UNIT ( 19 ) : Liver diseases
415. Name etiologic varieties and types of primary acute viral hepatitis
according to them. (P=6)
 HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, HGV
416. Specify 3 general antigen determinants of hepatitis B virus and
name current methods to detect for hepatitis B antigens in the tissue.
(P=6)
 HBs Ag : grounded glass hepatocytes
 HBc Ag : sanded nuclei
 HBeAg : HBe antibodies
417. What is the difference between concept of <infectious> and
<serum> hepatitis? Name their synonyms. (P=6)
 Infectious – virus hepatits A , develop from the result of
oral-fecal way passing the infectious, can not cause
chronic hepatitis
 Serum – virus hepatitis B result from parenteral way
passing the infectious,can cause chronic hepatitis
418. What is viral hepatitis A? Give its morphological changes in liver.
(P=4)
 Viral hepatitis A is an epidermis hepatitis transmitted
through fecal oral way caused by RNA picornavirus.
 Morphological change in liver- dystrophy, necrosis,
proliferation of stromas.
419. Name clinic morphologic forms of acute viral hepatitis B. (p=4)
 A. jaundice
 B. without jaundice
 C. fulminant hepatitis
 D. cholestatic form
420. What are morphologic macro- microscopic signs characteristic of
viral hepatitis with acute massive liver necrosis? (P=5)
Fulminant hepatitis-balooning and foamy degenaretion, necrosis, leukocyte
infiltration
Macro: enlarge, reddened liver
*421. Specify morphological signs of viral antigens (markers) of
hepatitis B. (p=3)
 Ground glass hepatocytes(HBs Ag)
 Sanded nucleus hepatocytes (HBc Ag )
 Councilman’s body
422. Name possible outcome of acute viral hepatitis B. (p=3)
 Recovery
 Chronic hepatitis
 Cirrhosis of liver
423. Specify morphologic forms of chronic viral hepatitis. (P=2)
 persistent
 Aggressive
424. What is lipoid hepatosis [steatosis]? Name 4 basic causes of its
origin. (P=7)
 lipoid hepatosis- chronic disease with lipid degeneration
predominance in hepatocyte
 causes : i. intoxication : drugs, alcohols
o ii. metabolic insufficiency : DM
o iii. diet insufficiency : obesity
o iv. Hypoxia
425. What is pigment hepatosis? (P=5)
 (hemochromatosis),is a liver disease with error of
metabolism and accumulation of iron pigment
426. Give the definition of the hepatic cirrhosis. (P=5)
 is a chronic disease characterized by :
 .fibrous septa bridging
 Parenchyma nodules (pseudolobules)
 . disruption of entire liver structur
427. Name morphologic signs of hepatic cirrhosis. (P=5)
 Hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis
 Fibrosis
 Inflammation
 Vascular derangement
 Pseudolobules
428. Specify types of hepatic cirrhosis according to their activity. (P=3)
 non active
 mild active
 high active
429. What is the mechanism of formation of hepatic postnecrotic
cirrhosis? Describe its morphogenesis. (P=4)
 formation of macronodular cirrhosis
 nodules are separated by large ct septa
 triads are closed to each other with proliferation of bile ducts
430. Name hepatic cirrhosis according to their morphogenesis. (P=3)
 -portal cirrhosis
 postnecrotic cirrhosis
 mix cirrhosis
431. Define 2 basic mechanisms of new formation of connective tissue
in hepatic cirrhosis.(p=2)
 portal and postnecrotic mec
432. What is mechanism of the formation of portal hepatic cirrhosis?
Give its morphogenesis. (P=5)
 the development of fibrous septa is delicate and extend through
sinusoids from central vein to portal regions, from one portal
tract to another one
433. Name basic sections [link] of the pathogenesis of primary biliary
cirrhosis? (P=6)
 primary biliary cirrhosis is rare chronic cholestatic inflammative
disease.
 Its etiologic agent are autoimmune reactions.
 It’s characterized by granulomatosis, inflammation of small
biliary ducts & their destruction.
 involving of the inflammatory process at the liver parenchyma
with hepatic destruction.
 regeneration proliferation of the hepatocytes & organization of
the fibrosis septum.
 develop chronic epithelial cell in bile duct acquire antigen
properties.
 lymphocytes cytolyse epithelial cell
 regeneration proliferation of cholangitis & periductal fibrosis.
434. Explain ascites and peritonitis origin in hepatic cirrhosis. (P=3)
 Ascities develop during the portal- hypertension
 Accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity, neutrophil infiltrate
with secondary infection through lymphatic way
 Peritonitis
435. Designate basic origin of hepatic cerebral syndrome. (P=3)
 it is named hepatargia
 it is a seared somplication of acute and chronic liver failure with:
 metabolism disorder
 shunting of blood
 severe loss of hepatocellular function
436. Name most significant portal anastomoses in hepatic cirrhosis
according to clinical morphologic relationship. (P=5)
 esophago-vasa shunt
 rectal-vasa shunt
 adominal –vasa shunt
437. Name clinical morphological signs of the hepatarrhia. (P=6)
 it is the clinical syndrome developing with severe hepatorenal
failure or hepatic intoxication and exhibited neurophychic
dysfunction and potential hepatic coma
438. Specify most frequent causes of patient death due to hepatic
cirrhosis. (P=5)
 heparic failure
 hepatorenal syndrome
 hepatocellular carcinoma
 massive esophagus hemorrhage
 intercurrent infection
439. Give the characteristics of principal morphologic changes
progressing in alcoholic liver. (P=10)
 hepatic steatosis
 hepatocellular swelling
 necrosis
 Mallory bodies
  Neutrophilic reaction 394. What cells are involved in progress of inflammation in gastritis?
 Fibrosis  lymphocytes
 Micronodule cirrhosis  plasma cells
 macrophages
440. Give the definition of <nutmeg liver> concept? (P=3)  neutrophils
 is termed chronic venous hyperemia (venous congestion ).
395. Name basic morphologic parameter of gastritis activity. (p=2)
 neutrophils occur in inflammation infiltrate
441. What is <<goose liver>>? (P=3)
 is a figurative name of lipid steatosis (fatty liver ) 396. Give the definition of stomach ulcerous disease with calculation of
its basic signs. (p=3)
442. What is <<icing liver>>? (P=3)  is a chronic disease with a breach in mucosa with extend as a
 is a figurative name of liver in hyalinosis deeper defect of membrane of stomach into the submucous
layer.
443. What is <<silicon liver>> ? (p=3)  Chronic disease in clinical cyclic course and the sign is chronic
 is the liver affected in congenital syphilis. Its surface is recitative ulcer of stomach
hillocked, gray-brown in color & rocking in consistence.
397. Which factors take part in dynamics of ulcerous disease of
* 444. A blood vomiting has suddenly been appeared before ,patient stomach? (p=3)
died. In postmortem examination there was found decreased dense  H.pylori infection
liver with fine hilly surface. There were verrucous enlarged vessels in  Mucosal cyposure of gastric acid and pepsin
lower third of the oesophugus. The stomach overfilled with blood and  Imbalance of neural regulation
grume. Diagnose and designate morphologic form of disease. Account
for varicose veins of eosophagus. Name the immediate cause of death. 398. Name complications of gastric ulcerous disease.(p=5)
-portal cirrhosis of liver  hemorrhage
-collateral shunt is cava esophagus  perforation
-rupture of varicose vein and hemorrhage  peritonitis
 penetration
445. Patient has initial enlarged belly volume with enlarged veins seen
 lumen stenosis of stomach
near round navel. Soon , patient dies. During postmortem examination,
there are found solid, small dense liver with decreased size and marked
399. What is ulceration penetration? (p=3)
thin layers of connective tissue. Then there are found enlarged spleen
 is lesion of gastric wall and bottow of ulcer it other organ eg:
and about 5 liters of transparent fluid. Give your diagnosis with
liver, pancreas
specification of morphologic form of the disease. Name typical extra
hepatic signs. (P=5)
400. Name the types of colitis. (p=5)
 diagnosis : portal cirrhosis of the liver
 nonspecific ulcerous
 morphological form : collateral hyperemic venous flow in the
abdominal wall (head of medusa)  pseudomembranous
 complication of extrahepatic – splenomegaly, ascites (portal  ischemia
hypertension)  infection
 Crohn’s disease
450. What can take place in the gallbladder when a stone obstructs
cystic duct? (P=2) 401. Name morphologic diverticula types. (p=2)
 hydrops (fluid in lumen)  Congenital
 empyema (pus in lumen)  acquired

Additional questions : 402. Define variants of diverticula according to etiology and conditions
1. Name the complication of gastric ulcerous disease. (P=5) of origins. (p=4)
 Perforation  congenital
 Penetration  acquired
 Peritonitis  meckel’s diverticulum
 Bleeding  multiple
 Stenosis
 Malignisation 403. Define causes inducing progress of diverticulous disease. (p=4)
 focal weakness of gastric wall
2. Type of chronic hepatitis according to their acting. (p=3)  increase intraluminal pressure
 minimal acting
 middle acting 404. Name complications of diverticulosis. (p=5)
 perforation
 severe acting
 diverticulitic
 peritonitis
UNIT (20) : GIT Diseases
 carcinoma
 hemorrhage
391. Specify types of gastritis.(p=3)
 acute 405. Name diseases which most frequently bleeding from upper section
 chronic of digestive
 special tract. (p=4)
 stomach or duodenum ulcer
392. Define morphologic signs of chronic gastritis. (p=5)  stomach carcinoma
 chronic inflammation (lymphohystiocitic elements), neutrophils  erosion of gastritis
infiltrate, atrophy of glanduli,sclerosis, metaplasia
 esophagus varices
393. Give special forms of gastritis.(p=5)
 Eosinoplilia
 Granulomatosis 406. Diseases which most frequently bleeding from lower section of
 Druged digestive tract. (p=5)
 Fibrous  Colitis
 tuberculosis  Diverticulitis
 Carcinoma
  Rectal hemorrhoid  jaundice and purulent cholangitis, the wall bedsore and bile
 Fissura of rectal peritonitis

407. Give the definition of the appendicitis term. (p=2) 451. What stones are formed in the gall bladder most frequent by
 inflammation of appendix according to their
chemical composition? (p=4)
 cholesterol
408. Name morphologic form of acute appendicitis. (p=6)  pigmented
 simplex  calcium phophorus
 superficial  mixed
 destructive ( phlegmonous )
 gangrenous UNIT ( 21 ): Diseases of the Lung
 apostematous
 phlegmonous + ulcerous 471. Specify clinical morphologic classification of acute pneumonia.
 Croupous Pneumonia
409. Specify theories of beginning of appendicitis. (p=3)  Bronchopneumonia
 coprostasis  Interstitial pneumonia
 neurahormonal
 generalized of infection diseases 472. Give definition of lobar (croupous) pneumonia. Name the
 mixed synonyms. (p=8)
Definition : acute infectious allergic inflammatory disease of the lung
410. Definition of primary gangrenous appendicitis. Real causes of it. involving one more lobes of the lung
(p=3) Synonyms - a. lobar pneumonia
 It is a necrosis of the appendix which due to thrombosis or b. crupous pneumonia
thromboembolism of appendix mesentery artery c. pleuropneumonia
 d fibrinous
411. What is empyema of appendix? (p=3)
 Is a complication of acute appendicitis with the accumulation of 473. Name atypical forms of croupous pneumonia. (p=5)
pus in the cavity (lumen) and purulent inflammation of wall of  Central
the appendix.  Massive
 Total
412. Appendix is thickened.  Migrative
Its serous membrane is dull, injected by vessels.  Klebsiella pneumonia
Green colour mucous membrane and melted on cut surface.
Give your diagnosis. (p=2) 474. Name extrapulmonary complications in lobar (croupous)
 phlegmonous appendicitis pneumonia. (p=5)
 Purulent meningitis
413. During appendectomy, there is found thickened appendix covered  Purulent pericarditis
with massive  Purulent peritonitis
fibrinous films, easily taken off. Mucous membrane is gray colour,  Purulent arthritis
partly  Purulent mediastinitis
melted on cut surface. Give your diagnosis taking into
consideration serous *475.Specify causes of death in pleuropneumonia.(p=1)
 changes? Name possible complications. (p=4) Lung & heart insuff + purulent complication
 Diagnosis : phlegmonous appendicitis
 Complication : perforation and peritonitis 476. Name the synonym of local pneumonia. (p=1)
abscess of liver  Bronchopneumonia
empyema of appendix
mesenteriolitis 477. Give the definition of “aspirate pneumonia” concept. (p=2)
 Aspirate pneumonia is a form of local pneumonia
414. Appendix is sent to pathologic anatomy laboratory. It is black  Developed as a consequence of aspiration of foreign body,
with dull serous vomitus and food.
membrane. Give your diagnosis. (p=3)
 Diagnosis : gangrenous appendicitis 478. Name morphologic signs of pulmonary emphysema taking into
considerqation: the size of the lung condition of alveolar ducts and
446. Name clinic morphologic form of acute cholecystitis. (p=4) lumen, condition of septa between alveoli, he condition of capillary bed.
 catarrhal  Size: Increased size
 purulent/ suppurative  Dilated or expanded
 gangrenous  Septa: Atrophy and Rupture
 fibrinous  Capillary bed: Desolated
447. What is empyema of the gall bladder? What bile duct involved 479. Name pulmonary and extra-pulmonary complications in chronic
ion observing non-specific pulmonary disease. (p=5)
obstruction? (p=3)  Cor pulmonale
 empyema of gall bladder is a complication of acute appendicitis  Amyloidosis
with pus accumulation in the lumen and purulent(suppurative)
 Hemorrhage
inflammation of the wall
 Pyepneumothorax
 Cystic bile duct
 Abcess
 sepsis
448. What is hydrops of gall bladder? Give its etiology.(p=3)
 hydrops : accumulation of fluid into lumen of gall bladder
*480. Give the definition of “destructive (saccular) bronchioecstasis”
 etiology : stone within cystic duct (without jaundice )
concept. (p=3)
 Permanent dilation of bronchi & bronchioles
449. What are most frequent complications of cholecystitis in bile duct
 Due to destruction of muscle & elastic supporting tissue
after stone obstruction of common bile duct? What are most frequent
complications in gall bladder wall with availability of stones in the gall  Resulting from necrotic panbroncitis.
bladder? (p=3)
*481. Specify typical extra-pulmonary complications by chronic  Fibrinous
chronic non specific pulmonary consumption. (p=2)
 Amyloidosis 506. What are the mechanisms of bronchioecstasis process complicated
 Sepsis by measles? (p=3)
 necrosis of bronchi wall
482. Name the significant complications in anthracosis (p=5)  purulent inflammation of bronchi
 Black lung disease  lysis elastic fibrilli of wall
 Abscess in lung  dystructive (saccular) bronchiectasis
 Cor pulmonale
 Emphysema 507. What is Noma? It‟s progress mechanism in measles? (p=4)
 Chronic Bronchitis  Noma is a type of wet gangrene
 After measles, the infant have low immunity that’s why we can
483. Name sites accumulating coal dust in anthracosis. (p=4) see necrotic process in cheeks and perineum debilitated by
 Pulmonary lymph nodes infective process.
 Lung parenchyma
 Around the vessels and bronchi Additional questions
 Lymphatic ducts 1. Name significant complications in anthracosis.
 Pneumonia
484. What is black consumption? Give its morphology and clinical  Abscess in lung
manifestations (p=4)  Hemapthoe
 It is a complication of anthracosis  Cor pulmonale
 Characterized by necrosis of the lung wall and softening with  Chronic bronchitis
formation of cavity and hemapthoe.
 Appearance anthracotic pigment in pulmonary lymph node & 2. Give examples of chronic non specific pulmonary disease.
lymphatics.  Chronic bronchitis
 Emphysema
485. What is silicosis? (p=3)  Bronchioecstasis
 It is a lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silicon  Bronchial asthma
dioxide (silica) and usually presents itself after decades of  Chronic Interstitial pneumonia (pneumonitis)
exposure as slowly progressing nodular fibrosing  Adult RDS
pneumoconiosis.  Chronic abscess

486.What is radiation sickness?(p=3) 3. Give histological form of status asthmaticus.

 Is injury produce by ionization radiation over limiting  Occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles
permissible dose.  Thick membrane of the bronchi
 Mucous plaque in the lumen of bronchus
499. Name types of severe grippe form? (p=2)  Eosinophilic infiltration in the wall of bronchus
 Toxic, influenza with pulmonary complications.  Patching necrosis and shading of the epithelium
*500. What are the forms of inflammation observed in respiratory
4. Types of pneumoconiosis
tract in viral bacterial grippe? (p=3)
 Asbestosis
 Fibrinous
 Silicosis
 Hemorrhage
 Anthracosis
 Necrotic
 Bituminosis
 catarrhal
*5. Definition of chronic bronchitis.
501. Give figurative name of lung with viral bacterial grippe
 Is the disease with chronic cough and with inflammation of the
(influenza).
bronchus and bronchioles.
 Large mottled lung
6. Types of emphysema according to anatomic form.
502.What are common causes of death in grippe(influenza) with
 Compensatory
complications?(p=4)
 Serinille
 Intoxication
 Obstructive
 Mediastenitis
 Intersitial
 pericarditis
 Glomerulonephritis
7. pulmonary complication.
 Purulent encephalitis
 Cor pulmonale
 meningitis  Secondary amyloidosis
 Hemorrhage
503. In life time, patient suffered from acute fibrinous hemorrhage
 Pyepneumothorax
tracheitis, bronchitis, and hemorrhagic pneumonia. What is the disease
suspected? Specify cause of death. (p=2)
 Disease : influenza Unit (22):Intestinal infections.Typhus fever,syphilis,poliomyelitis
 Cause of death : intoxication & bacterial bronchopneumonia
460.Explain the pathogenesis of dysentery.(p=3)
504. During postmortem examination, there are found numerous  Fecal-oral direct transmission of shigella. It damages rectum,
airless small and large inflammative foci of dark red colour protruded sigmoid, descending colon. It invades the large intestine and
over cut surface. Name the process and possible causes of their origin. comes to the coloncytes with epithelium destruction. Its toxin
 Hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, associate with other diseases has vasoparalitic effect.
like Grippe
 plaque and ulcer. (staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus) 461.Present anatomic characteristic of dysentery stages.(p=4)
 Hemorrhagic fever  Catarrhal, fibrinous, ulcerate, recovery colitis
 Influenza
462.Give macro,microscopic characteristic of changes in large intestine
505. Name possible types of the inflammation in measles bronchitis. in the 1st stage of dysenteric colitis.(p=4)
 Catarrhal  catarrhal colitis. Mucosa is swelling with hyperaemia,
 Catarrhal-purulent  many mucus production with hyperplasia and atrophy of crypts.
 Necrotic
463.Name and describe macro-,microscopic initiation changes in large
intestine in second stage of dysentery colitis.(p=5)
 Mucous membrane is swell, hyperaemic covered with brown
gray film, with deep necrosis under it, fibrin and neutrophils
infiltration.
464. Specify the intestinal complication of dysentery.(p=2)
 peritonitis
 phlegmon
 perforation
465.Mucous membrane of large intestine is swell,hyperaemic,covered
with gray brown film taken off with difficulty.Name the
process in large intestine and specify it.(p=5)
 fibrinous colitis- diphtheritic type, with deep ulcer formation
after film takes off.
466.Name the stages of changes of follicular groups(Peyer‟s patches) in
typhoid fever.(p=5)
 brown- like swelling, necrosis, ulcer formation, clean ulcers,
healing
467/468.Specify most typical colon complications of typhoid fever.(p=3)
Hemorrhage, perforation and peritonitis.
469.Give the definition of amebiasis.(p=4)
 Amebiasis is contamination infective intestinal disease with
large intestinal region caused by Entamoebas histolytica
470.During post-mortem examination ,there are found some
small,gray-green colour ulcers with irregular form cecum.Ulcer
edges are dug,overhung.During histology examination
necrosis ,leukocytes,macrophages infiltrates and amebas are found.
→Name the disease and process in large intestine.
→Explain the cause of vast disintegration of tissues .
→Name extra and intra intestinal complications in the disease.(p=8)
 Disease: Amebiasis
 Process: necrotic-ulceration of colitis
 Cause: Invade crypts of colonic glands,burrowing through the
tunica propria,stopped by
muscular mucosa.Then antameba fent out laterally to
create flask shaped ulcer with a narrow neck and
broad base.
 Extraintestinal: numerous abscess within the organs(liver,lung,
brain,heart,spleen)
 Intraintestinal:
hemorrage(melena),perforation,peritonitis,stenosis.
508.Name clinical anatomic form of paralytic Poliomyelitis.(p=4)
Spinal, bulbar, pontic, mixed.
509.Explain the pathogenesis of typhus fever.(p=5)
 With louse feces Rickettsii prowazekii, invade the skin penetrate
blood stream, they enter endothelium and smooth muscle cells
of the vessels.
 Their endotoxins activate thrombosis with formation of
granulomas surrounding small vessels/
510.What is typhus fever granuloma?(p=3)
 Consists of proliferative endolial, adventicial, glyal cells near
the small vessels.
511.Name types of typhus fever vasculitis.(p=4)
 hemorrhagic ,destructive, proliferative, destructive-proliferative
515.Give the structure of gumma.What are the stage and disease to be
observed?(p=6)
 caseous necrosis in the centre, surrounding lymphoid, epitheloid,
plasma cells, and capillaries.
 Tertiary syphilis.
516.Name main morphological changes of inflammation by tertiary
syphilis.(p=2)
 necrotic - productive inflammation. Gumma.
517.During post-mortem examination „‟lobatum hepar‟‟,aneurysm of
aortic arch ,gummas in the brain are found .What is the disease
involved,its period amd form?(p=3)
 disease: syphilis
 period: tertiary syphilis
 form: organ changes (gummas formation)
Additional questions
1)Extraintestinal complications of typhoid fever.(p=7)
a) bronchopneumonia
b) osteomyelitis
c) muscle abscess
d) purulent perichondritis of larynx
e) necrosis of abdomen muscles
f) typhoid sepsis
g) serous arthritis
2)Present clinical morphogical (anatomic) classification of
poliomyelitis.(p=4)
 Spinal, bulbar, medulla,mixed
Unit 23 : Sepsis And Meningoccosis
487. What is sepsis? (p=3)
 Polyetiologic non-contagious disease with generalized (systemic)
infection and acyclic clinical course, special significance of changed
reactivity.
488. What is cryptogenic sespsis? (p=2)
 Form of sepsis without entry of infection
*489. What spleen changes are observed in sepsis?( p=3)
Septic spleen with hyperplasia, myeloid metaplasia, atrophy of lymphoid
follicles.
490. What is septicaemia? Give the characteristic of changes in
septicaemia? (p=6)
 Form of sepsis with hyperreaction of organism with DIC syndrome,
jaundice, hemorrhagic syndrome, necrosis of organs, reversible injury
of organs.
491. What is septicopyemia and what are its morphologic signs? (p=4)
 Septicopyemia is clinical-morphologic form of sepsis with microbial
embolism into organs and multiple abscesses within the organ.
*492. Describe microscopic picture of the cardial valves changes in
sepsis lenta. (p=6)
Colonies of microorganism, necrosis and ulceration of the leaflets with
lympho-histiocytic and macrophageal infiltration without neutrophils (pus).
493. Give clinical anatomic forms of gyneacologic sepsis.when does it
begin?(p=4)
 Septicaemia
 Septipyemia
 It happens few days after abortion or delivery
 Fibrinous purulent endometritis, thrombophlebitis
494. Name changes in entrance gate and peculiarities of clinical
anatomic forms of umbilical sepsis (p=4)
 Umbilical sepsis with umbilical wonder. Purulent umbilical phlebitis
and arteritis. Septicopyemia and septic endocarditis.
495. The uterus is enlarged to a marked degree .its wall is thickened,
cavity widened. mucous membrane is saturated with yellow-green
exudates and films. Name uterus disease according to uterus size. What
is the complication of process?(p=5)
 Fibrinous purulent endometritis, purulent thrombophlebitis and
lymphangitis.
 Sepsis, septicopyemia, septicaemia.
496. Patient with prostate hypertrophy died due to urosepsis.explain
the pathogenesis of urosepsis?(p=5)
 Ascending purulent cystitis, uteritis, pyelonephritis, sepsis
497. Patient perished due to chronic heart and vascular failure.
According to anamnesis got treatment for sepsis lenta 3 years ago.name
most typical changes in the heart found by pathologist in post-mortem
examination. Specify the connection of changes with sepsis lenta in
patient (p=4)
 Heart valve disease with deformation of valve, predominance aortic
valve.

498. On the second day after childbirth [delivery] the women had
sudden chill[about 41 celcius] then appeared point of hemorrhages on
the skin and mucous membranes and jaundice.2 days later the women
died. During post-mortem examination,there was found the evidence of
expressed dystrophy in organs,enlarged diffluent spleen……... (p=4)
 Diagnosis: gyneocological post-partum sepsis
 Clinical morphologic form: septicaemia
 Changes:endometritis,thrombophlebitis of uterine vessels
512.Name forms of meningococcal infection . Name typical nature of
the inflammation in meningococcal meningitis (p=4)
 Purulent inflammation
 Nasopharyngitis
 leptomeningitis
 Meningococcemia
513. Name causes of death in fulminate meningoccemia. (p=2)
 DIC syndrome, hemorrhagic syndrome, organ necrosis, jaundice,
acute adrenal insufficiency, Waterhouse-Friederichen syndrome.
514 . During post-mortem examination of brain,there are found
smoothed brain gyri,super enlarged ventricle,atrophic brain tissue, it is
known from morbid history that patient had acute infection with the
changes of pia mater.give your diagnosis.(p=3)
 Complication of leptomeningitis is named fibrous adhesions and
hydrocephalus.
Additional questions
1.What changed are observed in sepsis . (p=3)
 Dystrophy
 Hyperplasia
 Inflammation
2.Define meningococcal infection. Which is the nature of inflammation
in it? Specify its localization.(p=4)
 Acute infectious disease caused by meningococcus which can
develop purulent inflammation of pia mater.
 Localisation: mucous of nose and pharynx
 Meninges of brain
 Appendyma of ventricles and blood
UNIT (23) : Tuberculosis
518. What are the tissue reactions observed in tuberculosis? (p=3)
 Alterative
 Proliferative (productive)
 Exudative
519. What does primary tuberculosis affect morphologically? (p=3)
 There is local exudative pneumonia (alveolitis) which undergoes
caseous necrosis and surrounded by perifocal serous inflammation
520. Name most typical localization of primary tuberculosis affect.
 Lung
 Intestine
521. Name principal forms of tuberculosis dynamics. (p=4)
 Hematogenous
 Lymphogenous
 growth of primary effect
 Mixed
522. Name hematogenic tuberculosis forms with principal defect of
lung. (p=2)
 miliary TB of lung
 Hematogenic disseminated large local TB of the lung
523. What do reinfective foci represent in secondary tuberculosis
morphologically? What is the author‟s terminology? (p=5)
 Foci of acinar and lobular caseous bronchopneumonia with
tuberculous granulation of tissue containing epitheloid cells, lymphoid
cells and Pirogov-Langhans giant cells. Foci of Abricosov’s
reinfection
524. Specify forms of secondary tuberculosis. (p=8)
 Acute local TB
 Fibrous local TB
 Infiltrative TB
 Tuberculoma
 Caseous pneumonia
 Acute cavernous (cavitated) TB
 Fibrous cavernous TB
 Cirrhotic TB
525. What anatomical pulmonary structure is involved first of all in
initiation of secondary tuberculosis? Specify its size, localization and
character of process. (p=4)
 Localized in the apex of one or both upper lobes. It is a small focus of
consolidation less than 2 cm in diameter. Character of process: tuberculous
endobronchitis, mesobronchitis, panbronchitis, acinar and lobular caseous
bronchopneumonia.
526. What is the form of secondary tuberculosis that tuberculoma
originate from? What is morphologic structure of tuberculoma? (p=3)
 Infiltrative pneumonic form
 Massive small focal caseous necrosis surrounded by capsule (serous
& fibrinous exudative inflammation)
527. Name progression form of infiltrate pneumonic tuberculosis. (p=2)
 Caseous pneumonia
 Tuberculoma
528. What is the wall composition of chronic tuberculous cavity? (p=3)
 Internal wall : pyogenic (caseous necrosis)
 Middle wall : tuberculous granulation of the tissue
 External wall : connective tissue fibers layer
529. What are infiltrative pneumonic foci of tuberculosis
morphologically? (p=3)
 Small focal caseous necrosis with inflammatiom predominant of
serous exudate and cellular infiltrate surround wide zone of non-
specific foci ( perifocal)
530. Name causes of death in acute cavity tuberculosis. (p=3)
 Lung bleeding
 Intoxication
 Pneumothorax
531. Name causes of death of secondary tuberculosis. (p=5)
 Lung bleeding
 Uremia caused by amyloidosis
 Lung and heart insufficiency
 Pneumothorax
 Tuberculous cachexia
532. During postmortem examination there is found white focus of
stony density, a pea (of 1 cm in dm) size, settled under pleura in third
segment of the lung. Give diagnosis and author‟s name of focus. (p=3)
 Diagnosis : primary TB undergoes healing process
 Author’s name : Ghon focus
533. A 3-year-old child died due to tuberculosis. During postmortem
examination, there are found inflates “fluffy” lung, pleura and tissue
with numerous millet-like hillocks, sand felt and soft meningeal sheath
of basilar brain infiltrate by exudates with separate analogous hillocks.
Name the form of tuberculosis and changes of meningeal sheath
according to the localization. (p=3)
 acute miliary TB
 Tuberculous basal meningitis
534. Adolescent had primary tuberculosis in childhood. Tuberculosis
spondylitis is detected. What kind of TB manifestation is it? What is
direct process localization in vertebra? (p=3)
 Hematogenous TB mainly with out of lung changes
 Bodies of vertebra
535. The corpse is delivered from hathist hospital to pathological
anatomy department. During postmortem examination cavities with
solid walls in right lung are found. The lung is deformed with sclerotic
fields. <Sago spleen> is detected. What is the form of tuberculosis and  secondary neoplasm
the complications involved? (p=2)  opportunistic infection
 Fibrous cavernous TB.
 Complication : amyloidosis 546. The most typical clinical variants of AIDS. (p=4)
 AIDS with opportunistic infection and tumors
536. A 40-year-old male is diagnosed for “periferic carcinoma of lung”  AIDS associated complex characterized by absence of clinically
intravitally. He died. During postmortem examination, there are found significant manifestation
the  Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
focus of caseous necrosis, “pigeon egg” (of 2-3 cm in dm) size,
surrounded by connective tissue capsule. The focus is found in second 547. Name typical morphologic changes in AIDS. (p=4)
segment of right lung. Give your diagnosis. (p=1)  Severe opportunistic infection
 Tuberculoma  secondary neoplasm
 neurologic manifestations
Additional Question
548. What is the meaning of opportunistic infections? (p=2)
1. 12-month-old infant with growth retardation chest pigeon deformity,  infection by protozoa.bacteria,virus,fungus persisting in
overgrowth of cartilage and osteoid bone tissue in ostochorndral immunocompetent host without clinical significant disease
junction. Name type of mineral disorders and its etiology. What disease
is to be involved in diagnosis? (p=4) 549. Name infectious agents causing opportunistic infections in AIDS.
 Type : rickets with deficiency of vit D  protozoal and helmintic
 Disease : Disturbances of bone development results from enchondral  fungal infection
bone formation with plenty of osteoid formation, disturbances of
 bacterial infection
calcium and phosphorus exchange.
 viral infection
HIV INFECTION *550. What are the characteristic features of opportunistic infections
in AIDS? (p=4)
537. Specify basic pathways of HIV infection transmission. (p =4) Pneumonia caused by opportunistic fungus P. carinii
 sexual contact, heterosexual Candidiasis
 infected blood, parenteral, needle sharing Tuberculosis
 passage of virus from infected mother to infant Cytomegalovirus
Less than 200 CD4+ cells / uL
538. Which are HIV infection carriers? (p=2)
 mother with HIV and drug abuser 551. Name basic manifestations of gastric intestinal syndrome in
AIDS. (p=2)
539. Name groups of population belonging to risk HIV infection group.  diarrhea
(p=6)  exhaustion
 homosexual bisexual
 IV drug abusers 552. What infections condition progress of gastric intestinal syndrome
 hemophiliacs in AIDS. (p=4)
 recipient of blood who are not hemophiliacs  shigella
 heterosexual contact of other high risk group  cryptosporidium
 infected mothers and newborns  campylobacter
 clostridia
540. Specify AIDS progress. (p=4)
 early acute phase 553. Give clinical and morphological characteristic of pulmonary AIDS
 middle chronic phase variant.(p=4)
 final crisis phase  clinical: - fever and cough with poor auscultative syndrome
- pneumonia
541. Specify duration of AIDS infection period. (p=2)  morphological :
 initial stage: 4 to 6 weeks - eosinophilic exudation within alveoli
 middle stage: 7 to 10 years - cell proliferation and diffuse interstitial lung fibrosis.

542. Name and specify second AIDS period clinically and Additional questions :
morphologically .(p=6)
 non specific symptoms 1.what does CNS involvement syndrome in AIDS include? (p=3)
 high concentration viral in plasma  meningoencephalitis
 viral specific immunoresponse  tumors
 normal CD4 count  dementia
 lymphadenopathy
2. Specify most typical malignant tumors in AIDS. (p=2)
543. Name morphological manifestation of lyphodenophatia during  Kaposi sarcoma
second AIDS Period. (p=2)  Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [Burkitts lymphoma]
 affecting more than 2 groups of lymph node within more than 3
months period 3. Specify most frequent causes of death due to HIV infection [p=2]
 opportunistic infection
544. What are characteristics [clinical and morphological] of third  neurologic syndrom
AIDS period? (p=5)
 immune containing of virus
 lymphoid tissue with HIV proliferation
 persistent lymphadenopathy (fever, rash, fatigue)
 or asymptomatic
 decrease CD4 count
 hypergammaglobulin

545. Name clinical and morphological changes of fourth AIDS period.(

 breakdown host defense and viremia
 destruction lymph node