SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution-Affiliated to Anna University)

Pennalur, Irrungatukottai–602117

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019 EVEN SEMESTER

EE16411- ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABORATORY MANUAL

II YEAR / IV SEMESTER
(2018-2019 EVEN)

1
EE16411 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABORATORY LTPC

0 0 32
OBJECTIVES:

To familiarize the students with the operation of synchronous machines and induction machines and equip
them with experimental skills.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods.

2. Regulation of three phase alternator by ZPF and ASA methods.
3. Regulation of three phase salient pole alternator by slip test.
4. V and Inverted V curves of Three Phase Synchronous Motor.
5. Load test on single phase and three phase induction motor (Cage &Slip ring).
6. Equivalent circuit parameters of three-phase induction motor by no load and blocked rotor tests.
7. Equivalent circuit parameters of single-phase induction motor by no load and blocked rotor tests.
8. Study of braking methods of three phase induction motor.
9. Speed control of Induction motor (Voltage control, V/f control and Rotor resistance control).
(Experiment & Simulation)
10. Speed control of 3Ø induction motor using Static Kramer drive. (Experiment & Simulation)
11. Study of Induction generator (Stand-alone and Grid-connected).

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Determine the characteristics of Induction and Synchronous motors.
 Estimate the regulation of an alternator by various methods.
 Demonstrate the speed control and braking of induction motors by experiment/simulation.

2
 Cycle of Experiments

CYCLE-1
1. Load test on 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
2. Load test on 1-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
3. Equivalent circuit parameters of three-phase induction motor by no load and blocked rotor tests.

CYCLE 2
4. Equivalent circuit parameters of single-phase induction motor by no load and blocked rotor tests.
5. V and Inverted V curves of Three Phase Synchronous Motor.
6. Speed control of three phase induction motor (Voltage control, V/f control and Load Test and Rotor
resistance control). (Experiment & Simulation)

CYCLE-3
7. Regulation of alternator by EMF & MMF method.
8. Predetermination of regulation of 3 alternator by ZPF and ASA method
9. Regulation of three phase salient pole alternator by slip-test.

CYCLE-4
10. Speed control of 3Ø induction motor using Static Kramer drive. (Experiment & Simulation)
11. Study of Induction generator (Stand-alone and Grid-connected).
12. Study of braking methods of three phase induction motor.

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT (BEYOND THE CURRICULUM)

13. Synchronization of Alternator to Infinite Bus bar.
14. Separation of No load Losses in Three Phase Induction Motor

3
 EE16411-Electrical Machines Laboratory – II
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Name of the student : Roll Number :

Sl. No. Date Name of the Experiment Marks Signature

1. Load test on 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.

2. Load test on 1-phase squirrel cage induction motor

Equivalent circuit parameters of 3-phase squirrel
3.
cage induction motor
Equivalent circuit parameters of single-phase
4.
induction motor by no load and blocked rotor tests.
V and Inverted V curves of Three Phase
5.
Synchronous Motor.
Speed control of induction motor (Voltage control,
6. V/f control and Load Test and Rotor resistance
control). (Experiment & Simulation)
7. Regulation of alternator by EMF & MMF method.
Predetermination of regulation of 3 alternator by
8.
ZPF and ASA method
Regulation of three phase salient pole alternator by
9.
slip-test.
Speed control of 3Ø induction motor using Static
10.
Kramer drive. (Experiment & Simulation)
Study of Induction generator (Stand-alone and
11.
Grid-connected).
Study of braking methods of three phase induction
12.
motor.
Additional experiment (beyond the curriculum)
13. Synchronization of alternator to Infinite Bus bar.
Separation of No load Losses in Three Phase
14.
Induction Motor

Faculty In charge

4
 Name Plate Details:
Fuse calculation :-
Particulars Value
= 125% of rated current Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed

5
EX.NO. 1 DATE:
LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM :

To determine the performance characteristics of 3-phase squirrel

cage induction motor by direct loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI NO APPARATUS REQUIRED TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Volt Meter MI 0-600V 1

2 Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
3 Watt Meter UPF 600V,10A 2
4 Auto Transformer 3 Phase 0-600 V 1
5 Connecting Wires Required.

THEORY :

The load test on 3-phase induction motor is performed to obtain its various characteristics
including efficiency. A belt and brake drum arrangement as shown in the circuit diagram
can load the motor. If S1 and S2 are the tensions provided at the two sides of the belt, then
The load torque is given by

T = (S1 - S2) * 9.81* R N-m.

Where R is the radius of the brake drum in metre. The mechanical output of the motor is

given by

Pm = (2*3.14*N*T)Watt 60

Where N is the speed of the motor in,RPM.

The power input to themotor

Pi = VLIL watt

The efficiency of the motor is given by

Efficiency = Pm / Pi

6
7
FORMULAE :

Torque,
T = (S1 – S2) * 9.81 * r (Nm)

Input power
(Pi) = (W1 + W2) (Watt)

Output power
(Po) = 2ΠNT / 60 (Watt)

Efficiency
= PoX 100
Pi
CosӨ = W/(31/2VLIL)

Slip = (Ns – N) / Ns *100

PRECAUTION:

1. TPST switch should be at open position.

2. 3-phase autotransformer should be at minimum voltage position.
3. There should be no-load at the time of starting (Loosen the belt on the brakedrum)
4. Brake drum should be cooled with water During Loading.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuitdiagram.

2. Power supply is obtained from the controlpanel.
3. The TPST switch isclosed.
4. Rated voltage of 3-phase induction motor, is applied by adjustingautotransformer
5. The initial readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter arenoted.
6. By increasing the load step by step, the readings of ammeter, voltmeterand
wattmeter arenoted.
7. Step1 to 6 is repeated till the ammeter shows the rated currentof 3-phase
inductionmotor.
8. Decrease the load; bring auto-transformer to its minimum voltageposition.
9. Switch off thesupply.

8
 OBSERVATION TABLE :

S.No V I Speed Spring Torque O Efficiency %

I/P
(volt) (A) (rpm) Balan =((S1 – /P = Output slip
ce
W1 W2
S2) *9.81 (V*IL) (2 ΠNT)/60 Power/In
S1 S2 * R)N-m (watt) put Power
obs act obs act watt

Model Calculation:

RESULT :

VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. Explainwhatismeantbya3-phaseinductionmotor?
2.Statethe classification of 3-phase inductionmotor?
3.State the steps to draw the equivalent circuit of 3-phase induction motor?
4.State the condition for maximum torque of 3-phase induction motor?
5.Give the different methods of speed control of I.M. 6.How
do you calculate slip speed?
7.State the condition when induction, motor acts as induction generator? 8.Give
the other name for induction generator

9
10
EX. No.: 2 DATE:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct load test on the given single phase induction motor and to plot its
performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

1 VOLTMETER (0-300V) MI 1
2 AMMETER (0-10A) MI 1
3 WATTMETER (300V,10A,UPF) 1
4 TACHOMETER (0-10000 RPM) 1

FORMULAE:

1. Circumference of the brake drum = 2ΠR

(m) R = Radius of the brake drum

2. Input power =W(watts)

W = wattmeter readings

3. Torque (T) = 9.81* R * (S1 ~ S2) (N-m)

S1, S2 = spring balance readings (Kg)

2 NT
4. Output power = (watts)
60
N- Speed in rpm

output power
5. % Efficiency (η) = x 100
input power
W
6. Power factor, cos Φ=
VI
Ns N
7. % Slip, s = 100
Ns
120 f
NS = synchronous speed = (rpm)
P
P = no. of poles
f=frequency of supply (Hz)

18
TABULAR COLUMN:

MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The auto transformer is kept at minimum voltage position.

2. The motor is started at no load condition.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given
3. By adjusting the variac the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding no load
values of speed, spring balance and meter readings are noted down. If the wattmeter
readings show negative deflection on no load, switch of the supply & interchange
the terminals of current coils (M &L) of the wattmeter. Now, again starting the
motor (follow above procedure for starting), take readings.
4. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor.
5. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage
position, and the DPST switch is opened.
6. The radius of the brake drum is measured.

MODEL CALCULATION:

22

RESULT:
 22

Fuse calculation :-

= 25% of rated current

: Name Plate Details:

Particulars Value
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed
 EX.NO. 3 DATE:
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3PH SQUIRREL
CAGEINDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on given 3Ph squirrel cage induction
motor and to draw the circle diagram..

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Volt Meter 0-600V MI 1
2 Ammeter 0-5A MIMI 1
0-10A LPF 1
3 Wattmeter 600V,5A UPF 2
600V,10A 2
4 Three Phase Auto Transformer 0-600V 1
5 Connecting Wires Required

FORMLULAE:

PRECAUTION: 22

1. The 3Ph autotransformer should be kept at initialposition.

2. Initially the machine should be under no loadcondition.

PROCEDURE:

NO LOAD TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuitdiagram.
2. 3Ph AC supply is increased gradually using 3Ph autotransformer till
ratedvoltage is applied.
3. Readings of voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
22
22
 Fuse calculation :-

22
= 125% of rated current

Name Plate Details:

Particulars Value
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram and rotor is
blockedfrom rotating.
2. Applied voltage is increased until rated load currentflows.
3. Readings of all meters are noted.

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuitdiagram.
2. Supply is given by closing the DPSTswitch.
3. Readings of voltmeter and ammeter arenoted.
4. Stator resistance in ohms is calculated as Ra/phase = Vx1.5)/2I

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING THE CIRCLE:

1. Vector OO’ is drawn at an angle of phase with respect to OY represents
the output line.
2. O’X’ is drawn parallel to OX.
3. Vector OA is Ibrplotted at an angle of phasor with respect to OY. O’A is
joined which represents the output line.
4. A perpendicular bisector from output line which cuts O’Y at C. With C
ascentre and O’C as radius draw a semi-circle passing through A.
5. From A, a perpendicular is drawn meeting O’X’ at E and OD atD.
6. AD represents Wbrin CM.
EF represents stator copper loss in
CM. AD represents rotor copper
loss in CM.
7. Join OF’ which represents the torqueline.
8. Line AD is extended and points S is marked, where AS is equal to rated
output power.
9. Line PS is drawn parallel to outputline.
10. From P, perpendicular line is drawn meeting OX aty.
11. Join OP.

MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETER AT FULL LOAD: 22

Stator current = OP xX
%η = (PQ/PV) x 100
%Slip = (QR/PR) x 100
Torque = (PR x V /(2ΠNT/60))
Pf =PV/OP

MAXIMUM OUTPUT:

The perpendicular at O’A’ line cuts the circle at P and O’A’ at

PQ’. Maximum output = P1Q1x power scale (W)

MAXIMUM TORQUE:
The perpendicular bisector of line cuts the circle at PR and OF’
atQ2. Maximum torque = (PF x power scale)/T Nm
 NO LOAD TEST:

S.No Vo (V) Io (A) Wo (W) Wo=(W1+W2)

W1 W2 W

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

S.No Vsc (V) Isc(A) Wsc(W) Wsc=(W1+W2)

W1 W2 Watts

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE:

S.No Voltage (V) Current (A) Rs = (Vx1.5) /2I

Model calculation:

22
RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the objective of conducting this

experiment? 2. What are the equivalent
circuitparameters?
2. Write the classification of 3-phase inductionmotor?
3. State the steps to draw the equivalent circuit of 3-phase
inductionmotor? 4. State the condition for maximum torque of 3-phase
inductionmotor?
5. Give the different methods of speed control of I.M.
6.How do you calculate slip speed?
7. State the condition when induction, motor acts as inductiongenerator?
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. NO LOADTEST
300V,5A,LPF
(0-5A) MI

(0-300V) MI

Name Plate Details:

Fuse calculation :- Particulars Value

= 25% of rated current Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed

OBSERVATION TABULATION:
M.F=----------------
13
No-Load Voltage No-Load Current No-Load Power , P0 (Watts)
Sl.No.
V0 (Volts) I0 (Amps) Reading Actual

1.
 EX.NO. 4 DATE:
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 1-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM :

To obtain the equivalent circuit of the given 1-phase induction motor by no-load test and
blocked rotor test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI NO APPARATUS REQUIRED TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
2 Voltmeter MI 0-30V 1
3 Ammeter MI 0-5A 1
4 Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
5 Wattmeter LPF,UPF 00V,5A.30 V,10A each 1
6 Auto Transformer 1 Phase 0-300V 1

Name Plate Details:

Particulars Value
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed

Fuse calculation :-
Blocked rotor test
= 125% of rated current

No-load test
= 25% of rated current
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

BLOCKED ROTORTEST

(0-10A) MI 300V,10A,UPF

(0-300V) MI

Fuse calculation :- Name Plate Details:

= 125% of rated current

Particulars Value
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed
OBSERVATION TABULATION:
M.F=----------------

Blocked Rotor Power

Blocked Rotor Voltage Blocked Rotor Current
Sl. No. Pb (Watts)
Vb (Volts) Ib (Amps)
Reading Actual
1.
FORMULA :

NO-LOAD TEST :

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST :

NO-LOAD TEST :

PRECAUTION :
1. DPST switch should be at open position.
2. Auto transformer should be at minimumposition.

PROCEDURE :
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Get the power supply from
the controlpanel.
2. Close the DPSTswitch.
3. Adjust the auto-transformer to the rated voltage of 1-phase induction motor.
Note the readings of ammeter, voltmeter andwattmeter.
4. Bring auto-transformer to minimum voltage position. Switch of thesupply.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST :

PRECAUTION:
1. Keep the DPST switch in open position.
2. Auto- transformer should be at minimumposition.
3. Before switching on the supply, some load is applied in the brake drum,
sothat rotor does notrotate.

PROCEDURE :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Get the power supply fromthe
controlpanel.
 2. Close the DPSTswitch.
3. Auto transformer is adjusted to rated current of 1-phase induction motor.
Readingsof ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noteddown.
4. Bring auto-transformer to its minimum voltage position and switch off the
supply,after removing theload.

OBSERVATION TABLE

NO-LOAD TEST :

SI Voltage Io Wo (Watt)
NO (volt) (Amp)

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST :

SI Voltage Io Wo (Watt)
NO (volt) (Amp)

Model Calculation:

RESULT :

VIVA QUESTIONS:

What is a 1-phase induction motor?

Write the classification of 1-phase induction motor?
Why do we draw the equivalent circuit of 1-phase induction motor? What is double-field
revolving theory?
Why 1-phase induction, motor is not self starting?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

32
 EX.NO: 5 DATE:
V CURVE AND INVERTED V CURVE OF THREE PHASE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to draw the V and inverted V curves of three phase
synchronous motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
4. Wattmeter 600V,10A,UPF 1
5. Rheostat 250Ω,1.5 A Wire wound 2
6. Tachometer Digital 1
7. 3 Ф Auto transformer 415/(0-470)V 1
8. Connecting wires As required

Name Plate Details:

Fuse calculation :- Particulars Value

Rated Voltage
= 125% of rated current Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed

For Dc excitation:

For Synchronous motor:

33
34
35
FORMULAE USED:

Cos Ф= Pi/ √3 VL IL

Where Ф – Phase angle between voltage and current

Pi– Input Power

VL - Line voltage

IL – Line current

THEORY:

Synchronous motor is constant speed motor which are not self starting in nature, so
that we have to start this motor by any one of the following starting methods,

1. Pony motor method starting

2. Auto induction starting

3. DC exciter starting

4. Damper winding method of starting

By construction there is no difference between synchronous generator and synchronous

motor. It is capable of being operated under wide range of power factor; hence it can be
used for power factor correction.

The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to applied voltage is known as
100% excitation. The other two possible excitations are over excitations and under
excitation if the back emf is more or less to the applied voltage respectively.

The variations of armature current with field current are in the form of V curves and the
variation of power factor with field current are in the form of Inverted V curves.

36
MODEL GRAPH:
The graph is drawn for

1. Armature current Vs Excitation current

2. Power Factor Vs Excitation current

V Curves

Inverted V Curves

37
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The potential divider should be in the maximum position.

2. The motor should be started without any load.

3. Initially TPST switch is in open position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Note down the name plate details of motor.

2. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

3. Close the TPST switch.

4. By adjusting the auto transformer from minimum position to maximum position the
rated supply is given to the motor. The motor starts as an induction motor.

5. In order to give the excitation to the field winding, close the DPST switch.

6. By varying the field current with the help of field rheostat from under excitation to
over excitation, note down the armature current and the input power at no load, half
load and full load conditions.

7. Later reduce the load and the motor is switched off after observing the precautions.

38
MODEL CALCULATION:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define V and inverted V curves?

2. Define critical excitation?

3. What is advantage of plotting the V & Λ Curves

4. What is Load Angle?

5. What do you mean by under excitation and over excitation?

6.What happens to the pf if the field current is gradually increased?

RESULT:
EXPT. NO: 6 DATE:
SPEED CONTROL OF 3 PH INDUCTION MOTOR
(VOLTAGE CONTROL, V/f control and ROTOR RESISTANCE CONTROL)
RESULT:
24
25
26
 PROCEDURE:
Open Circuit Test:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram is obtained.
2. The supply is obtained from control panel.
3. Observing the precautions, DPST switch on motor side is closed.
4. Using 3-point starter, the DC motor is started.
5. Varying the field rheostat of DC shunt motor, it is set to run at rated speed as per
name plate detail.
6. DPST switch in alternator field circuit isclosed.
7. Keeping the TPST switch of alternator side open, the field current is varied usingthe
alternator potential divider. For various values of alternator field current (If), the generated
AC line voltage (EOL) is noted down and the readings aretabulated.
(This should be done upto125% of rated voltage).
Short Circuit Test :
Note:
1. TPST switch, on alternator side isclosed.
2. By slowly increasing potential divider from minimum potential position, the values of If and
corresponding Iscvalues are noted till rated current flows through the alternator.
3. The readings aretabulated.
4. Potential divider is adjusted to original position. [Minimum potential position]and field
rheostat on motor side is s\adjusted to minimum resistanceposition.
5. DPST and TPST switches areopened.
6. The supply is switched off.

To find Armature Resistance (Ra):

S.No Voltage(V) Current(A) Resi stance
R=V/I(Ω)

Mean(Rdc)= Rac =Rdc x1.6=

27
 Ex. No. 10 DATE:
SPEED CONTROL OF 3Ø INDUCTION MOTOR USING STATIC KRAMER DRIVE
(EXPERIMENT & SIMULATION)
AIM:
To control the speed of three phase induction motor using static Kramer drive system.

Apparatus Required:

Static Kramer Drive

Definition: The static Kramer-drive is the method of controlling the speed of an induction motor by
injecting the opposite-phase voltage in the rotor circuit. The injected voltage increases the resistance of the
rotor, thus controlled the speed of the motor. By changing the injected voltage, the resistance and speed of
an induction motor are controlled.

The static Kramer-drive converts the slip power of an induction motor into AC power and supply back to
the line. The slip power is the air gap power between the stator and the rotor of an induction motor which
is not converted into mechanical power. Thus, the power is getting wasted. The static Kramer drives fed
back the wasted power into the main supply. This method is only applicable when the speed of the drive is
less than the synchronous speed.

Static Kramer Drive Working

The rotor slip power is converted into DC by a diode bridge. This DC power is now fed into DC motor
which is mechanically coupled to an induction motor. The torque supplied to the load is the total sum of
the torque produced by the induction and DC motor drive.
The figure shown below represents the variation of Vd1 and Vd2 with a speed of two values of DC motor
field current. When the value of Vd1 is equal to the value of Vd2 then the steady state operation of the drive
is obtained, i.e., at A and B for field current of If1 and If2.

The speed control is possible only when speed is less or half of the synchronous speed. When the large
range speed is required, the diode bridge is replaced by the thyristor bridge. The relationship between the
Vd1 and the speed can be altered by controlling the firing angle of thyristor amplifier. Speed can now be
controlled up to stand still.
Result:

Thus the speed of three phase slip ring induction motor is controlled using the PEC16HV10B trainer
module.
EX. NO: 12 DATE:
STUDY OF BRAKING METHODS OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim:
To study about the various braking methods of three phase induction motor.

Regenerative Braking of Induction Motor

We know the power (input) of an induction motor is given as.

Pin = 3VIscosφs
Here, φs the phase angle between stator phase voltage V and the stator phase current Is. Now, for motoring
operation φs < 90o and for braking operation φs > 90o. When the speed of the motor is more than the
synchronous speed, relative speed between the motor conductors and air gap rotating field reverses, as a
result the phase angle because greater than 90o and the power flow reverse and thus regenerative braking
takes place. The nature of the speed torque curves are shown in the figure beside. It the source frequency
is fixed then the regenerative braking of induction motor can only take place if the speed of the motor
is greater than synchronous speed, but with a variable frequency source regenerative braking of induction
motor can occur for speeds lower than synchronous speed. The main advantage of this kind of braking can
be said that the generated power is use fully employed and the main disadvantage of this type of braking is
that for fixed frequency sources, braking cannot happen below synchronous speeds.

Plugging Braking of Induction Motor

Plugging induction motor braking is done by reversing the phase sequence of the motor. Plugging
braking of induction motor is done by interchanging connections of any two phases of stator with
respect of supply terminals. And with that the operation of motoring shifts to plugging braking. During
plugging the slip is (2 - s), if the original slip of the running motor is s, then it can be shown in the

following way.

From the figure beside we can see that the torque is not zero at zero speed. That’s why when the motor is
needed to be stopped, it should be disconnected from the supply at near zero speed. The motor is
connected to rotate in the reverse direction and the torque is not zero at zero or any other speed, and as a
result the motor first decelerates to zero and then smoothly accelerates in the opposite direction.

Dynamic Braking of Induction Motor

There are four type of dynamic braking of induction motor or rheostatic braking, we will discuss
about then.
AC Dynamic Braking- This type of induction motor braking is obtained when the motor is made to run
on a single phase supply by disconnecting any one of the three phase from the source, and it is either left
open or it is connected with another phase. When the disconnected phase is left open, it is called two lead
connection and when the disconnected phase is connected to another machine phase it is known as three
load connection. The braking operation can be understood easily. When the motor is running on 1-phase
supply, the motor is fed by positive and negative sequence, net torque produced by the machine at that
point of time is sum of torques due to positive and negative sequence voltage. At high resistance the net
torque is found to be negative and braking occurs. From the figure below the two and three load
connections can be understood.
The figures above shows the circuit diagram and various characteristics of self excited braking using
capacitors. As we can see from the figure, in this method there capacitors are kept permanently connected
across the source terminals of the motor. The value of the capacitors are chosen depending upon their
capability to deliver enough reactive current to excite the motor and make it work as a generator. So, that
when the motor terminals are disconnected from the source the motor works as a self excited generator
and the produced torque and field is in the opposite direction and the induction motor braking operation
occurs. In the figure (b) the curve A represents the no load magnetization curve and line B is the current
through capacitors, which is given by Here, E is the stator induced voltage per phase The speed torque
characteristics under self excited braking is shown in the figure (c). To increase the braking torque and to
utilize the generated energy sometimes external electrical resistance are connected across the stator
terminals.

DC Dynamic Braking
To obtain this type of braking the stator of a running induction motor is connected to a DC supply. Two
and three load connections are the two common type of connections for star and delta connected stators.
Another diagram is shown below to illustrate how by diode bridge two load coonection can be obtained
within a circuit.

Two Loads DC Dynamic Braking Operation Now coming to the method of operation, the moment
when AC supply is disconnected and DC supply is introduced across the terminals of the induction motor,
there is a stationery magnetic field generated due to the DC current flow and as the rotor of the motor
rotates in that field, there is a field induces in the rotor winding, and as a result the machine works as a
generator and the generated energy dissipates in the rotor circuit resistance and dynamic braking of
induction motor occurs.

Zero Sequence Braking In this type of braking all the three stator phases are connected in series and
single phase AC or DC is connected across them (as shown in the figure). This type of connection is
called zero-sequence connection, because current in all the stator windings are co-phasal. When the
connected supply is AC, resultant field is stationery in space and pulsates at the frequency of supply, when
the supply is DC, resultant field is stationery and is of constant magnitude. The main advantage of this
induction motor braking is that all the stator phases are uniformly loaded. It does not require large rotor
resistance like AC dynamic braking, it does not require large rotor resistance. The circuit diagram and the
speed torque characteristics are shown below.

Result:
The above braking method describes the concept of induction motor braking.
EX.NO:14 DATE:

SEPERATION OF LOSSES IN A THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To separate the no load losses in a given three phase induction motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter 0-5A MI 1
2 Voltmeter 0-600V MI 1
3 Wattmeter 600V,5A LPF 2
4 Auto Transformer 0-600V Three Phase 1
5 Connecting Required
Wires

FORMULA
USED:
Magnetic Loss = Wo.-mechanical losses-3Io2Rs
Where Wo= wattmeter reading
Io = current at rated
voltage Rs = stator
resistance
Mechanical losses are obtained from the graph

PRECATIONS:
1. The motor should be at the no load condition whilestarting.
2. The 3Φ auto-transformer (variac) should be kept at initial zeroposition.

PROCEDURE:
SEPERATION OF LOSSES
1. Connections are given as per the circuitdiagram.
2. The 3Φ A.C supply is given by closing the TPSTswitch.
3. The induction motor is started gradually by applying voltage through the
3Φauto- transformer.
4. At rated voltage, power input Wois measured by using wattmeter and no
load current Io and voltage Vo arenoted.
5. Voltage is gradually reduced till the motor continues torun.
6. For each voltage, readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter arenoted.

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE (Rs)

1. Connections are given as per the circuitdiagram.
2. The D.C supply is given through a DPSTswitch.
3. The loading rheostat is varied, the readings of ammeter and voltmeter arenoted.
4. Armature resistance in ohms is calculated as Rs/ph =(V*1.5)/2I
MODEL GRAPH
 MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT