
L2
2
Mb = - Pa b ( Same result as obtained with a different BDS)
L2
PROBLEM:- Determine the F.F.Ms. by the method of column analogy.
SOLUTION:-
w/unit length
A B
L/2 L/2
EI = Constt WL3
If B.D.S. is 48 L
a cantilever
8
supported 0 0
at b. -
Ms-diagram = WL x L
2 4
2
WL
WL3
8
48
e=3/8 L
M
1
Analogous col.
L section.
e = L - L = 4L - L = 3L
2 8 8 8
Pe=M = WL3  3L = WL4 Where P= Area of Ms diagram=WL3/48

48 8 128
Properties of Analogous column section.
A = L, I = L3 and C = L
12 2
Step !: Apply P= Area Of BMD(Ms diagram ) due to applied loads in a BDS at the center of analogous
column section i.e. at L/2 from either side.
Step 2: The accompanying moment Pe, where e is the eccentricity between mid point of analogous column
section and the point of application of area of Ms diagram, is also applied to at the same point alongwith P.
Step 3: Imagine reactions due to P and M=Pe. Use appropriate signs.
(Mi)a = P  MC ( Subtractive reaction at A due to P)

A I
= - WL3 + WL x L x 12 ( P is upwards, so negative. Reactions due to this P
48L 128x 2 x L3 at A and B will be downwards and those due to
moment term will be upward at A and downward
= - WL2 + 3WL2 at B. Use opposite signs now)
48 64
= - 4WL2 + 9WL2
192
= + 5 WL2
192
(Ms)a = 0 ( Inspect BMD drawn on simple determinate span)
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a
= 0 - 5WL2
192
Ma = - 5WL2
192
(Mi)b = P  MC ( Additive reactions at B)
A I
= -4 WL2 - 9WL2
192
= - 13 WL2
192
(Ms)b = - WL2
8
Mb = (Ms - Mi)b
= - WL2 + 13 WL2 = -24 WL2 + 13 WL2

8 192 192
Mb = -11 WL2
192
PROBLEM:- Determine the F.E M’s by the method of column analogy for the following loaded beam..
SOLUTION:-
W/Unit length
A B
L/2 L/2
bh EI=Constt:
A= n+1 WL
192
3 L
(L)WL 10
= 0 0
192
b
X= Ms-diagram
n+2
L
= 3
2(3+2) WL
192
L 2
X= e (1xWxL) x L (L) = WL
10 M 2 2 3 2 24
1 Analogous column section
L
e = L - L = 5L - L = 4L =2 L
2 10 10 10 5
M = ( WL3 )  ( 2 L ) = WL4
192 5 480
Properties of Analogous column section.

A= L , I= L3/12, C=L/2
(Mi)a = P  MC
A I
(Mi)a = - WL3 + WL4  L  12 ( Subtractive reaction at A)

192L 480  2  L3
= - WL2 + WL2
192 80
= - 80WL + 192 WL2

15360
= 112 WL2 ( Divide by 16)

15360
(Mi)a = 7 WL2
960
(Ms)a = 0
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a
Ma = 0 - 7 WL2 = - 7 WL2
960 960
(Mi)b = P  MC
A I
= - WL2 - WL2
192 80
= - 80 WL2 - 192 WL2

15360
= - 272 WL2
15360
= - 17 WL2
960
(Ms)b = - WL2
24
Mb = (Ms - Mi) b
= - WL2 + 17 WL2
24 960
= - 40 WL2 + 17 WL2
960
Mb = - 23 WL2
960
Note : After these redundant end moments have been determined, the beam is statically
determinate and reactions , S.F, B.M, rotations and deflections anywhere can be found.
STRGIGHT MEMBERS WITH VERIABLE CROSS - SECTION.
PROBLEM:- Determine the fixed - end moments for the beam shown by the method of column analogy
SOLUTION:-
90kn
3kn/m 4m
A B
6m 10m
I=2 I=1
2
3x16 = 96
P2 8
b90
Ms dia. due 3.83m 3kn/m
EI to U.D.L. 45
only. 0a 0
8m 8m 24kn 6m 10m 24kn
P4 P1 90x12x4 M=24x6-3 x (6)2
135 16 2 90kn
Ms dia due = 270 =90kn-m
EI to point 4m 67.5 4m
12m
load only. 67.5kn
yo 16+4
P3 90x4 =22.5kn
3 =6.67m
x 16
M=22.5x6 =135kn-m
1/2 M 1
Analogous
9.15m 6.85m column
x-section.
In this solution, two basic determinate structures are possible.

(1) a simply supported beam.
(2) a cantilever beam.
This problem is different from the previous one in the following respects.
(a) Ms - diagram has to be divided by a given value of I for various portions of span.
(b) The thickness of the analogous column x - section will also vary with the variation of inertia.
Normally, the width 1/EI can be set equal to unity as was the case in previous problem.
(c) As the dimension of the analogous column x - section also varies in this case, we will have to
locate the centroidal axis of the column and determine the moment of inertia about it.
(1) By choosing a simple beam as a B.D.S.
P1 = 2  16  96 = 1024 KN ( Corresponding to entire BMD due to UDL)

3
Mdx = o6 (24x - 1.5 x2) dx ( Simply supported beam moment due to UDL)
= 12x2 - 0.5x3o6 = 12  36 - 0.5  216=432-108=324
area abc = 324
Mxdx = o6 (24x - 1.5x2) x dx
= o6 (24x2 - 1.l5x3) dx
=  24 x3 - 1.5 x4 o6 = 8  63 - 1.5  64

3 4 4
= 1242
x =  Mxdx = 1242 = 3.83 m from A.

 Mdx 342
P2 = 1 ( area abc) = 324 = 162 KN( To be subtracted from Ms diagram )

2 2
P3 = 1  16  270 = 2160 KN ( Area of BMD due to concentrated Load)

2
P4 = 1  6  67.5 = 202.5 KN ( To be subtracted from Ms diagram )
2
Properties of Analogous column x - section.

Area = A = 1  10 + 1  6 = 13 m2
2
x = xdA = (1  10) 5 + (1/2x 6  13)

A 13
= 6.85 m ( From point B) . It is the location of centroidal axis Yo-Yo.
Iy0 y0 = 1  103 + 10(1.85)2 + 0.5  63 + (0.5  6)  (6.15)2 = 240 m4

12 12
Total load to be applied at the centroid of analogous column x - section.
= P1 + P 3 - P2 - P4
= 1024 + 2160 - 162 - 202.5
= 2819.5 KN
Applied Moment about centroidal axis = M = + 1024 (1.15) + 2160 (0.18) - 162 (5.32) - 202.5 (5.15)
= - 1116 KN-m
The (-ve) sign indicates that the net applied moment is clockwise.
(Mi)a = P  MC ( subtractive reactions at A)

A I
= 2819.5 - 1116  9.15

13 240
= + 174.34 KN-m
(Ms)a = 0
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a = 0 - 174.34
= - 174.34 KN-m
(Mi)b = 2819.5 + 1116  6.85 ( Note the difference in the values of C for points A and B.)
13 240
= + 248.74 KN-m
(Ms)b = 0
Mb = (Ms - Mi)b
= 0 - 248.74
= - 248.74 KN-m
The -ve sign with Ma & Mb indicate that these cause compression on the inside.
PROBLEM:- Determine the F.E.Ms. by the method of column analogy.

SOLUTION:-
90kn
3kn/m 4m
A B
2IC IC
3m 6m
3x13
P2 8 =63.4
1 Chosing a 58.5 54 P3
simple beam b d
1.95 2.58
as a.B.D.S. m
m c = 29.25 e Ms dia. due to U.D.L..
EI
a f
6.5 m
P1 90x9x4 =249.23
P5 13
P6
Ms dia. due to pt load.
83 124.62 2.67 EI
2m m
41.5
yo (13+4)
P
175.9kn 4 3 =5.67m
x
877.6kn-m
½ 1 1/2 Analogous column
x-section
6.34m 6.66m
yo
3KN/m
19.5 13m 19.5
(M3)L = 19.5 x 3 - 1.5(3)2 = 45 KN-m ( 3m from A )
(M4)R = 19.5 x 4 - 3 (4)2 = 54 KN-m ( 4m from B)

2
9
0
9m 4
m
2
7.6
9 62
.30
7
(M3)1 = 27.69  3 = 83 KN-m ( 3m from A)

( M4)R = 62.307x4=249.22
Mdx = area abc = o3 (19.5 x - 1.5 x2)dx
= 19.5 x2 - 1.5 x3 o3 = 74.25

2 3
Mxdx = o3 (19.5 x2 - 1.5 x3) dx = 19.5 x3 - 1.5 x4o3

3 4
= 145.12
x = 145.12 = 1.95.m ( From point A as shown )

74.25
Area def = Mdx = o4 (19.5x - 1.5 x2)dx = 124
Mxdx = o4 (19.5 x2 - 1.5 x3)dx
= 19.5x3 - 1.5 x4o4

3 4
= 320
x = 320 = 2.58 m ( From point B )

124
P1 = 2  63.4  13 = 549.5 KN( Due to entire BMD due to UDL )

3
P2 = 1 (area abc) = 1 (74.25) = 37.125 KN ( To be subtracted )
2 2
P3 = 1 (area def) = 1 (124) = 62 KN ( To be subtracted )

2 2
P4 = 1  249.23  13 = 1620 KN ( Entire area of BMD due to point load)

2
P5 = 1  41.5  3 = 62.25 KN ( To be subtracted )

2
P6 = 1  4  124.62 = 249.23 KN ( To be subtracted )

2
A = 1  4 + 1  6 + 1  3 = 9.5m2
2 2
x = (0.5  6)  2 + (1  6)  7 + (0.5  3)  (11.5)

9.5
x = 6.66 ( From point B)
Iyoyo = 0.5  43 + (0.5  4)(4.68)2 + 1  63 + (1  6)(0.34)2

12 12
+ 0.5  32 + (1.5)(4.84)2
12
= 101.05
Total concentric load on analogous column x – section to be applied at centroidal column axis )
= P1 - P2 - P3 + P4 - P5 - P6
= 1759 KN
Total applied moment at centroid of analogous column.
= 549.5 (0.16) + 37.125 (4.39) - 62(4.08) + 1624 (0.99) + 62.25 (4.34) - 249.2 (3.99)
= + 877.6 clockwise.
(Mi)a = P + MC ( Reactions due to P and M are subtractive at A)

A I
= 1759 - 877.6  6.34

9.5 101.05
= + 130 KN-m
(Ms)a = 0
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a = 0 - 130 = - 130 KN-m
(Mi)b = P  MC
A I
= 1759 + 877.6  6  6.66 ( Reactions due to P and M are additive at B)

9.5 101.05
= + 243 KN-m
(Ms)b = 0
Mb = (Ms - Mi)b
= 0 - 243
Mb = - 243 KN-m
Now the beam has become determinate. Let us now solve the same question by choosing another BDS
(2) Choosing cantilever supported at B as a B.D.S:-

3KN/m 90KN
A B
3m 6m 3m
P2 P1=1098.5
bh 2.25m 3.25m
A = n+1 b d
0a 0f
13x253.5
= 60.79
3
C
=1098.5 P2= 13.5 126.75
6.75 e121.5
b 13 P4=720 3x 13x13
X' = = Ms/EI diagram due to u.d.l
n+2 4 =3.25 g =253.5
4x360 P3= 1.37m

A= bh = =720
n+1 2 367
b 4
X' = = =1.33 Ms/EI diagram due to point load 180
n+2 3
yo 90x4=360
1/2
1089.75Kn 1.33m
3894KN-m Ps=360KN
1 1/2
6.34m 6.66m
yo
Analogous column section
3KN/m 4m
A B
10m 253.5
3m 39
Area abc = Mdx = 3 (- 3 x2)dx

o
2
= - 1.5 x3 3 = 0.5  33 = - 13.5 ( Upwards to be subtracted)

3 o
Mxdx = 3 (1.5x3)dx = - 1.5x43
o
4 o
= - 30.375
Location of centroidal axis from B: ( 1/2x3 + 1x6+1/2x4)X =(1/2x4x2+1x6x7+1/2x3x11.5)

9.5X’= 63.25 0r X’ = 6.66m from B or 6.34 m from A.
x = - 30.375 = 2.25 m ( From A)

- 13.5
Area defg = Mdx = o4 (39x - 253.5 - 1.5x2)dx
= 39 x2 - 253.5 x - 1.5 x3 o4

2 3
= - 734
Mxdx = o4 (39x2 - 253.5x - 1.5x3)dx
= 39x3 - 253.5x2 - 1.5x4 o4

3 2 4
= - 1292
x = - 1292
- 734
x = + 1.76 m From B
P1 = 1098.5 KN ( Area of entire BMD due to UDL )
P2 = 1 (area abc) = 1 (13.5) = 6.75 K( To be subtracted)

2 2
P3 = 1 ( area defg) = 1 (734) = 367 KN( To be subtracted )
2 2
P4 = 720 KN( Area of entire BMD due to point Load )
P5 = 1  180  4 = 360 KN
2
Total concentric load on analogous column x - section
= P1 + P2 + P3 - P4 + P5
= - 1098.5 + 6.75 + 367 - 720 + 360

= - 1084.75 KN( It is upward so reaction due to this will be downward)
Total applied moment at centroid of column
= 6.75 (6.34 - 2.25) + 1098.5 (6.66 - 3.25)

- 367 (6.66 - 1.76) + 720 (6.66 -1.33) - 360 (6.66 - 1.33)
= 3894 KN-m (anticlockwise)
A = 1  4 + 1  6 + 1  3 = 9.5
2 2
x = 6.66 From B as in previous problem.
Iyoyo = 101.05 as in previous problem.
(Mi)a = P  MC ( Reactions are subtractive at A)

A I
= - 1084.75 + 3894  6.34
9.5 101.05
(Mi)a = + 130 KN-m( Same answer as in previous problem )
(Ms)a = 0
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a
Ma = ( 0 - 130) = - 130 KN-m
(Mi)b = P  MC ( Reactions are additive at B )

A I
= - 1084.75 - 3894  6.66

9.5 101.05
= - 370.83 KN-m
(Ms)b = - 253.5 - 360 = - 613.5 KN-m
Mb = (Ms - Mi)b = - 613.5 + 370.83
Mb = - 243 KN-m
Now beam is determinate.
STIFFNESS AND CARRYOVER FACTORS FOR STRAIGHT MEMBERS WITH

CONSTANT SECTION:-
Ma=K a Mb=(COF)Ma
A a B
b EI=Constt:
L
Ma
EI +
0 L/3 2/3L 0
1 Loading on the
MaL
xbLx Ma = 2EI conjugate beam
2 EI
MbL
2/3L 2EI L/3 Reaction on the
0 __ 0 Mb conjugate
EI beam.
aL/2
a a 1 Analogous
EI column
L section.
By choosing a B.D.S. as simple beam under the action of Ma and Mb, we can verify by the use of
conjugate beam method that b = 0. In this case, we are required to find that how much rotation at end A is
required to produce the required moment Ma. In other words, a (which is in terms of Ma and Mb can be
considered as an applied load on the analogous column section). The moments computed by using the
formula P/A  MC/I will give us the end moments directly because in this case Ms diagram will be
zero.
Properties of analogous column section:-

A= L
EI
I = 1 L3 = L3
EI 12 12EI
Downward load on analogous column = a at A.
Accompanying moment = a  L ( About centroidal column axis )

2.
C= L
2
Ma = P + MC
A I
= a EI + a  L  L  12EI ( Reactions are additive at A and are upwards)

L 2  2  L3
= a EI + 3a EI
L L
Ma = 4 EI a
L
Where 4EI = Ka
L
Where Ka = stiffness factor at A.
Mb = P  MC ( Reactions are subtractive at B)

A I
= a EI - 3a EI
L L
= - 2a EI
L
= - 2EI . a
L
The (-ve) sign with Mb indicates that it is a (-ve) moment which gives us tension at the top or
compression at the bottom.
(COF) a  b Carry-over factor from A to B =Mb = 2 = + 1

Ma 4 2
“BY PUTING A EQUAL TO UNITY , MA & MB WILL BE THE STIFFNESS

FACTORS AT THE CORRESPONDING JOINTS”.
In the onward problems of members having variable x-section, we will consider a = b = 1

radians and will apply them on points A & B on the top of the analogous column section. The resulting
moments by using the above set formula will give us stiffness factor and COF directly.
EXAMPLE:- Determine the stiffness factors at A & at B and the carry-over factors from A to B and
from B to A for the straight members with variable x-sections shown in the figure below..
SOLUTION:-
A B
2I I 2I
4m 6m 6m
1 1 1 1 rad
A= x6+ x6+ x4
2EI EI 2EI
1 rad 7.73
= 3 + 6 + 2
EI EI EI B
11 1 A 1 1
Analogous column section
= EI 2EI EI 2EI
7.73m 8.27m
x = (0.5  6)  3 + (6  1)  9 + (4  0.5)  14
11
x = 8.27
I = 0.5  63 + (0.5  6)  (5.27)2 + 1  63 + (1  6) 

12 12
(0.73)2 + 0.5  43 + (0.5  4)  (5.73)2

12
I = 181.85
EI
Ma = P  MC
A I
= P + MC = 1  EI + 7.73  7.73  EI
A I 11 181.85
Ma = 0.419 EI = 0.419  16 EI
L
Ma = 6.71 EI
L
Ka = 6.71
Mb = EI - 7.73  8.27  EI x 16
11 181.85 L
= - 4.17 EI
L
(COF)AB = Mb = 4.17 = 0.62
Ma 6.71
(COF)AB = 0.62 Now applying unit radian load at B.

1rad
1rad
8.27
7.73 8.27
Ma = [EI/11- ( 8.27x7.73xEI)/181.85] 16/L

Ma = - 4.17 EI
L
Mb = [ EI + 8.27  8.27  EI] 16/L
11 181.85
Mb = 7.47 EI
L
Kb = 7.47
(COF)ba Carry-over factor from B to A = Ma = 4.17

Mb 7.47
(COF)ba = 0.56
APPLICATION TO FRAMES WITH ONE AXIS OF SYMMETRY:-

EXAMPLE: Analyze the quadrangular frame shown by the method of column analogy. Check the
solution by using a different B.D.S.
SOLUTION:-
B C
12KN 5I
6m 2I 2I 6m
A D
10m
The term “axis of symmetry” implies that the shown frame is geometrically symmetrical (M.O.I. is
symmetrical) w.r.t. one axis as shown in the diagram. The term does not include the loading symmetry (
the loading can be and is unsymmetrical).
Choosing the B.D.S. as a cantilever supported. at A.

B C
12KN
6m 6m
A D
72 kN-m
10m
Ms-diagram
B 5I C
12 kN-m
6m 2I
6m 2I
Force= 108
2 - EI
36 D
A EI
Ms - Diagram
EI
According to our sign convention for column analogy, the loading arising out of negative Ms /EI will act
upwards on the analogous column section.
y
B C 1
5
y=2.27m 5m 5m
Mxx
x x
3.73m 108
EI Myy
2m
D
A
1 y 1/2
2
 Properties of Analogous Column Section:-
A = (1  6)  2 + 1  10 = 8
2 5 EI
y = (1/5  10)  1/10 + 2 [ 1/2  6]  3 = 2.27 about line BC.
8
Ixx = 2[ 0.5  63 + (1/2  6) x (0.73)2 ] + 10  (1/5)3+ (0.2  10)  (2.27)2

12 12
= 31.51
EI
Iyy = 0.2  103 + 2 [ 6  0.53 + (6  0.5)  (5)2]

12 12
= 167
EI
Mxx = 108  1.73 = 187 clockwise.

Myy = 108  5 = 540 clockwise.
Applying the formulae in a tabular form.
Ma = ( Ms- Mi)a
( Mi)a= P/A  Mx y/Ix  My x/Iy)
POINT Ms P/A Mx y My x Mi M
Ix Iy
A - 72 - 13.5 - 22.14 - 16.17 - 51.81 - 20.19
B 0 - 13.5 + 13.47 - 16.17 - 16.20 + 16.20
C 0 - 13.5 + 13.47 + 16.17 + 16.14 - 16.14
D 0 - 13.5 - 22.14 + 16.17 - 19.47 + 19.47
Note : Imagine the direction of reaction due to P, Mx and My at various points. Use appropriate signs.
PROBLEM:- Analyze the quadrangular frame shown by the method of column analogy.
B 3KN/m
C
5I
6m 2I 2I 6m
A D
10m
Choosing B.D.S. as a cantilever supported at A.

3KN/m
B C
MA+3x 10x 5=0

MA=-3x10x5
= 150KN-m
150K n-m
A D
15
B.D.S under loads
Draw Ms-diagram by parts and then superimpose
Free Body Diagrams

150 3 KN/m
15
B C
150
15 B C C
B 150
150
A
30 150
D
150
15
3KN/m
150
B C
-
150
A 150 D
Ms-Diagram
100
2.5
B 75 C
-
30
450
Ms - Diagram
6m
EI
3m I
75
A D
10m
100 y
2.25m
C
B
450 1/5
2.275m Mx
X X
6m 0.725m
My
3.725
3m
D
1/2 1/2
10m
Analogus colmun section
y
Properties of analogous column section:-
A = 2 [ 1/2  6] + 1  10 = 8
5 EI
y = (1/5  10)  1/10 + 2[(6  1/2)  3] = 2.275 about line BC
8
Ix = 2 [ 1/2  63 + (1/2  6)  (0.725)2] + [ 10  (1/5)3 + (10  1 )  (2.275)2]
12 12 5
= 31.51
EI
Iy = 2 [ 6  0.53 + (6  0.5)  52] + 0.2  103

12 12
= 166.79 / EI
Mx = 450  0.725 - 100  2.275 = 95.75 KN-m Clockwise

My = 450  5 + 100  2.75 = 2525 KN-m clockwise.
P = 100 + 450 = 550 KN
Applying the formulae in a tabular form.

Ma = ( Ms- Mi)a
POINT Ms P/A Mx y My x Mi M
Ix Iy
A - 150 - 68.75 - 11.32 - 75.69 - 155.76 5.76
B - 150 -68.75 + 6.91 - 75.69 - 137.53 -12.47
C 0 -68.75 + 6.91 + 75.69 13.85 -13.85
D 0 -68.75 -11.32 + 75.69 -4.38 4.38
Example.4 :- Determine stiffness factors corresponding to each end and carry-over factors in both
direction of the following beam.
SOLUTION:-
5
I 2
I 4
I I 3
I
2
m 1
.
5mm1
2 m 2
m
yo
1/5 ½ ¼ 1/EI 1/3EI
4.74m 3.76m
yo
Properties of Analogous Column Section :-
A = 1  2 + 1  1.5 + 1  2 + 1  1 + 1  2
5 2 4 3
A = 3.32
EI
X = (1  2) (1)+(1  1)(2.5)+  2) 4+(1  1.5)(5.75) + (1  2)(7.5)

3.32
X = 3.76
Iyoyo = 1/3  23 + ( 1/3  2) + (2.76)2 + 1  13 + (1  1)(2.26)2

12 12
+ (1/4)  (2)3 + (1/4  2)(0.24)2 + (1/2)  (1.5)3
12 12
+ (1/2  1.5)(1.99)2 + (1/5)  (2)3 + (1/5  2)(3.74)2

12
= 19.53
EI
(1) ka & (COF)a  b :-
1 rad
A 8.5m B
A 4.74 B
4.74 3.76
Ma= P/A  MC/I

= 1xEI/3.32 + 4.74x4.74 EI/19.53
= 1.45 EI
Ma = 1.45  8.5  EI = 12.33 EI

L L
Ka = 12.33
Mb = EI - 4.74  3.26  EI
3.32 19.53
= - 0.61 EI = - 0.61  8.5  EI = - 5.19EI

L L
Mb = - 5.19 EI
L
(COF)a  b = Mb = 5.19 = 0.42

Ma 12.33
(COF)a  b = 0.42
(2) Kb & (COF) b  a :-
Ma = P  Mc
A I
1 rad
A 8.5m B
A 3.76 B
4.74 3.76
EI 3.76 x 4.74 x EI
Ma = -
3.32 19.53
= -0.61EI
EI
= - 0.61 x 8.5 x = -5.19 EI/L
L
Mb = P  Mc
A I
= EI + 3.76  3.76  EI
3.32 19.53
=1..03 EI = 1.03  EI x 8.5

L
Mb = 8.76 EI
L
Kb = 8.76
(COF)b  a = Ma = 5.19 = 0.6

Mb 8.76
(COF) b  a = 0.6
Example.5:- Analyze the following gable frame by column analogy method.
SOLUTION :-
3 kN/m
B C D 3m
3I 3I
7m
I I
A E
14 m
3kN/m
C
7.62
B D
7 7 3 .5 7 3 .5
C
B 7 .6 2 D
A E
21 21 A E
B.D.S under loads M s -d iag ra m
2.
24.5 24.5
86
a =
C
x
4.7
B 2 .8 6
6
6
D
4 .7
4.375
A M s diagram E
EI
Taking the B.D.S. as a simply supported beam.
Mx = 21X – 1.5X2
Mx = Mc at x = 7m
Mc = 21 x 7 – 1.5 x 72
= 73.5 KN-m
Sin  = 3 = 0.394
7.62
Cos  = 7 = 0.919
7.62
P1 = P2 = 2/3  24.5  7.62 = 124.46
P = P1 + P2 = 248.92
 Mx dx = o7 (21 X - 1.5X2) dx = 21X2 - 1.5 X3 o7 = 343
2 3
 (Mx)X dx = o7 (21 X2 - 1.5X3)dx = 21X3 - 1,5 X4 o7

3 4
7 x 73 - 1.5 x 74 = 1500.625
4
X =  (Mx) X dx = 1500.625
 Mx dx 343
X = 4.375 Horizontally from D or A. Shift it on the inclined surface.
Cos  = 4.375
a
a = 4.375 = 4.375
Cos  0.919
a = 4.76
124.46
124.46
2.8
3m 6
B 4.7
6
C
2.17
D
x 1/3
x
Mx
4.83
A
E
1
1
PROPERTIES OF ANALOGOUS COLUMN SECTION
A = 2 (1  7) + 2 (1/3  7.62) = 19.08
Y = 2[ (1  7)  3.5 ] + 2 [ (1/3  7.62)  8.5)  8.5 ]

19.08
Y = 4.83 from A or E
Ix = 2 [ 1  73 + (1  7) (4.83 - 3.5)2 ]
12
+ 2 [ (1/3)  (7.62)3  ( 0.394 )2+ ( 1/3(7.62) ( 1.5 + 2.17)2 ] bL3 Sin2

12 12
= 154.17
Ix  154
Iy = 2 [ 7  13 + 7(7  1)  72 ]
12
+ 2 [(1/3)  (7.62)3  (0.919 )2 + (1/3  7.62)  (3.5)2 ] bL3 Cos2

12 12
=770.16
Iy  770
Total load on centroid of analogous column
P = P1 + P2 = 124.46 + 124.46 = 248.92
Mx = 2  [124.46  4.05 ]
Mx = 1007 (clockwise).
My = 0
Applying the general formulae in a tabular form.
Ma = ( Ms- Mi)a
Point Ms P/A Mx .Y My .X (B)=Mi M

(A) (1) Ix Iy (1)+(2) (A)-(B)
(2) (3) +(3)
A 0 + 13.05 - 31.58 0 - 18.53 + 18.53
B 0 + 13.05 + 14.19 0 + 27.24 - 27.24
C + 73.5 + 13.05 + 33.81 0 + 46.86 +26.64
D 0 + 13.05 + 14.19 0 + 27.24 - 27.24
E 0 + 13.05 - 31.58 0 - 18.53 + 18.53
PROBLEM: Analyze the frame shown in fig by Column Analogy Method.
10kN
B C
3I
2kN/m 4m
2I 2I
A D
3m
Choosing the B.D.S. as a cantilever supported at A.

4
MA + 10 x 1.5 + 2 x 4 x = 0
2
MA = - 31 KN-m
10 kN
2kN/m
8
31 B.D.S
10
Free Body Diagrams :-

10
15
1.5 1.5
10
B C
15 10
C
15
B
15
2kN/m
no B.M.D
A
8
31 31 D
10
10
15
15
31
M s-diagram
Properties Of Analogous Column Section :-
A = (1  4 )  2 + ( 1  3) = 5
2 3
(3  1 )  ( 1 ) + 2 [ ( 1  4 )  2 ]
Y = 3 6 2 .
5
Y = 1.63 From line BC
Ix = 3  (1/3)3 + (1/3  3)  (1.63)2 +2[0.5  43  (0.5  4)  (0.37)2]
12 12
= 8.55
Iy = (1/3)  (3)3 + 2 [ 4  0.53 ( 4  0.5)  (1.5)2]
12
= 9.83
Total load on top of analogous column section acting at the centroid.

P = 3.75 + 30 + 10.67 = 44.42 upward.
Mx = - 3.75 x 1.63 + 30 x 0.37 + 10.67 x 1.37
= 19.61 clockwise.
My = 10.67  1.5 + 30  1.5 + 3.75  1 = 64.76 clockwise.
Applying the general formulae in a tabular form.
Ma = ( Ms- Mi)a
Point Ms P/A Mx . y My . x Mi M
Ix Iy
A - 31 -8.88 - 5.44 - 9.88 - 24.2 - 6.8
B - 15 - 8.88 + 3.74 - 9.88 - 15.02 + 0.02
C 0 - 8.88 + 3.74 + 9.88 + 4.74 - 4.74
D 0 - 8.88 - 5.44 + 9.88 - 4.44 + 4.44
Example: Analyze the following beam by column analogy method.

SOLUTION :-
1
0kN
3
kN/m
3
I 1
.5
I I
Choosing B.D.S as cantilever supported at A
M
s
-
di
ag
ra
m
6 d
u
et
ou
.d
.
l
onl
y
2
4
7
2
4
0
P1=24x4 + 48x4 24x4 = 224

+
3 2
2.14
a b d
2c
16
1.5m 6 e 24
P2=1.33 24
72
3.21m
P3=18.67 Ms-diagram
EI due to u.d.l
P4=80
1.33
40
yo
Analogous
1/3 1/1.5 1 column
section
4.78 3.22
yo
area (abc)=  Mxdx = o2-1.5X2 dx =  - 1.5 X3 o2 = -4

3
(Mx) x dx = o -1.5X dx =  - 1.5 X o = - 6
2 3 4 2
4
X = - 6 = 1.5m from A
-4
area (bcde) = (Mx) dx = o4 - 1.5X2dx - o2 - 1.5 X2 dx
=  - 1.5 X3 o4 -1.5 X3 o2 = - 28

3 3
 (Mx)x dx = o4- 1.5 X3dx - o2 - 1.5 X3dx = - 90
P3 = 1 (area bcde) = 1 (28) = 18.67 KN

1.5 1.5
P4 = 80 KN
Total concentric load on analogous column section.

P = - P1 + P2 + P3 - P4
= - 224 + 1.33 + 18.67 - 80
= - 284 KN (upward)
Properties of Analogous Column Section.
A= 1 2+ 1 2+14=6
3 1.5
X = (1  4)  2 + (2  1/1.5)  5 + (1/3  2 )  7
6
= 3.22
Iyoyo = 1  43 + (1  4)(1.22)2 + (1/1.5)  23 + (1/1.52)(1.78)2

12
+ (1/3)  23 + (1/3  2) (3.78)2

12
= 25.70
Total applied moment at centroid of column.
= - 224  1.68 - 80  1.89 - 18.67  1.57 - 1.33  3.28
= - 426.79 (counterclockwise).
(Mi)a = P  Mc
A I
= - 284 + 426.79  4.78

6 25.7
= + 32.05
(Ms)a = 0
Ma = (Ms - Mi)a = 0 - 32.05
Ma = - 32.05 KN-m
(Mi)b = P - Mc
A I
= - 284 - 426.79  3.22

6 25.7
= - 100.81
(Ms)b = - 72 - 40 = - 112
Mb = (Ms - Mi)b
= - 112 + 100.81
Mb = - 11.19 KN-m

Chapter 7: Introduction To Column Analogy Method

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Chapter 7: Introduction To Column Analogy Method

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COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 315

MA (c) B.M.D. due to

Msdiagram = BDS moment diagram due to applied loads.

Mi diagram = Indeterminate moment diagram due to redundants.

FIRST SIGN CONVENTION:-

3RD SIGN CONVENTION :-

Mb = (Ms-Mi)b = (0 - WL2) = - WL2

Mc = 3 WL2 - 2 WL2 = WL2

IF B.D.S. IS A CANTILEVER SUPPORTED AT ‘A’.

 Mdx = oL (- WX2 ) dx = - W X3 oL = - WL3 ( Same as above)

NOTE : Moment expression is independent of the variation of inertia.

(Mi)a = P  Mc ( P is the area of Ms diagram )

= - WL2 - WL2 ( Reaction due to MC/I would be having the same

PROBLEM :- Determine the F.E.Ms. by the method of column analogy.

SOLUTION:- CASE 1 ( WHEN BDS IS A SIMPLE BEAM )

M = (Pab) (L - 2a ) = Pab (L - 2a)

Properties of Analogous Column X - section

= Pab + Pab (L - 2a)  L  12

= PabL + PabL - 2 Pa2b

(Mi)a = PabL - Pa2b

= Pab - Pab (L - 2a)  L  12

= Pab - Pab (L - 2a)

= PabL - PabL + 2Pa2b

Mb = (Ms - Mi)a = 0 - Pa2b

The minus sign means that it gives us tension at the top.

CASE (2) If B.D.S. is a cantilever supported at A:-

Pe =M = Pa2 ( 3L - 2a ) = Pa2 (3L - 2a)

Properties of Analogous Column section :- A = L , I = L3 , C = L

= - Pa2 - Pa2 (3L - 2a) , reaction at B is upwards while at A it is

= -Pa2L - 3Pa2L + 2Pa3 the same sign to be additive or vice-versa)

= - PaL2 + Pa2 L + Pa2b

PROBLEM:- Determine the F.F.Ms. by the method of column analogy.

Pe=M = WL3  3L = WL4 Where P= Area of Ms diagram=WL3/48

Properties of Analogous column section.

(Mi)a = P  MC ( Subtractive reaction at A due to P)

(Ms)a = 0 ( Inspect BMD drawn on simple determinate span)

= - WL2 + 13 WL2 = -24 WL2 + 13 WL2

Properties of Analogous column section.

(Mi)a = - WL3 + WL4  L  12 ( Subtractive reaction at A)

= - 80WL + 192 WL2

= 112 WL2 ( Divide by 16)

= - 80 WL2 - 192 WL2

STRGIGHT MEMBERS WITH VERIABLE CROSS - SECTION.

In this solution, two basic determinate structures are possible.

(1) By choosing a simple beam as a B.D.S.

P1 = 2  16  96 = 1024 KN ( Corresponding to entire BMD due to UDL)

= 12x2 - 0.5x3o6 = 12  36 - 0.5  216=432-108=324

area abc = 324

Mxdx = o6 (24x - 1.5x2) x dx

= o6 (24x2 - 1.l5x3) dx

=  24 x3 - 1.5 x4 o6 = 8  63 - 1.5  64

x =  Mxdx = 1242 = 3.83 m from A.

P2 = 1 ( area abc) = 324 = 162 KN( To be subtracted from Ms diagram )

P3 = 1  16  270 = 2160 KN ( Area of BMD due to concentrated Load)

Properties of Analogous column x - section.

x = xdA = (1  10) 5 + (1/2x 6  13)

= 6.85 m ( From point B) . It is the location of centroidal axis Yo-Yo.

Iy0 y0 = 1  103 + 10(1.85)2 + 0.5  63 + (0.5  6)  (6.15)2 = 240 m4

Total load to be applied at the centroid of analogous column x - section.

(Mi)a = P  MC ( subtractive reactions at A)

= 2819.5 - 1116  9.15

Ma = (Ms - Mi)a = 0 - 174.34