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REVIEW
How Substances Are Changed By Heat
The main changes that substances undergo when they are heated are (1)
increase in temperature, (2) change of state, and (3) expansion.
Latent Heat
the amount of heat energy that must be absorbed or released by a given
quantity of a substance to bring about a complete change of state in the
substance.
Sensible Heat?
Thermodynamics I:
REVIEW
Latent Heat of Vaporization? Condensation? Fusion?
Saturated Liquid/Vapor?
Subcooled Liquid?
Superheated Vapor?
Saturation Temperature?
Saturation Pressure?
Thermodynamics
II: 1st Law of
Thermodynamics
Objectives
• Comprehend the principles of
operation of various heat
exchangers
• Understand boundary layers
• Comprehend the First Law of
Thermo
• Comprehend the basic
principles of open/closed
thermo systems
• Comprehend thermo processes
Heat Exchangers
• Def’n: device used to transfer
thermal energy from one
substance to another
• Direction of Flow
• -> Parallel: not used by Navy
• -> Counter: more efficient; used
by Navy
• -> Cross: used extensively
• Number of passes (single or
multiple)
Heat Exchangers
• Type of Contact
• Direct: mixing of substances;
pour hot into cold
• Indirect/surface: no direct
contact; some thin barrier used
• Phases of Working Substance
• liquid-liquid: PLO cooler
• liquid-vapor: condenser
• vapor-vapor: radiator in home
steam-heat
Heat Exchangers
• Boundary layer/film: w/in pipes
or channels of fluid flow, the
fluid adjacent to the wall is
stagnant
• -> local temp increases
• -> T metal decreases
• -> amount of heat transfer
decreases
• -> reduced efficiency & possible
damage
• Try to minimize film by
Heat Exchangers
• Should be made of materials
that readily conduct heat &
have minimal corrosion
• Maximize surface area for heat
transfer
• Minimize scale, soot, dirt, &
fouling -> reduces heat
transfer, efficiency, & causes
damage
First Law of
Thermodynam
ics
First Law of
Thermodynamics
First Law of
Thermodynamics
• Principle of Conservation of
Energy:
• energy can neither be created
nor destroyed, only transformed
(generic)
• energy may be transformed from
one form to another, but the total
energy of any body or system of
bodies is a quantity that can be
neither increased nor diminished
by the action of the body or
bodies (thermo)
First Law of
Thermodynamics
• General Energy Equation
• Energy In = Energy Out, OR
• U2 - U1 = Q - W (or u2 - u1 = q - w)
• Where:
• U1 = internal energy of system @
start
• U2 = internal energy of system @
end
• Q = net thermal energy flowing
into system during process
Thermodynamic System
• Def’n: a bounded region that
contains matter (which may be
in gas, liquid, or solid phase)
• Requires a working substance
to receive, store, transport, or
deliver energy
• May be open (mass can flow
in/out) or closed (no flow of
mass out of boundaries)
Closed System
• Mass is constant
• Energy is added as heat from
the flame
• Work by the system in the
turbine
• Energy is removed in the
condenser
• Work on the fluid by
the pump
Open system
• Mass enters and
leaves the
system
• Energy enters
and leaves the 1
system
z
• Give an equation 2
representing the
1st law for this
open system
gz1 v12 gz2 v22
p1v1 u1 q12 p2v2 u2 w12
gc 2 gc gc 2 gc
Thermodynamic
Processes
• Def’n: any physical occurrence
during which an effect is
produced by the
transformation or
redistribution of energy
• Describes what happens within
a system
• Two classifications: non-flow &
steady flow
Non-Flow Process
• Process in which
the working fluid
does not flow into
or out of its
container in the
course of the
process
• Energy In = Energy
Out
• Q - W = U 2 - U1
• Example: Piston
Non-Flow Process
U1 Q12 U 2 W12
W12 U1 U 2 Q12
Q12 0
W12 120 BTU
W12 120 BTU BTU
w12 30
m 4lb lb
Steady Flow Process
• Process in which the working
substance flows steadily and
uniformly through some device
(i.e., a turbine)
• Assumptions (at any cross
section):
• Properties of fluid remain
constant
• Average velocity of fluid remains
constant
• System is always filled so volin =
Processes - Flow Work
• Def’n: mechanical energy
necessary to maintain the flow
of fluid in a system
• Although some energy has
been expended to create this
form of energy, it still
represents a stored (kinetic)
energy which can be used
• Flow work = pressure x volume
(PV)
Processes - Enthalpy
• Enthalpy: the total energy of the
fluid due to both internal energy
& flow energies
• Represents the “heat content” or
“total heat”
• Enthalpy (H)
• H = U + PV (in ft-lb, BTU, or Joules)
• h = u + Pv (specific when divided by
lbm)
Mollier Diagram
Questions?
Thermodynamics
III:
2nd Law & Cycles
HEAT SOURCE
Qin
Working
Substance
Engine W
Qout
Wout
Qin
Carnot Cycle
• All heat is supplied at a single
high temp and all heat is
rejected at a single low temp
Carnot Cycle
TSource
Qin
Working
Substance
Engine W
Qout
Pump TSink
Carnot Cycle
• Carnot Principle: the max
thermal efficiency depends
only on the difference between
the source and sink temps
• Does not depend on property
of fluid, type of engine, T= absolute
friction, or fuel Temperature
Wout Ts Tr
Qin Ts
Carnot Cycle
• Carnot Principle: the max
thermal efficiency depends
only on the difference between
the source and sink temps
• Does not depend on property
of fluid, type of engine,
friction, or fuel
• Example:
• An inventor claims to have an
engine that receives 100 Btu of
heat and produces 25 Btu of
useful work when operating
between a source at 140F and
a receiver at 0F. Is this a valid
claim?
Take Aways
• Know and apply the 1st and 2nd Laws
• Give the general equation and define the
terms
• Give the attributes of a closed system
• State the assumptions of steady flow
process
• Define enthalpy and entropy
• Apply the concepts of isothermal,
isometric, isobaric and adiabatic
• Draw and label a Carnot cycle, including
the associated T-s diagram
• Define thermal efficiency and perform
calculations.
• Explain why no thermodynamic process is
Questions?
Practice / Homework
TBA