Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

By,
Ajay Vishwakarma
Roll no -1516140015
Mechanical Engineering
4thyear, Section – D
Seminar
 Presentation Overview

 Definition of robotics and AI

 Robotics relevance to AI

 Current developments in the field

 Current implementations

 Past successes in robotics

 Roadblocks to robotics research

 Future of robotics
Definition of Robotics
 A robot is…
– “An active artificial agent whose environment is the physical
world”

--Russell and Norvig

– “A programmable, multifunction manipulator designed to move

material, parts, tools or specific devices through variable
programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks”

--Robot Institute of America

 A standard definition of a robot is that a robot is a mechanical or virtual

agent, usually an electromechanical machine guided by a computer
program or electronic circuitry. Man has to define robots in many
different ways. Another definition, from 1993 according to Standard EN
775, defines the robot as "automatically controlled, re-programmable,
multi-purpose processing device, which has several degrees of freedom,
and which may be either stationary or mounted to be movable, for the use
in industrial automation systems." The International Robot Association,
in turn, defines the robot, in accordance with ISO 8373: 1994, as an
"automatically controlled reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator
with at least three programmable axes." The term "robot" refers to forced
labour, to a human unilaterally controlled to work according to rules; it
usually means a mechanical device or a machine that knows how to act in
certain ways in the physical world. Thus, humans have initially forced
robots to forced labour, to slavery. Man has forced the robots also to
thinking, to the use of artificial intelligence. Behind Artificial
Intelligence, we find the French Age of Enlightenment thinker René
Descartes and his idea of mathematical modelling. As a research field AI
was separated from the development of computer science in the 1950s.
The science of AI is a multidisciplinary combination of mathematics,
technology, psychology, cognitive science, philosophy and medicine.
 There are two types of Artificial Intelligence: weak and strong. Weak AI
refers to a machine that uses the software for some specific problems to
investigate or respond. Strong AI refer to artificial general intelligence, a
hypothetical machine that exhibits behavior at least as skillful and
flexible as humans do, and the research program of building such an
artificial general intelligence. AI machines´ cognitive abilities are not as
extensive as humans have. Weak AI does not reach consciousness, but it
is essentially a problem-solver in a limited field of applications. As an
example of weak AI we can mention text and image recognition, expert
systems and chess computers, such as the legendary Deep Blue, which
topped many of the world's chess masters. The etymology of the word
“robot” stems from the Czech robotnik "slave," from robota "forced
labor, compulsory service, drudgery," from robotiti "to work, drudge,"
from an Old Czech source akin to Old Church Slavonic rabota
"servitude". The adaption of the word “robot” into English does not imply
that any automatic machine is a robot, rather than the robot ought to have
some human-like features. Man built a robot after his/her image.
Possibly, that is why robots have raised a variety of strong emotions, both
negative and positive, and are seen at the same time as friends and
enemies

 Artificial Intelligence

– The collective attributes of a computer, robot, or other

device capable of performing functions such as learning, decision
making, or other intelligent human behaviors.

– In 1956, the computer scientist John McCarthy coined the term

"Artificial Intelligence" (AI) to describe the study of intelligence by
implementing its essential features on a computer.

– Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by

machines or software.
Relevance to Artificial Intelligence
• Historical attempts- Frankenstein
• The original story, published by Mary Shelley, in 1818, describes
the attempt of a true scientist, Victor Frankenstein, to create life.
 Historical Attempts - Euphonia
 Joseph Faber's Amazing Talking Machine (1830-40's). The
Euphonia and other early talking devices are described in detail in a
paper by David Lindsay called "Talking Head", Invention &
Technology, Summer 1997, 57-63.
 About this device, Lindsay writes:
It is "... a speech synthesizer variously known as the Euphonia and
the Amazing Talking Machine. By pumping air with the bellows ...
and manipulating a series of plates, chambers, and other apparatus
(including an artificial tongue ... ), the operator could make it speak
any European language. A German immigrant named Joseph Faber
spent seventeen years perfecting the Euphonia, only to find when
he was finished that few people cared."
 Turing Test
 Human beings are intelligent
 To be called intelligent, a machine must produce responses that
are indistinguishable from those of a human
 The Turing Test was introduced by Alan Turing in his 1950
paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence.
 “I propose to consider the question, ‘Can machines think?’”
 Since “thinking” is difficult to define, Turing chooses to “replace
the question by another, which is closely related to it.”
 “Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in
the imitation game?”

Alan Turing

 Turing's polite convention - We need not decide if a machine can

"think"; we need only decide if a machine can act as intelligently
as a human being. This approach to the philosophical problems
associated with artificial intelligence forms the basis of the
Turing test.
What Is the Connection between Artificial Intelligence
and Robotics?
Development of robots that:

 React to their environments in ways similar to animals

 Move using robotic systems

 Walk up and down stairs and play table tennis

 Demonstrate “emotional” responses based on interactions with

people

Current Relevance to Artificial Intelligence

 Effectors
 Sensors
 Architecture
 Integration of various inputs
– Hierarchy of information representation
 Emotions
Effectors
 Effector vs. Actuator

 Degrees of freedom (d.f.)

– 6 d.f. for free body in space

 Locomotion
– Statically stable vs. Dynamically stable

 Manipulation
– Rotary vs. Prismatic motion

 End Effector

Sensors
•Human senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell provide us
vital information to function and survive
•Robot sensors: measure robot configuration/condition and its
environment and send such information to robot controller as
electronic signals (e.g., arm position, presence of toxic gas)
•Robots often need information that is beyond 5 human senses (e.g.,
ability to: see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible
radiation, measure movement that is too small or fast for the
human eye to see)
Types of sensors
 Force-sensing

 Tactile-sensing

 Sonar

 Visual (camera)

 Proprioceptive

Information Representation Hierarchy

 Raw data

 Cognitive feature

 Conceptual feature

 Simple concept

 Inter-connected synthesized concept

Current Developments
 Emotions
 Energy-efficiency
 Integration
– Hierarchy of information representation
 Control structures
– Synthesis of neural nets and fuzzy logic
 Robotic surgery
– Telepresence
 Robot perception
– Face and object recognition

Importance of Emotions
 Emotions help prevent people from repeating their mistakes
(decisions that resulted in negative feelings)

 Recognizing emotions would allow robots to become more

responsive to users’ needs

 Exhibiting emotions would help robots interact with humans

Classification of Emotions
 Continuous
– Emotions defined in multi-dimensional space of attributes
– Arousal-Valence Plane
 Discrete
– Defines 5, 6, or more “basic” emotional states upon which
more complex emotions are based
Arousal-Valence Plane
 Valence – whether emotion is positive or negative

 Arousal – intensity of emotion

Plutchik’s Theory:
– Eight primitive emotions that more complex emotions are based
upon
 Gladness (joy)
 Sadness
 Anger
 Surprise
 Acceptance
 Disgust
 Expectancy
 Fear

Complexity of Emotional Classification

Affective Research: Kismet
 Decides proper emotional response to stimuli and exhibits
corresponding facial expression, body posture, and vocal quality

 Behavioral response serves either social or self-maintenance

functions.

Organization of Kismet’s Emotions

 Some of Kismet’s emotions, what causes those emotions, and
what purpose they serve Kismet
Energy-Efficiency: Seaglider
 Small electric pump transfers 100cm3 of oil from an external
bladder to its reservoir, making Seaglider dense enough to sink

 To dive, small motor pushes battery pack into nose

 Process is reversed to ascend

Current Implementation

 Industrial Applications of Robots

– Material handling
– Material transfer
– Machine loading and/or unloading
– Spot welding
– Continuous arc welding
– Spray coating
– Assembly
– Inspection
 Robots in Space
– NASA Space Station
 Robots in Hazardous Environments
– TROV
– HAZBOT
 Medical Robots
 Robots in Military
– PREDATOR
– GLOBAL HAWK
– ISTAR
– GOLDENEYE
 Robots at Home
– Sony SDR-3X Entertainment Robot
– Sony AIBO
– Honda’s Asimo
Current Implementation: Asimo
Honda’s Asimo (Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility)

 Able to walk freely (can change stride speed)

 Able to balance on one foot

 Able to climb stairs

 Able to manipulate objects

 Space- & cost-efficient

Asimo’s Recognition Technology
 Based on visual cues such as the angle and distance at which it
perceives an object

 Can map an object's contour and compare it to a database of

prototypes for different expressions and actions

 Is currently limited to pre-registered people

Successes: AIBO
 1996 – Prototype with small body, camera, microphones, and
batteries
– Trouble balancing
– Required further development of software

 First generation AIBO ERS-110 released in Japan (1999)

 Example of robotics with AI

 Behavior dependent on owner’s behavior

– No two are alike

 Voice recognition
– 50 distinct commands

 SPECIFICS
– 64-bit RISC processor
– 18 joints
– Touch sensor
– CCD color camera
– Infrared distance sensor
– Acceleration sensor
Cog – Brain
 No central unit

 Heterogeneous network of different processors

 Microcontrollers (such as Motorolla 6811) process inputs and

drive motor responses

 A/V processing done by digital signal processor (DSP) networks

 Relay data to core processor network by way of ISA and PCI

cards

 Core network – 200 MHz PC’s running QNX real-time OS,

connected by 100VG Ethernet

– 4 nodes
Cog – Sensory Systems
 Visual System
– Binocular
– Each eye has 2 gray scale cameras

 Auditory System
– 2 microphones
– Stereo sampling @ 22.05 kHz with 8-bit resolution
– Sound localization has been achieved, currently working
on segregation of sound streams

 Vestibular System
– 3 semi-circular canals mimicked by 3 rate gyroscopes
– 2 linear accelerometers

 Tactile System
– 6x4 array of sensors on torso can detect position and force
of a touch
– Some implementation in hands
Roadblocks In Research:
 Shift attention from manufacturing to design processes

 Shift attention from single to multiple capabilities

 Energy-related issues
– Bulky batteries with short lifespan

Problems
 Sensing
– Cost of tactile sensors very high
– Range Limits
• Light – 2 meters
• Required(factory) – 10 meters

 Vision
– Two methods
• Corner recognition
• Edge recognition
– Overlap of objects
– Visibility of local features
 Mobility
– Growing need for AGV’s in outdoor applications
– Vision and laser ranging systems need development to
produce information at a faster rate
– Current bipeds are incapable of walking on uneven ground

 Design
– Control of robot after construction
– Development of knuckles required to perform such tasks
as lifting and grasping well
– Actuators are often too big, slow, or difficult to control

 Control
– Simulation is not accurate to real world interaction
– Based on mathematical and numerical computations

 Reasoning
– AI (an essential component of robotics) has slowly been
introduced into industrial world
– Further refinement in this field before faster progress of
robotics
Future of Robotics
 Design robots to recognize presence, posture, and gaze

 Develop viable social exchange between robots and humans

 Design systems that can learn via reinforcement

Moral Dilemmas
 Legal rights of autonomous beings

 Replacing humans in the workplace

 Ethics of deleting intelligent robots—murder?

 Creating helpful sentient robots vs. playing God

Summary
New technologies are promising us many upsides like enhanced
health, convenience, productivity, safety, and more useful data,
information and knowledge for people and organizations. The
potential downsides are challenges to personal privacy, over-hyped
expectations and increasing technological complexity that boggles us.
As presented in this article, robotics and AI with ongoing ubiquitous
r/evolution will have impacts on safety and health issues. Robotics is
not problem-free from this angle of human welfare. In this article a
list of key challenges of robotics and AI were presented. An
underlined issue was the demand European co-operation in meeting
these big challenges. The challenges of robotics and AI revolution
require scientific discussion from the viewpoint of management,
leadership and organizations – that is, it is time to discuss the meaning
of these challenges seriously also in terms of existing traditions of
management and safety sciences, bearing in mind their importance
already today. Digitalization, robotics, AI, IoT and Big Data are most
definitely key factors affecting societal development in the future.
Private and public organizations have begun to gain critical insights
from Big Data, robotics and ubiquitous technology through various
management systems. Basically, the issue at stake here is that it is not
just a question of how to manage and control the technological
possibilities. The development also concern leadership functions. A
robotized and automated society needs new kinds of management and
leadership styles and organizational culture. Education and training
need to be developed to meet these big challenges. Taking the
Internet of Things, robotics and ubiquitous technology seriously may
lead towards a revolution of digitalization which affects management
processes in organizations. The deployment of on-going key
processes call for strong leadership in the fields of safety and health.
Both the utilization and the development of technologies as well as
eliminating negative side effects of new robot applications are the key
challenges in ongoing technological transition period.
If the consequences of robotics and AI are taken seriously and
professionally, special attention must be paid to (1) technology
management, (2) user interfaces and experiences and (3) regulation
and good governance. These three critical themes will require many
European joint actions and development of good governance .
When we adopt new technologies, the elements of safety and health
triangle need more attention. There will be new technologies and
applications of robotics and AI. New technologies provide new
benefits, new costs, new possibilities and novel threats as history has
shown. The widely held notion is that change is speeding up and the
future will become weirder at a faster pace that we can easily track. It
does seem harder to keep up with new developments, especially in the
field of robotics and AI where new inventions and innovations are
introduced almost every week. One key question is to what extent
European citizens can trust themselves in managing big technological
transformations and how much support they can expect from public
institutions and governments. If governments take a very minimal role
in the management of big technology transformations this approach
leads to minimal state policy. If we adopt public-private partnership,
the other approach, as European Union has done in the European
robotics strategy, citizens can expect more from governments and
other agencies.