Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STEEL STRUCTURES
D i
Design of Compression Member
fC i M b
¾ A structural member carrying axial or eccentric
compressive load is called compression member.
l ll b
¾ Types of compression member :
The vertical compression member in RCC building is
p g
termed as column, where as for steel structure it is called
stanchion.
The compression member in roof truss or bracing is called
as strut
as strut.
The principle compression member in a crane is called
p p p
boom.
Boom
¾ Mode of failure of column :
Mixed
Crushing Buckling
of both
of both
Crushing failure:‐
g This type of failure occur in short column
yp
Such member has a critical load cause material failure.
Buckling failure :‐ This type of failure occur in long column
Such member has a critical load which cause elastic
instability due to which the member fail.
Mixed mode of failure:‐
Mixed mode of failure: The above two failure occur in the
The above two failure occur in the
extreme cases. For all intermediate value of slenderness
ratio the column fail due to combined effect. Most of the
ratio the column fail due to combined effect. Most of the
practical column fail in this mode.
Effective length (leff ) :‐
Effective length (l ) : It is the length between two adjacent
It is the length between two adjacent
Point of zero moments. Thus length depend upon end condition.
From, IS 800 : 1984, Clause 5.2.2
Where accurate frame analysis is not done, the effective
Where accurate frame analysis is not done the effective
length of a compression member in a given plane may be
Determined by the procedure given in Appendix C.
ete ed by t e p ocedu e g e ppe d C.
However, in most cases the effective length in the given
plane assessed on the basis of Table 5.2, would be adequate.
Effective length as given in Table 5.2 may also be adopted
where columns directly form part of framed structures.
β1 =
∑ Kc
∑K +∑K
c b
β2 =
∑ Kb
∑K +∑K
c b
Kc – Flexural Rigidity of column
Flexural Rigidity of column
Kb – Flexural Rigidity of beam.
Buckling failure : Euler’s Theory
Assumptions Made in Euler’s Theory:
• The column is initially straight (it is not crooked)
Th l i i iti ll t i ht (it i t k d)
• The load acting passes through centerline (axial
compression)
• The slenderness of column is high (Long column)
• The cross‐section of column is solid, with constant
section throughout height of column
• The column material is homogeneous, isotropic, and
elastic
l i
• The boundary conditions are ideally met
X P
From moment curvature relation :
d 2y M
2
= −
dx EI
y
M = Py
π EI
2
Critical Load (Pc ) = 2
l eff Y
Critical stress (σc)
Pc π EI 2
π E 2
f cc , or , σ = = =
λ2
c 2
A Al eff
leff
slenderness.Ratio(λ ) =
r
Column design formula
Merchant Rankin formula
1 1 1
n
= n
+ n
f f cc f y
f f
=
cc y
f
(f cc
n
+ f y
n
)
1
n
n = 1.4
In WSM method of design
S et od o des g
Axial compression strength (σac) = 0.6 f
For different grade of steel σac is given in
For different grade of steel, σ
Table – 5.1
# A built‐up column consists of two ISMC400@49.4Kg/m
And two plates of size 500x10 mm. the clear distance
Between back‐to‐back of channels is 200 mm. one plate
Is connected to each flange side. Determine the safe load
d h fl d h f l d
Carry capacity of the section if the effective length of the
Column is 5 m
Column is 5 m .
Sol:‐
Sol: Properties of ISMC 400:
Properties of ISMC 400:‐ 400
Thickness of web ( t w ) = 8.6 mm
100
Thickness of flange (tf ) = 15.3 mm
Thickness of flange (t ) 15 3 mm
Cross‐section area of the section(Ast) = 6293 mm2
Moment of inertia along X‐X axis (Ixx) = 150828x103 mm4
Moment of inertia along Y‐Y axis (Iyy) = 5048x103 mm4
For built‐up section:
200
⎧1 ⎫
I xx = 2 ×150828 × 103 + 2⎨ × 500 ×103 + 500 ×10 × 2052 ⎬
⎩12 ⎭
= 721.989 ×106 mm 4
{ }
I yy = 2 × 5048 × 10 3 + 2 6.293 × 10 3 × 124 .2 2 + 2 ×
1
12
× 10 × 500 3
Minimum radius of gyration:
Safe load for the section (P)
( )
P = Aσ ac = 2 × 6.293 ×103 + 2 × 500 ×10 ×141.046 N
= 3185.665KN
¾ Bending stress :
If compression flange is restrained laterally against
buckling then permissible compressive or tensile
bending stress is (Clause 6.2.1, Pg ‐ 55)
σ bc / σ bt = 0.66 f y
For unrestrained compression flange (Clause 6.2.3)
f cb f
σ = 0 . 66
y
(f )
bc 1
n
cb + f y
n n
fcb ‐ Elastic critical stress in bending (Clause 6.2.4)
= K 1 (X − K 2Y )
C2
f bc
C1
τ = K 1t f
Where,
26 . 5 × 10 5
Y = 2
MPa
⎛ l ⎞ t w , or , t D
⎜ r y ⎟⎠
⎝ or
⎡ 2
⎤ h
⎛ lτ ⎞
X = Y ⎢1 + 1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ MPa
⎢ 20 ⎜ r D ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎦
A1 ‐ Total area of both flanges at the point of least bending moment.
A2 ‐ Total area of both flanges at the point of maximum bending
moment.
Coefficien t ( K 2 ) = f (ω )
I yy , cf
ω=
I yy , f
Iyy,cf ‐ Moment of inertia of the compression flange alone.
Iyy,f ‐ Moment of inertia of the both flanges about its own
Moment of inertia of the both flanges abo t its o n
axis parallel to the y‐y axis of the girder,.
Bending compression strength = σbc
For different grade of steel, σbc is given in
For different grade of steel, σ
Table – 6.1A to F
¾ Combined Axial Compression and Bending :
From IS 800 :1984, Clause – 7.1.1, Pg ‐ 90
Members subjected to axial compression and bending
j p g
shall be proportioned to satisfy the following
requirements:
σ ac , cal C mx σ bcx , cal C my σ bcy , cal
+ + ≤ 1 .0
σ ac ⎧ σ ac , cal ⎫ ⎧⎪ σ ac , cal ⎫⎪
⎨1 − ⎬σ bcx ⎨ 1− ⎬ σ bcy
⎩ 0 . 6 f ccx ⎭ ⎪⎩ 0 . 6 f ccy ⎪⎭
Sway frame or Non‐sway with ends are restrained
Cm = 0.85 against rotation.
i t t ti
= 0.6 − 0.4β ≥ 0.4 Non‐sway and not subject to transverse loading
= 1.0 Non‐sway with ends are unrestrained against rotation
β = M min M max
σ ac ,cal
If , < 0.15, then
σ ac
σ ac σ bcx σ bcy
At support we can use following equation ‐
σ ac , cal σ bcx , cal σ bcy , cal
+ + ≤ 1 .0
0 .6 f y σ bcx σ bcy
¾ Combined Axial Tension and Bending:
Combined Axial Tension and Bending:
σ at , cal σ btx , cal σ bty , cal
+ + ≤ 1 .0
0 .6 f y 0 . 66 f y 0 . 66 f y
# Design a steel column for the loading as shown in figure as
per IS 800 :1984, steel is Fe250.
IS 800 1984 t l i F 250 80 KN
B
Sol :‐
Effective length for the propped cantilever column (leff )
5 KN/m
leffff = 0.8 × l = 4.8m 6 m
Maximum bending moment is at support “A” is : A
wl 2 5 × 6 2
MA = = = 22.5 KN − m
8 8
Let’s assume σac/bc = 80 MPa
Let’s assume, σ
Thus,,
Required sectional area and sectional modules of the column is:
A.L 88 × 1000
Areq = = = 1100 mm 2
σ ac 80
M 22 . 5 × 10 6
Z req = A
= = 281250 mm 3
σ bc 80
Try with ISMB300@44.2Kg/m
y @ g/
Check for axial compression:
88 ×103
σ ac ,cal = = 15.64 MPa
5626
Slenderness ratio (λ ) =
leffff 4.8 × 1000
Slenderness ratio = = 169 .01 < 180 , OK
rmin 28 .4
From IS 800 :1984, Table – 5.1, Pg ‐
g 39
Permissible axial compression stress is :
σ ac = 36 .6 MPa
MP > σ ac , cal , OK
Check for bending tension :
g
MA 22 .5 × 10 6
σ bt , call = = = 39 .22 MPa
Z xx 573 .6 × 10 3
MA 22 .5 × 10 6
σ bc , cal = = = 39 .22 MPa
Z xx 573 .6 × 10 3
For, ISMB300@44.2Kg/m
tf 12 . 4
= = 1 . 6533 < 2
tw 7 .5
d1 241 . 5
= = 32 . 2 < 85
tw 7 .5
h D 300
= = = 24 . 193
tf τ 12 . 4
l eff 4 . 8 × 1000
λ = = = 169 . 01
r yy 28 . 4
From IS 800 1984, Table‐ 6.1B, Pg ‐ 58
D/Γ 20 25 24.193
Leff/ ry
160 101 93 94.2912
170 98 89 90.4526
σ bc = 90.8326MPa
MP > σ bc ,cal , OK
Combined Axial Compression and Bending check:
From interaction formula
σ C σ
ac , cal
+ mx bcx , cal
σ ⎧ σ ac , cal ⎫
⎨1 − ⎬ σ bcx
ac
⎩ 0 . 6 f cc , xx ⎭
15 . 64 0 . 85 × 39 . 22
= +
36 . 6 ⎧ 15 . 64 ⎫
⎨ 1 − ⎬ × 90 . 83
⎩ 0 . 6 × 1311 . 19 ⎭
= 0 . 801 < 1 . 0 , OK
# Design a steel compound column for the loading as shown
in figure as per IS 800 :1984 steel is Fe250
in figure as per IS 800 :1984, steel is Fe250. 1000 KN
Sol ‐
Effective length for the column (leff )
8 m
leffff = 2 × l = 16m
P 1000 ×103
Areq = = = 12500mm 2 Required Sectional Area
σ ac 80
Let’s try with 2 X ISHB350@67.4Kg/m
250
rxx = 149.3mm, A = 2 × 8591mm 2
I xx = 19159.7 × 10 4 mm 4
I yy = 2451.4 ×10 4 mm 4 2S
For I xx = I yy
{
2 × 19159.7 ×10 4 = 2 2451.4 × 10 4 + 8591× S 2 }
S = 139.46mm ≈ 140mm
slenderness ratio (λ)
l eff 16 × 10 3
λ= = = 107 .6 < 180 , OK
rxx 149 .3
From IS 800 :1984, Table – 5.1, Pg ‐ 39
σ ac = 75MPa
P 1000 × 10 3
σ ac , cal = = = 58 . 2 MPa < σ ac , OK
A 17182
¾ For compound column we have to provide either
Batten or, Lacing :
Batten or, Lacing :
Design of Lacing:‐ It behave like truss member and
will be under tension or compression.
ill b d t i i
Single Lacing.
Double Lacing
Double Lacing.
IS 800 :1984, Clause 5.7.5, Pg ‐ 51
θ ∈ {40 0
, 70 0
} θ
Let’s
0
C
C
< 50
r yy
or , < 0 . 7 λ column
ryy − Radius of gyration of column element
Width of Lacing Bars.‐ (IS 800, Clause 5.7.3, Pg
Width of Lacing Bars. (IS 800, Clause 5.7.3, Pg ‐ 50)
In riveted construction, the minimum width of lacing bars
shall be as follows:
shall be as follows:
Let’ss
Let
Assume rivet diameter = 20 mm
Lacing width = 75 mm .
Thickness of Lacing Bars .‐ (IS 800, Clause 5.7.4, Pg ‐ 50)
Minimum thickness of Lacing :
t≥
l For Single Lacing l – length between
40 inner ends of rivets.
l
≥ For Double Lacing
60
d = (2 S − 125) = (2 ×140 − 125) = 155mm
d 2 = 219.2mm
d 2 219 . 2 8
λ = = = 94 . 89 < 145 , OK
rmin 2 . 31 75 mm
From IS 800 :1984, Table – 5.1, Pg ‐ 39
σ ac = 85.21MPa
F 8 . 84 × 10 3
σ ac , cal = = = 14 . 73 MPa < σ ac , OK
A 75 × 8
Check in axial Tension:‐
Gross diameter of rivet (ф)
φ = 20 + 1.5 = 21.5mm
Thus, Tensile stress in the lacing:
8.84 ×103
σ at ,cal =
F
Anet
=
428
( )
= 20.65 N / mm 2 < σ ac 150 N / mm 2 , OK
For ISHB350@67.4Kg/m
Thickness of flange ( tf ) = 11.6 mm
Thickness of Lacing ( t ) = 8 mm
Rivet value of the 20 mm diameter rivet:
Single shear strength value
π 100 π
V = τ av φ =
2
× × 21 . 5 2 = 36 . 3 KN
4 1000 4
Bearing strength value
300
P = σ ppt φ t = × 21 . 5 × 8 = 51 . 6 KN
1000
Thus Rivet value (R) = 36.3 KN
F 8.84 Minimum No. of rivet to be
Mi i N f i t t b
Number of rivet = = = 0.24 provided is 2, in each side
R 36.3
Batten:‐ It behave like very small beam member and
Subjected to bending moment.
The effective length of battened column should be
i
increased by 10%.
d b 10%
Minimum 4 No. of batten should be provided.
Provided batten on opposite faces such that one should
Provided batten on opposite faces such that one should
be the mirror image of other.
Thickness of batten (t) is same order
Thickness of batten (t) is same order
of thickness of flange. d de
S
t ≥ S
50 C
C
< 50
r yy
or , < 0 . 7 λ column
¾ Longitudinal shear (V1):‐
VC
V1 =
NS
V ‐ Transverse shear force (2.5% of P)
V T h f (2 5% f P)
N ‐ The number of parallel planes of battens
≤ τ av (0 . 4 f y )
V1
τ av , cal =
Abatten
¾ Longitudinal Moment (M):‐
Longitudinal Moment (M):
VC
M =
2 N
σ bt , cal = σ bc , cal =
M
≤ σ bc / bt (0 . 66 fy )
Z batten
Design of Flexural Member
¾A beam is a structural member subjected to
j
transverse load, i.e load perpendicular to the
g
longitudinal axis.
¾Types of beam (Based on end condition ):‐
¾Types of beam (Based on end condition ):
Simply supported
Overhanging Cantilever
Overhanging Cantilever
Fixed beam
Fi d b
continuous
ti
Propped cantilever
¾ Typical name of beam :
Joist :‐ A closely spaced beam supporting floors or, roof of
Building but not supporting the other beam .
Larger beam are used for supporting a number of joists.
Th
They are called Girders.
ll d Gi d
Beam are also used to carry roof loads in trusses. These
Beam are also used to carry roof loads in trusses These
Beam are called Purlins.
Stringer :‐ In building , beams supporting stair steps, in
bridges a longitudinal beam supporting deck floor and
Supported by floor beam.
GIRDER
Spandrel beam :
Spandrel beam :‐ In a building a beam on the outside
In a building a beam on the outside
Perimeter of a floor, supporting the exterior walls and
Outside edge of the floors.
A horizontal beam spanning the wall columns of industrial
B ildi
Building used to support wall coverings is called a GIRT.
dt t ll i i ll d GIRT
A roof beam usually supported by purlins is called a Rafter.
A roof beam usually supported by purlins is called a Rafter
Beam are also used to support the loads from the masonry
Over the openings. Such types of beam are called Lintels.
Floor beam:‐ A major beam supporting other beams or
Joints in a building; also the transverse beam in bridge.
b ld l h b b d
LINTEL
¾ Mode of failure of beam :‐
Primary mode of failure of beams are as follows :
Bending failure :‐ Due to crushing of compression flange
or fracture of tension flange.
or fracture of tension flange.
Shear failure :‐ Due to buckling of web near location of
high shear force.
Deflection failure :‐
D fl ti f il St t
Structure is assumed to be fail or
i d t b f il
unsuitable if excessive deflection occur.
# Design a steel beam for the loading as shown in figure as
per IS 800 :1984
IS 800 1984
Maximum bending moment
wl 2 60 × 6 2
M max = = = 270 KN − m
8 8
From IS 800 1984, Clause 6.2, Pg‐55
Permissible stress in Bending Tension/ Compression(σbt/bc ) = 0.66 fy
Let’s try with ISMB 600 @ 122.6 Kg/m
Z xx = 3060.4 ×
×10
10 mm 3 3
Self wt. of section = 1.226 KN/m
T t l l d (DL+LL) 61 226 KN/
Total load (DL+LL) = 61.226 KN/m
Maximum bending moment:
wl 2 61.226 × 6 2
M max = = = 275.517 KN − m
8 8
Check for bending tension :‐
275.517 ×106
σ bt ,cal = = 90.026MPa < 165MPa OK
3060.6 ×10 3
150 98 92 93.3632
σ bc = 95.5482MPa
Bending stress due to load :‐
275.517 ×106
σ bc ,cal = = 90.026MPa < σ bc (95.5482)
3060.6 ×10 3
So, section is safe
Check for shear stress :‐
τ av = 0.4 f y = 100 MPa
61.226 × 6
Vmax = = 183.678KN
2
From IS 800, clause 6.3, Pg‐ 68
Maximum Bearing strength (σp )= 0.75fy
= 187 5 MPa For continues support
= 187.5 MPa pp
Calculated bearing stress :
183.678 ×103
σ p ,cal = = 40.47 MPa < 187.5MPa
(300 + 45 )
1 3 ×12
4 .15
For S. Support
Check for web buckling:‐ Crippling is to be checked under point
l d
load or support only .
t l
Web buckling is critical at N.A. and crippling is critical where the
Web start to be straight.
From, IS 800 1984, Clause – 6.7.5.1, Pg ‐ 87
Slenderness ratio of web:
d 1 3 509 .7 × 3
λ= =
tw 12
= 73 .57
From IS 800, Table – 5.1, Pg ‐ 39
σ ac ≈ 110 MPa
Calculated axial compression stress :
183.678 ×103
= 25.51MPa < σ ac (110 MPa )
Vmax
σ ac.cal =
Bt w
=
( )
300 + 600 ×12
2
So section is safe
Ch k f d fl ti
Check for deflection :
5wl 4
Deflection due to load (δ cal ) =
384 EI
5 × 61.226 × 6 4 ×1012
= = 5.63mm
384 × 2 ×10 × 91813 ×10
5 4
From Clause 3.13.1.2, Pg‐ 34
Span 6000
Permissible value of deflection =
Permissible value of deflection = = 18.46mm > δ cal
325 325