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Top 17 Active Directory Interview Questions

& Answers

1) Mention what is Active Directory?

An active directory is a directory structure used on Microsoft Windows based servers and computers to
store data and information about networks and domains.

2) Mention what are the new features in Active Directory (AD) of Windows server 2012?

dcpromo (Domain Controller Promoter) with improved wizard: It allows you to view all the
steps and review the detailed results during the installation process
Enhanced Administrative Center: Compared to the earlier version of active directory, the
administrative center is well designed in Windows 2012. The exchange management console is well
designed
Recycle bin goes GUI: In windows server 12, there are now many ways to enable the active
directory recycle bin through the GUI in the Active Directory Administrative Center, which was not
possible with the earlier version
Fine grained password policies (FGPP): In windows server 12 implementing FGPP is much easier
compared to an earlier It allows you to create different password policies in the same domain
Windows Power Shell History Viewer: You can view the Windows PowerShell commands that
relates to the actions you execute in the Active Directory Administrative Center UI

3) Mention which is the default protocol used in directory services?

The default protocol used in directory services is LDAP ( Lightweight Directory Access Protocol).

4) Explain the term FOREST in AD?

Forest is used to define an assembly of AD domains that share a single schema for the AD. All DC’s in
the forest share this schema and is replicated in a hierarchical fashion among them.

5) Explain what is SYSVOL?

The SysVOL folder keeps the server’s copy of the domain’s public files. The contents such as users,
group policy, etc. of the sysvol folders are replicated to all domain controllers in the domain.
6) Mention what is the difference between domain admin groups and enterprise admins
group in AD?

Enterprise Admin
Group
• Members of this group have complete
control of all domains in the forest
• By default, this group belongs to the
administrators group on all domain
controllers in the forest
• As such this group has full control of
the forest, add users with caution
Domain Admin Group
• Members of this group have complete
control of the domain
• By default, this group is a member of the
administrators group on all domain
controllers, workstations and member
servers at the time they are linked to the
domain
• As such the group has full control in the
domain, add users with caution

7) Mention what system state data contains?

System state data contains

Contains startup files

Registry
Com + Registration Database Memory
page file
System files
AD information SYSVOL
Folder
Cluster service information

8) Mention what is Kerberos?

Kerberos is an authentication protocol for network. It is built to offer strong authentication for
server/client applications by using secret-key cryptography.

9) Explain where does the AD database is held? What other folders are related to AD?

AD database is saved in %systemroot%/ntds. In the same folder, you can also see other files; these are
the main files controlling the AD structures they are.

dit log
res 1.log
log
chk
10) Mention what is PDC emulator and how would one know whether PDC emulator is
working or not?

PDC Emulators: There is one PDC emulator per domain, and when there is a failed authentication
attempt, it is forwarded to PDC emulator. It acts as a “tie-breaker” and it controls the time sync
across the domain.

These are the parameters through which we can know whether PDC emulator is working or not.

Time is not syncing

User’s accounts are not locked out Windows
NT BDCs are not getting updates
If pre-windows 2000 computers are unable to change their passwords

11) Explain what is Active Directory Schema?

Schema is an active directory component describes all the attributes and objects that the directory
service uses to store data.

12) Explain what is a child DC?

CDC or child DC is a sub domain controller under root domain controller which share name space

13) Explain what is RID Master?

RID master stands for Relative Identifier for assigning unique IDs to the object created in AD.

14) Mention what are the components of AD?

Components of AD includes

Logical Structure: Trees, Forest, Domains and OU Physical

Structures: Domain controller and Sites

15) Explain what is Infrastructure Master?

Infrastructure Master is accountable for updating information about the user and group and global
1) Explain in windows DNS server what is Primary, Secondary and Stub zone?

In windows DNS server,

Primary Zone: In this, the file is saved as normal text file with filename (.dns).
Secondary Zone: It maintains a read-only copy of zone database on another DNS server. Also, it acts as
a back-up server to the primary server by providing fault tolerance and load balancing
Stub Zone: It consists of a copy of name server and SOA records which is used for reducing the DNS
search orders.

2) Explain what does IntelliMirror do?

IntelliMirror helps to reconcile desktop settings, applications and stored files for users especially for
those users who move between workstations or those who works offline

3) In the case when MSI file is not available, how you can install an app?

To add the application using the Software Installer.ZAP text file can be used rather than the windows
installer

4) Mention how many types of queries DNS does?

The types of queries DNS does are

Iterative Query Recursive

Query
5) Explain what is the primary function of the domain controller?

Primary function of the domain controller is to validate users to the networks, it also provide a catalog
of Active Directory Objects.

6) What information is required when TCP/IP is configured on Window Server?

To configure a TCP/PI client for an IPv4 client, you have to provide the IP address and the subnet mask.

7) Explain what does it mean caching only server in terms of DNS?

The caching only DNS server provides information related to queries based on the data it contains in
its DNS cache.

8) Explain what is the way to configure the DHCP server such that it allocates the same
IP address to certain devices each time the address is removed?

To configure the DHCP server, you can create a reservation for the device. To create a reservation, you
must know the MAC hardware address of the device. To determine the MAC address for a network
device you can use the ipconfig or nbs tat command line utilities.

9) Explain what is LDAP?

To look up for the information from the server, e-mail and another program follows or uses the
internet protocol. This protocol is referred as LDAP or Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.

10) Explain what is SYSVOL folder?

It is a set of files and folders that is stored on the local hard disk of each domain controller in a
domain and are replicated by the FRS ( File Replication Service). These files contain group or user policy
information.

11) Explain what is the difference between a thread and a computer process?

Computer Process: In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is executed

sequentially by a computer system which can run several computer programs concurrently.

Thread: A thread is a several executable program that work together as a single process. For instance,
one thread might send an error message to the user; another might handle error signals while the third
thread might be executing the original action.

12) Explain what is RAID in Windows Server?

For storing same data at a different place RAID or Redundant Array of Independent Disks strategy is
used. It is a strategy for building fault tolerance and increase the storage capacity. On separate drives it
allows you to combine one or more volumes so that they are accessed by a single drive letter

13) Explain what is the purpose of deploying local DNS servers?

A local DNS server provides the local mapping of fully qualified domain names to IP addresses. To
resolve remote requests related to the domains names on your network, local DNS servers can provide
record information to remote DNS servers.

14) To check TCP/IP configurations and IP connectivity, what are the two command line
utilities that can be used?

Ipconfig: To check the computer’s IP configuration, command ipconfig can be used and also it can be
used to renew the client’s IP address if it is provided by a DHCP server.

Ping: To check the connection between the local computer and any of the other computer device on
the network Ping command is used

rd
15) Explain if it is possible to connect Active Directory to other 3 party Directory
services?

Yes, you can connect other vendors directory services with Microsoft version. By using dirXML or LDAP
to connect to other directories.

16) Explain where is the AD database is held?

AD database is saved in %systemroot%/ntds. Files that controls the AD structure are

ntds.dit
edb.log
res1.log
res2.log
edn.chk

17) Explain what is the major difference between NTFS ( New Technology File System) or
FAT (File Allocation Table) on a local server?

For local users FAT (File Allocation Table) and FAT32 provides security, while NTFS ( New Technology File
System) provides security for domain users as well as local users. NTFS provides file level security which
is not possible through FAT32.

18) Mention what windows server 2008 service is used to install client operating system
over the network?

WDE ( Windows Deployment Services ) allows you to install client and server operating systems over
the network to any computer with a PXE enabled network interface
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1) What is a Link?

A link refers to the connectivity between two devices. It includes the type of cables and
protocols used in order for one device to be able to communicate with the other.

2) What are the layers of the OSI reference model?

There are 7 OSI layers: Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer,
Session Layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer.

3) What is backbone network?

A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure that is designed to distribute different routes

and data to various networks. It also handles management of bandwidth and various channels.

4) What is a LAN?

LAN is short for Local Area Network. It refers to the connection between computers and other
network devices that are located within a small physical location.

5) What are routers?

Routers can connect two or more network segments. These are intelligent network devices that
store information in its routing table such as paths, hops and bottlenecks. With this info, they are
able to determine the best path for data transfer. Routers operate at the OSI Network Layer.

6) What is point to point link?

It refers to a direct connection between two computers on a network. A point to point connection
does not need any other network devices other than connecting a cable to the NIC cards of both
computers.

7) What is anonymous FTP?

Anonymous FTP is a way of granting user access to files in public servers. Users that are
allowed access to data in these servers do not need to identify themselves, but instead log in as
an anonymous guest.

8) What is subnet mask?

A subnet mask is combined with an IP address in order to identify two parts: the extended
network address and the host address. Like an IP address, a subnet mask is made up of 32
bits.

9) What is the maximum length allowed for a UTP cable?

A single segment of UTP cable has an allowable length of 90 to 100 meters. This limitation can
be overcome by using repeaters and switches.
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10) What is data encapsulation?

Data encapsulation is the process of breaking down information into smaller manageable
chunks before it is transmitted across the network. It is also in this process that the source and
destination addresses are attached into the headers, along with parity checks.

11) Describe Network Topology

Network Topology refers to the layout of a computer network. It shows how devices and cables
are physically laid out, as well as how they connect to one another.

12) What is VPN

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VPN means Virtual Private Network, a technology that allows a secure tunnel to be created
across a network such as the Internet. For example, VPNs allow you to establish a secure dial-
up connection to a remote server.

13) Briefly describe NAT.

NAT is Network Address Translation. This is a protocol that provides a way for multiple
computers on a common network to share single connection to the Internet.

14) What is the job of the Network Layer under the OSI reference model?

The Network layer is responsible for data routing, packet switching and control of network
congestion. Routers operate under this layer.

15) How does a network topology affect your decision in setting up a network?

Network topology dictates what media you must use to interconnect devices. It also serves as
basis on what materials, connector and terminations that is applicable for the setup.

16) What is RIP?

RIP, short for Routing Information Protocol is used by routers to send data from one network to
another. It efficiently manages routing data by broadcasting its routing table to all other routers
within the network. It determines the network distance in units of hops.

17) What are different ways of securing a computer network?

There are several ways to do this. Install reliable and updated anti-virus program on all
computers. Make sure firewalls are setup and configured properly. User authentication will also
help a lot. All of these combined would make a highly secured network.

18) What is NIC?

NIC is short for Network Interface Card. This is a peripheral card that is attached to a PC in
order to connect to a network. Every NIC has its own MAC address that identifies the PC on the
network.

19) What is WAN?

WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is an interconnection of computers and devices that are
geographically dispersed. It connects networks that are located in different regions and
countries.

20) What is the importance of the OSI Physical Layer?

The physical layer does the conversion from data bits to electrical signal, and vice versa. This is

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where network devices and cable types are considered and setup.

21) How many layers are there under TCP/IP?

There are four layers: the Network Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer and Application Layer.

22) What are proxy servers and how do they protect computer networks?

Proxy servers primarily prevent external users who identifying the IP addresses of an internal
network. Without knowledge of the correct IP address, even the physical location of the network
cannot be identified. Proxy servers can make a network virtually invisible to external users.

23) What is the function of the OSI Session Layer?

This layer provides the protocols and means for two devices on the network to communicate
with each other by holding a session. This includes setting up the session, managing
information exchange during the session, and tear-down process upon termination of the
session.

24) What is the importance of implementing a Fault Tolerance System? Are there
limitations?

A fault tolerance system ensures continuous data availability. This is done by eliminating a
single point of failure. However, this type of system would not be able to protect data in some
cases, such as in accidental deletions.
.

25) What is a private IP address?

Private IP addresses are assigned for use on intranets. These addresses are used for internal
networks and are not routable on external public networks. These ensures that no conflicts are
present among internal networks while at the same time the same range of private IP addresses
are reusable for multiple intranets since they do not "see" each other.

26) What is NOS?

NOS, or Network Operating System, is specialized software whose main task is to provide
network connectivity to a computer in order for it to be able to communicate with other
computers and connected devices.

27) What is DoS?

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DoS, or Denial-of-Service attack, is an attempt to prevent users from being able to access the
internet or any other network services. Such attacks may come in different forms and are done
by a group of perpetuators. One common method of doing this is to overload the system server
so it cannot anymore process legitimate traffic and will be forced to reset.

28) What is OSI and what role does it play in computer networks?

OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) serves as a reference model for data communication. It is
made up of 7 layers, with each layer defining a particular aspect on how network devices
connect and communicate with one another. One layer may deal with the physical media used,
while another layer dictates how data is actually transmitted across the network.

29) What is the purpose of cables being shielded and having twisted pairs?

The main purpose of this is to prevent crosstalk. Crosstalks are electromagnetic interferences or
noise that can affect data being transmitted across cables.

30) What is the advantage of address sharing?

By using address translation instead of routing, address sharing provides an inherent security
benefit. That's because host PCs on the Internet can only see the public IP address of the
external interface on the computer that provides address translation and not the private IP
addresses on the internal network.

31) What are MAC addresses?

MAC, or Media Access Control, uniquely identifies a device on the network. It is also known as
physical address or Ethernet address. A MAC address is made up of 6-byte parts.

32) What is the equivalent layer or layers of the TCP/IP Application layer in terms of OSI
reference model?

The TCP/IP Application layer actually has three counterparts on the OSI model: the Session
layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer.

33) How can you identify the IP class of a given IP address?

By looking at the first octet of any given IP address, you can identify whether it's Class A, B or
C. If the first octet begins with a 0 bit, that address is Class A. If it begins with bits 10 then that
address is a Class B address. If it begins with 110, then it's a Class C network.

34) What is the main purpose of OSPF?

OSPF, or Open Shortest Path First, is a link-state routing protocol that uses routing tables to
determine the best possible path for data exchange.

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35) What are firewalls?

Firewalls serve to protect an internal network from external attacks. These external threats can
be hackers who want to steal data or computer viruses that can wipe out data in an instant. It
also prevents other users from external networks from gaining access to the private network.

36) Describe star topology

Star topology consists of a central hub that connects to nodes. This is one of the easiest to
setup and maintain.

37) What are gateways?

Gateways provide connectivity between two or more network segments. It is usually a computer
that runs the gateway software and provides translation services. This translation is a key in
allowing different systems to communicate on the network.

38) What is the disadvantage of a star topology?

One major disadvantage of star topology is that once the central hub or switch get damaged,
the entire network becomes unusable.

39) What is SLIP?

SLIP, or Serial Line Interface Protocol, is actually an old protocol developed during the early
UNIX days. This is one of the protocols that are used for remote access.

40) Give some examples of private network addresses.

10.0.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0

172.16.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.240.0.0
192.168.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.255.0.0

41) What is tracert?

Tracert is a Windows utility program that can used to trace the route taken by data from the
router to the destination network. It also shows the number of hops taken during the entire
transmission route.

42) What are the functions of a network administrator?

A network administrator has many responsibilities that can be summarize into 3 key functions:
installation of a network, configuration of network settings, and maintenance/troubleshooting of
networks.

43) Describe at one disadvantage of a peer to peer network.

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When you are accessing the resources that are shared by one of the workstations on the
network, that workstation takes a performance hit.

44) What is Hybrid Network?

A hybrid network is a network setup that makes use of both client-server and peer-to-peer
architecture.

45) What is DHCP?

DHCP is short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Its main task is to automatically assign
an IP address to devices across the network. It first checks for the next available address not
yet taken by any device, then assigns this to a network device.

46) What is the main job of the ARP?

The main task of ARP or Address Resolution Protocol is to map a known IP address to a MAC
layer address.

47) What is TCP/IP?

TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. This is a set of protocol
layers that is designed to make data exchange possible on different types of computer
networks, also known as heterogeneous network.

48) How can you manage a network using a router?

Routers have built in console that lets you configure different settings, like security and data
logging. You can assign restrictions to computers, such as what resources it is allowed access,
or what particular time of the day they can browse the internet. You can even put restrictions on
what websites are not viewable across the entire network.

49) What protocol can be applied when you want to transfer files between different
platforms, such between UNIX systems and Windows servers?

Use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for file transfers between such different servers. This is
possible because FTP is platform independent.

50) What is the use of a default gateway?

Default gateways provide means for the local networks to connect to the external network. The
default gateway for connecting to the external network is usually the address of the external
router port.

51) One way of securing a network is through the use of passwords. What can be
considered as good passwords?

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Good passwords are made up of not just letters, but by combining letters and numbers. A
password that combines uppercase and lowercase letters is favorable than one that uses all
upper case or all lower case letters. Passwords must be not words that can easily be guessed
by hackers, such as dates, names, favorites, etc. Longer passwords are also better than short
ones.

52) What is the proper termination rate for UTP cables?

The proper termination for unshielded twisted pair network cable is 100 ohms.

53) What is netstat?

Netstat is a command line utility program. It provides useful information about the current
TCP/IP settings of a connection.

54) What is the number of network IDs in a Class C network?

For a Class C network, the number of usable Network ID bits is 21. The number of possible
network IDs is 2 raised to 21 or 2,097,152. The number of host IDs per network ID is 2 raised to
8 minus 2, or 254.

55) What happens when you use cables longer than the prescribed length?

Cables that are too long would result in signal loss. This means that data transmission and
reception would be affected, because the signal degrades over length.

56) What common software problems can lead to network defects?

Software related problems can be any or a combination of the following:

- client server problems
- application conflicts
- error in configuration
- protocol mismatch
- security issues
- user policy and rights issues

57) What is ICMP?

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol. It provides messaging and communication for
protocols within the TCP/IP stack. This is also the protocol that manages error messages that
are used by network tools such as PING.

58) What is Ping?

Ping is a utility program that allows you to check connectivity between network devices on the
network. You can ping a device by using its IP address or device name, such as a computer

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name.

59) What is peer to peer?

Peer to peer are networks that does not reply on a server. All PCs on this network act as
individual workstations.

60) What is DNS?

DNS is Domain Name System. The main function of this network service is to provide host
names to TCP/IP address resolution.

61) What advantages does fiber optics have over other media?

One major advantage of fiber optics is that is it less susceptible to electrical interference. It also
supports higher bandwidth, meaning more data can be transmitted and received. Signal
degrading is also very minimal over long distances.

62) What is the difference between a hub and a switch?

A hub acts as a multiport repeater. However, as more and more devices connect to it, it would
not be able to efficiently manage the volume of traffic that passes through it. A switch provides a
better alternative that can improve the performance especially when high traffic volume is
expected across all ports.

63) What are the different network protocols that are supported by Windows RRAS
services?

There are three main network protocols supported: NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and IPX.

64) What are the maximum networks and hosts in a class A, B and C network?

For Class A, there are 126 possible networks and 16,777,214 hosts
For Class B, there are 16,384 possible networks and 65,534 hosts
For Class C, there are 2,097,152 possible networks and 254 hosts

65) What is the standard color sequence of a straight-through cable?

orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white, green, brown/white, brown.

66) What protocols fall under the Application layer of the TCP/IP stack?

The following are the protocols under TCP/IP Application layer: FTP, TFTP, Telnet and SMTP.

67) You need to connect two computers for file sharing. Is it possible to do this without
using a hub or router?

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Yes, you can connect two computers together using only one cable. A crossover type cable can
be use in this scenario. In this setup, the data transmit pin of one cable is connected to the data
receive pin of the other cable, and vice versa.

68) What is ipconfig?

Ipconfig is a utility program that is commonly used to identify the addresses information of a
computer on a network. It can show the physical address as well as the IP address.

69) What is the difference between a straight-through and crossover cable?

A straight-through cable is used to connect computers to a switch, hub or router. A crossover

cable is used to connect two similar devices together, such as a PC to PC or Hub to hub.

70) What is client/server?

Client/server is a type of network wherein one or more computers act as servers. Servers
provide a centralized repository of resources such as printers and files. Clients refers to
workstation that access the server.

71) Describe networking.

Networking refers to the inter connection between computers and peripherals for data
communication. Networking can be done using wired cabling or through wireless link.

72) When you move the NIC cards from one PC to another PC, does the MAC address
gets transferred as well?

Yes, that's because MAC addresses are hard-wired into the NIC circuitry, not the PC. This also
means that a PC can have a different MAC address when the NIC card was replace by another
one.

73) Explain clustering support

Clustering support refers to the ability of a network operating system to connect multiple servers
in a fault-tolerant group. The main purpose of this is the in the event that one server fails, all
processing will continue on with the next server in the cluster.

74) In a network that contains two servers and twenty workstations, where is the best
place to install an Anti-virus program?

An anti-virus program must be installed on all servers and workstations to ensure protection.
That's because individual users can access any workstation and introduce a computer virus
when plugging in their removable hard drives or flash drives.

75) Describe Ethernet.

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Ethernet is one of the popular networking technologies used these days. It was developed
during the early 1970s and is based on specifications as stated in the IEEE. Ethernet is used in
local area networks.

76) What are some drawbacks of implementing a ring topology?

In case one workstation on the network suffers a malfunction, it can bring down the entire
network. Another drawback is that when there are adjustments and reconfigurations needed to
be performed on a particular part of the network, the entire network has to be temporarily
brought down as well.

77) What is the difference between CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA?

CSMA/CD, or Collision Detect, retransmits data frames whenever a collision occurred.

CSMA/CA, or Collision Avoidance, will first broadcast intent to send prior to data transmission.

78) What is SMTP?

SMTP is short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol deals with all Internal mail, and
provides the necessary mail delivery services on the TCP/IP protocol stack.

79) What is multicast routing?

Multicast routing is a targeted form of broadcasting that sends message to a selected group of
user, instead of sending it to all users on a subnet.

80) What is the importance of Encryption on a network?

Encryption is the process of translating information into a code that is unreadable by the user. It
is then translated back or decrypted back to its normal readable format using a secret key or
password. Encryption help ensure that information that is intercepted halfway would remain
unreadable because the user has to have the correct password or key for it.

81) How are IP addresses arranged and displayed?

IP addresses are displayed as a series of four decimal numbers that are separated by period or
dots. Another term for this arrangement is the dotted decimal format. An example is
192.168.101.2

82) Explain the importance of authentication.

Authentication is the process of verifying a user's credentials before he can log into the network.
It is normally performed using a username and password. This provides a secure means of
limiting the access from unwanted intruders on the network.

83) What do mean by tunnel mode?

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This is a mode of data exchange wherein two communicating computers do not use IPSec
themselves. Instead, the gateway that is connecting their LANs to the transit network creates a
virtual tunnel that uses the IPSec protocol to secure all communication that passes through it.

84) What are the different technologies involved in establishing WAN links?

Analog connections - using conventional telephone lines; Digital connections - using digital-
grade telephone lines; switched connections - using multiple sets of links between sender and
receiver to move data.

85) What is one advantage of mesh topology?

In the event that one link fails, there will always be another available. Mesh topology is actually
one of the most fault-tolerant network topology.

86) When troubleshooting computer network problems, what common hardware-related

problems can occur?

A large percentage of a network is made up of hardware. Problems in these areas can range
from malfunctioning hard drives, broken NICs and even hardware startups. Incorrectly hardware
configuration is also one of those culprits to look into.

87) What can be done to fix signal attenuation problems?

A common way of dealing with such a problem is to use repeaters and hub, because it will help
regenerate the signal and therefore prevent signal loss. Checking if cables are properly
terminated is also a must.

88) How does dynamic host configuration protocol aid in network administration?

Instead of having to visit each client computer to configure a static IP address, the network
administrator can apply dynamic host configuration protocol to create a pool of IP addresses
known as scopes that can be dynamically assigned to clients.

89) Explain profile in terms of networking concept?

Profiles are the configuration settings made for each user. A profile may be created that puts a
user in a group, for example.

90) What is sneakernet?

Sneakernet is believed to be the earliest form of networking wherein data is physically

transported using removable media, such as disk, tapes.

91) What is the role of IEEE in computer networking?

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IEEE, or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, is an organization composed of

engineers that issues and manages standards for electrical and electronic devices. This
includes networking devices, network interfaces, cablings and connectors.

92) What protocols fall under the TCP/IP Internet Layer?

There are 4 protocols that are being managed by this layer. These are ICMP, IGMP, IP and
ARP.

93) When it comes to networking, what are rights?

Rights refer to the authorized permission to perform specific actions on the network. Each user
on the network can be assigned individual rights, depending on what must be allowed for that
user.

94) What is one basic requirement for establishing VLANs?

A VLAN requires dedicated equipment on each end of the connection that allows messages
entering the Internet to be encrypted, as well as for authenticating users.

95) What is IPv6?

IPv6 , or Internet Protocol version 6, was developed to replace IPv4. At present, IPv4 is being
used to control internet traffic, butis expected to get saturated in the near future. IPv6 was
designed to overcome this limitation.

96) What is RSA algorithm?

RSA is short for Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm. It is the most commonly used public key
encryption algorithm in use today.

97) What is mesh topology?

Mesh topology is a setup wherein each device is connected directly to every other device on the
network. Consequently, it requires that each device have at least two network connections.

98) what is the maximum segment length of a 100Base-FX network?

The maximum allowable length for a network segment using 100Base-FX is 412 meters. The
maximum length for the entire network is 5 kilometers.

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Windows System Admin Interview Q &A

1. Q: What does Active Directory mean?

A: The active Directory means a service that identifies and handles resources, making them
visible for different groups or members that are authorized. It has the role of an object store.
The Active directory sees as objects workstations, people, servers devices or documents and
they all have their own characteristics and access control list or ACL.

2.Q: What is the meaning of Global Catalog?

A: A Global Catalog is something that each domain has, and it is used for authenticating the
user on the network, on windows 2000 network logon’s were protected from failures by
assigning a Global Catalog to every site.

3.Q: What is the use for DHCP?

A: DHCP is used for the DHCP servers, personal computers can get their configuration from
a DHCP server on an IP configuration. The server knows nothing about the personal
computers until they make a request for information. Usually the most
commoninformation sent is IP address and DHCP is used to make a large network
administration easier.

4.Q: What does a Super Scope do in DHCP?

A: The Super Scope gives the DHCP server the possibility to have leases to multiple clients
on the same physical network. The leases come from multiple scopes. All scopes must be
defined using DHCP manager before the Super Scope creation and they are named member
scopes. The DHCP problems can be resolved by the Super Scope in different ways like the
following:
a) on a physical network like a LAN network where multiple logical IP networks exist Super
Scope is very useful here. These types of networks are also named multinets.
b) there is also need for a Super Scope when the address pool for the current scope becomes
empty and there is a need for new computers on the physical network.
c) when clients have to move on another scope.
d) when DHCP clients from the other side of the relay agents (BOOTP) or the network has
many logical subnets.
e) when standard networks are limited to leasing addresses for the clients.

5.Q: How can we switch the roles in an Active Directory?

A: Switching or transferring roles in an Active Directory can be made with the use of
Ntdsutil.exe.

6.Q: What is the purpose of a Stub zone DNS?

A: The copy of a zone that has only the needed resources for finding the authoritative DNS
servers in that specific zone (DNS= Domain Name Servers) is called a Stub zone. It also
resolves names for DNS namespaces, thing required when names must be resolved from two
different DNS namespaces. The Stub zone contains: the master server’s IP that is used for
updating the Stub zone and the SOA (Start of Authority), the NS (name server) and the glue
A delegated zone records.

5. Q: What main file is used for Active Directory backup and how it is made?
A: Active Directory backup is made using NTbackup utility. The backup is made once with
the system state and they are restored also together because they depend on each other. The
system state has different components like:
a) The registry
b) Boot files or startup files (files required by the operating system to start).
c) The component services
d) The system volume or the SYSVOL folder this is a folder that contains files that are
shared on a domain.
e) The Active Directory

6. Q: Does a windows administrator have to be critical?

A: Yes and I can explain how. A system administrator is responsible for an entire network
which means he/she must take care of multiple things in the same time which is not an easy
task. In order to achieve this, an administrator must have high organization skills and a high
technical knowledge and he/she must prevent the problems from happening so that he/she
won’t have to be forced to fix them.

Complicated Windows System Administrator Interview Questions

7. Q: In what way is forward lookup zone different from the reverse lookup
zone in NDS?
A: There is one difference between these two: the forward lookup means name to IP and
reverse lookup means IP to name.

8. Q: As a system administrator can you make backup and recovery of data?

A: This is a responsibility that any system administrator must have assume as a basic skill.
Of course there are many types of backup that can be made but all must be known for a
successful career.

9. Q: What is the meaning of DHCP and what is the port used by it to

work? A: DHCP or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol has the ability to assign an IP
automatically, this is done in fact by the server and has a number range. When the system
starts an IP is assigned automatically. The DHCP server has port number 68, while the client
has 67.

10. Q: Can you ensure an updated system all the time and perform
market research?
A: Staying up-to-date is another strong point of a professional administrator, technology
evolves and we must keep up with the flow, otherwise we can’t do our job in a professional
way. Market research is the key to an up-to –date work.

11. Q: Is it possible for a computer to be able to browse the internet

without having a default gateway?
A: Yes it is as long as we use a public IP address. The gateway is required as a router or
firewall when using an intranet address.

12. Q: What are the advantages or disadvantages of using DHCP?

A: The advantage is that the DHCP server configures all IP’s automatically and the
disadvantage is that when you receive a new IP address the machine name remains the same
because of its association with the IP. It’s not a real problem but when somebody tries to
access the machine by its name it become one.

13. Q: Are you familiar with monitoring?

A: Yes, monitoring is a base activity of a system administrator, he/she manages all the access
rights and the server space, security of the user accounts is one of the most important things
here. Also an administrator must make sure that the user’s activity doesn’t affect in any way
the integrity of the server.

14. Q: How can we create a SRV record in DNS?

A: To do this we must open the DNS then we must select the abc.local domain the right
click and we must go to Other New Records and the SRV ( choose location).

15. Q: In how much time are the security changes applied on the
domain controllers?
A: Including policies for personal and public lockout, the changes apply immediately. The
changes also include passwords and LSA or Local Security Authority.

16. Q: What do you do if a an end user states that a file is gone?

A: Files are deleted constantly by end users but the backup can restore them. Anyhow before
using the backup we must check if the user didn’t move the file by mistake in another place.

Senior level Windows System Administrator Interview Questions

17. Q: Where is the storage place of the environmental settings and

documents from the roaming profile?
A: These documents and settings are deposited locally until the user’s log off, when they are
moved into the shared folder from the server so the log on at a fresh system may take a while
because of this.

18. Q: What are the classes that we can find in the Active Directory of
Windows Server 2003?
A: We can find:
a) the abstract class which can be made to look like a template and create other templates,
no matter if they are abstract, auxiliary or structural.
b) the structural class is the important type of class that is made from multiple abstract
classes or an existing structural class. They are the only ones that can make Active
Directory objects.
c) the auxiliary class is used as a replace for many attributes of a structural class, it is a list
of attributes.
d) The 88 class is used for objects classes that were defined before 1993 and it is not a
common class, it doesn’t use abstract, structural or auxiliary classes.

19. Q: When is a good time for creating a forest?

A: Certain companies that have different bases require different trees and separate
namespaces. And unique names sometimes give birth to different identities of DNS. Also
companies are sometimes acquired and get under other influences but the continuity must
be preserved for the names.

20. Q: Can you explain to us about you experience in the past

regarding windows administration?
A: I have ten years of experience in this field, I was passionate about computers since
childhood and I installed many operating systems at home and inside organizations
including these versions of windows: 95, 98, 98 SE, NT, Millenium, 2000, 2003 Server, XP,
Seven, Vista. I also managed these systems and performed maintenance, I worked with
different applications from the windows environment.

21. Q: How can you handle a situation in which for instance if you have
an application that is not running on Windows 2003 because it’s older?
A: In this situation the application has to be started in the compatibility mode with a
previously windows operating system. This is made by right clicking the application icon and
choosing another Windows from the compatibility menu.

22. Q: What is the meaning of Repadmin.exe from Windows Server 2008?

A: Repadmin.exe means Replication Diagnostics Tool and helps for the diagnostic of domain
controllers in the Windows system. This tool is used by administrators to see the replication
topology from the perspective of every domain controller. The active Directory forest can
also be supervised by Repadmin.exe and replication problems can be tracked.

23. Q: What difference can we find in the usage of CSVDE versus LDIFDE?
A: CSVDE and LDIFDE are both commands and are used for importing and exporting
objects but they are different in the way that CSVDE uses the format CSV (Comma Separated
Value) which is an Excel file for files and LDIFDE uses LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange
Format) file type which can be viewed with a simple text editor. LDIFDE can be also used for
editing or deleting objects unlike CSVDE.

24. Q: What big differences exist between these two operating

systems: Windows 2000 and Windows XP?
A: Windows 2000 has more capabilities than Windows XP especially regarding features like
DHCP, Terminal Services or DNS. It has all the advantages for server usage. Windows 2000
is a little more professional than XP, but they are both coming with different versions for
every user taste. While XP has Home version, Professional or Enterprise, Windows 2000 has
Professional and Server editions. The Home version of XP comes with minimal features
because the target clients are beginners.

25. Q: What are the things that make Unix different from Windows?
A: The code loading runtime of Unix is different from the one that Windows has. We must
become aware of how the system exactly works before we make a dynamically loading
module. Unix has the shared objects with the .so extension that encapsulate lines of code that
the programs will use and the functions names. These function names become the
references of those functions in the memory of the program when the file is combined with
the program. In Windows the .dll file (dynamic-link library file) doesn’t have references and
the code of the files does not link to the memory of the program but they get through a
lookup table which points to data or functions. Unix has just one type of library file, with the
.a extension and the code of many object file is contained within with the .o extension. When
the link is created for a shared object file the definition of the identifier may not be found, so
the object code from the library will be included.