68 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions

85. Let r  xti  ytj  ztk. Then r  r  xt 2   yt 2  zt 2 and r  xti  ytj  ztk. Then,

r drdt  xt 2   yt 2  zt 2

12xt 2   yt 2  zt 21 2  2xtxt  2ytyt  2ztzt
 xtxt  ytyt  ztzt  r  r.

87. Let r  xi  yj  zk where x, y, and z are functions of t, and r  r.

rr  rdr dt rr  rr  r r r 2r  r  r r
d r
dt r

 r2

r2

r3
(using Exercise 77)

x2  y2  z2x i  yj  z k  xx  yy  zz xi  yj  zk


r3
1
 xy 2  xz 2  xyy  xzzi  x 2y  z 2y  xxy  zz yj  x 2z  y 2z  xxz  yyzk
r3


1
r

3
i
yz  yz
x
j
 xz  xz
y
k

z
r
1


xy  xy  3 r  r  r

89. From Exercise 86, we have concluded that planetary motion is planar. Assume that the planet y

moves in the xy-plane with the sun at the origin. From Exercise 88, we have

rr  e.
Planet
r  L  GM
Sun
r
Since r  L and r are both perpendicular to L, so is e. Thus, e lies in the xy-plane. Situate the
coordinate system so that e lies along the positive x-axis and  is the angle between e and r. Let θ
x
e  e. Then r  e  r e cos   re cos . Also, e

 L2  L  L  r  r  L

 r  r  L  r  GM e 

r
r   GM
r  e  r r r  GMre cos   r
Thus,
L 2 GM
r
1  e cos 
and the planetary motion is a conic section. Since the planet returns to its initial position periodically, the conic is an ellipse.

91. A 
1
2 

r d
2

Thus,
dA dA d 1 2 d 1
  r  L
dt d dt 2 dt 2
and r sweeps out area at a constant rate.

Review Exercises for Chapter 11

1. rt  ti  csc tk 3. rt  ln ti  tj  tk

(a) Domain: t  n, n an integer (a) Domain: 0, 
(b) Continuous except at t  n, n an integer (b) Continuous for all t > 0
 Review Exercises for Chapter 11 69

5. (a) r0  i
(b) r2  3i  4j  3 k
8

(c) rc  1  2c  1  1 i  c  12j  3 c  13k

1

 2c  1i  c  12j  13 c  13k

(d) r1  t  r1  21  t  1 i  1  t 2j  3 1  t 3k  3i  j  3 k
1 1

 2t i  tt  2j  13t 3  3t 2  3t k

7. rt  cos ti  2 sin2 tj 9. rt  i  tj  t 2k 11. rt  i  sin tj  k

xt  cos t, yt  2 sin2 t x1 x  1, y  sin t, z  1

x2 
y
1 yt
 3
2 t 0 
z  t2 ⇒ z  y2 2 2
y  21  x2
z
x 1 1 1 1
1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
y
y 0 1 0 1
1 z 1 1 1 1

z
1
1 y
2 3
x x
−1 1 2

−2 y
1 1 2
2
3
x

13. rt  ti  ln tj  2 t 2k
1
15. One possible answer is:
z
r1t  4ti  3tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
3

2
r2t  4i  3  t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 3
1 r3t  4  t i, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4
1 y
1 2
2
3
x

17. The vector joining the points is 7, 4, 10. One path is 19. z  x2  y 2, x  y  0, t  x
rt  2  7t, 3  4t, 8  10t. x  t, y  t, z  2t 2
rt  ti  tj  2t 2k
z

−3
1 2 y
2 3
3
x

21. lim t 2 i  4  t 2 j  k  4i  k
t→2
70 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions

2
23. rt  3ti  t  1j, ut  ti  t 2j  t 3k
3
(a) rt  3i  j (b) rt  0
2
(c) rt  ut  3t 2  t 2t  1  t 3  2t 2 (d) ut  2rt  5ti  t 2  2t  2 j  t 3k
3
Dtrt  ut  3t 2  4t
Dtut  2rt  5i  2t  2j  2t 2k

2
(e) rt  10t 2  2t  1 (f ) rt  ut  t 4  t 3 i  2t 4j  3t 3  t 2  tk
3
10t  1
Dtrt 
10t 2  2t  1 Dtrt  ut  83t 3

 2t 2 i  8t 3j  9t 2  2t  1k

25. xt and yt are increasing functions at t  t0, and zt is a
decreasing function at t  t 0.
27. 
cos t i  t cos tj dt  sin t i  t sin t  cos t j  C

29.   cos t i  sin tj  tk dt  

1  t 2 dt 
1
2
t1  t 2  ln t  1  t 2  C
 

31. rt   2ti  etj  et k dt  t 2i  etj  et k  C 33. 

2

2
3t i  2t 2j  t 3k dt 
3t2 i  2t3 j  t4 k
2 3 4 2

2

32
3
j

r0  j  k  C  i  3j  5k ⇒ C  i  2j  4k
rt  t2  1i  et  2j  et  4k

35. 0
2

et 2i  3t2j  k dt  2et 2i  t3j  tk 

2

0
 2e  2i  8j  2k

37. rt  cos3 t, sin3 t, 3t

vt  rt  3 cos2 t sin t, 3 sin2 t cos t, 3
vt  9 cos4 t sin2 t  9 sin4 t cos2 t  9
 3cos2 t sin2 tcos2 t  sin2 t  1
 3cos2 t sin2 t  1
at  vt  6 cos tsin2 t  3 cos2 t cos t, 6 sin t cos2 t  3 sin2 tsin t, 0
 3 cos t2 sin2 t  cos2 t, 3 sin t2 cos2 t  sin2 t, 0

752
39.  1

rt  lnt  3, t 2, t , t 0  4
2
41. Range  x 
v02
32
sin 2 
32
sin 60  152 feet

rt  t 1 3, 2t, 21


r4  1, 8,
1
2  direction numbers
Since r4  0, 16, 2, the parametric equations are
1
x  t, y  16  8t, z  2  2 t.
rt 0  0.1  r4.1  0.1, 16.8, 2.05

43. Range  x 
v02
9.8
sin 2  80 ⇒ v0  80sin40
9.8
 34.9 m sec
 Review Exercises for Chapter 11 71

45. rt  5ti 47. rt  ti  tj

vt  5i 1
vt  i  j
vt  5 2t
4t  1
at  0 vt 
2t
Tt  i
1
Nt does not exist at   j
4tt
aT0 i   1 2t  j 2t i  j
Tt  
a N does not exist  4t  1  2t 4t  1
(The curve is a line.) i  2t j
Nt 
4t  1

1
a T
4tt4t  1
1
a N
2t4t  1

1
49. rt  et i  etj 51. rt  ti  t 2j  t 2k
2
vt  et i  etj
vt  i  2tj  tk
vt  e2t  e2t
v  1  5t 2
at  et i  et j
at  2j  k
et i  et j
Tt  i  2tj  tk
e2t  e2t Tt 
1  5t2
et i  etj
Nt  5t i  2j  k
e2t  e2t Nt 
51  5t2
e2t  e2t
aT 5t
e2t  e2t a T
1  5t 2
2
a N 5 5
e2t  e2t a N 
51  5t 2 1  5t 2

53. rt  2 cos ti  2 sin tj  tk, x  2 cos t, y  2 sin t, z  t

3 3
When t  , x   2, y  2, z  .
4 4
rt  2 sin ti  2 cos tj  k
3
Direction numbers when t  , a   2, b   2, c  1
4
3
x   2t  2, y   2t  2, z  t 
4

9.56460010
4

55. v   4.56 mi sec

57. rt  2ti  3tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 y

2
rt  2i  3j (0, 0)
x

 
− 4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
b 5 −4
s rt dt  4  9 dt −6
a 0 −8
− 10


5
− 12
 13t  513 − 14 (10, − 15)
0 − 16
72 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions

59. rt  10 cos3 ti  10 sin3 tj y

rt  30 cos2 t sin ti  30 sin2 t cos tj 10

rt  30cos4 t sin2 t  sin4 t cos2 t 2

 
x
 30 cos t sin t −10 −2 2 10

s4   2

0
30 cos t  sin t dt  120
sin2 t
2
 2

0
 60 − 10

61. rt  3ti  2tj  4tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 z (−9, 6, 12)

rt  3i  2j  4k 12
10

  
b 3 3 8

rt dt 
6
s 9  4  16 dt  29 dt  329 4
a 0 0 2
(0, 0, 0)
2
2 4
x 6 8
10 y

 1
63. rt  8 cos t, 8 sin t, t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 65. rt  ti  sin tj  cos tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 
2 2
rt  < 8 sin t, 8 cos t, 1, rt  65 1
rt  i  cos tj  sin tk

b

  2
65 2


s rt dt  65 dt  
2
rt dt
a 0
s
z 0
π
2
( 0, 8,
π
2 )  
0

1
4
 cos2 t  sin2 t dt


4
8 6  
5  5
x
(8, 0, 0)
4
6
8 y

2 0
dt 
25 t 0

2


1
67. rt  3ti  2tj 69. rt  2ti  t2j  t2k
2
Line
rt  2i  tj  2tk, r  5t2  4
k0
rt  j  2k

K
i
r  r  2
0  
r  r
 2
20
j
t
1


k
2t  4j  2k, r  r   20
2
25
r3 5t  43 2 4  5t23 2

1 73. y  ln x
71. y  x2  2
2
1 1
y  , y   2
y  x x x
y  1
K y 2 3 2  1 x2
1  y 1  1 x2]3 2
K y  2 3 2  1
1   y 1  x23 2 1 1 2
At x  1, K    and r  22.
23 2 22 4
1
At x  4, K  and r  173 2  1717.
173 2

75. The curvature changes abruptly from zero to a nonzero

constant at the points B and C.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 11 73

Problem Solving for Chapter 11

  2  du, yt   sin 2  du

 u2  u2
t t
1. xt  cos 3. Bomb: r1t  5000  400t, 3200  16t2 
0 0
Projectile: r2t  v0 cos t, v0 sin t  16t2
t2 t2
xt  cos
2  
, yt  sin
2   At 1600 feet: Bomb:

(a) s   0
a
xt2  yt2 dt  0
a
dt  a
3200  16t2  1600 ⇒ t  10 seconds.
Projectile will travel 5 seconds:
 t2  t2
(b) x t    t sin  2 , yt   t cos 2  5v0 sin   1625  1600

 
v0 sin   400.
 t2  t2
 t cos2  
2
  t sin2
2   Horizontal position:
K  t
1 At t  10, bomb is at 5000  40010  1000.
At t  a, K  a. At t  5, projectile is at 5v0 cos .
(c) K  a   length Thus, v0 cos   200.
v0 sin  400
Combining,  ⇒ tan   2 ⇒  63.4 .
v0 cos  200
200
v0  447.2 ft
sec
cos 

5. x  1  cos , y  sin , 0 ≤  ≤ 2

x2  y2  1  cos 2  sin2 

 2  2 cos   4 sin 2 2

st   t


2 sin

2
d  4 cos

2 
t


 4 cos
t
2

x   sin , y   cos 

K 
1 1  cos cos   sin  sin 

1 cos   1   
 3 
2 sin
2  
8 sin3
2
1


4 sin
2
1 t
Thus,
  4 sin and
K 2

s2 
2  16 cos2 2t   16 sin 2t   16.
2

7. r2t  rt  rt

d d
rt2  2rt rt
dt dt
d rt  rt
 rt  rt  rt  rt ⇒ rt 
dt rt
74 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions

 dB
9. rt  4 cos ti  4 sin tj  3tk, t  11. (a) B  T  N  1 constant length ⇒ B
2 ds
rt  4 sin ti  4 cos tj  3k, rt  5 dB d
 T  N  T  N   T  N
ds ds
rt  4 cos ti  4 sin tj
dB
4 4 3 T  T  T  N  T  T  N
T   sin ti  cos tj  k ds
5 5 5
T
4
5
4
T   cos ti  sin tj
5
 T  T  N  T  T   T
0 
dB dB dB
N  cos ti  sin tj Hence,  B and T ⇒   N
ds ds ds
3 3 4 for some scalar .
BTN sin ti  cos tj  k
5 5 5
(b) B  T  N. Using Exercise 10.3, number 64,
 
At t 
2
,T
2
4
5
3
5
 i k
B  N  T  N  N  N  T  N
  N  NT  N  TN
N 2   j  T

B
2 
3 4
 i k
5 5
B  T  T  N  T  T  T  N

z
  T  NT  T  TN
6π B
T  N.

3π
B
T
N
Now, KN   dTds  TTss  Ts  dTds .
N
2 1 Finally,
3 4 y
4
x d
Ns  B  T  B  T  B  T
ds
 B  KN   N  T
 KT  B.

13. rt  t cos  t, t sin  t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2

(a) 2 (b) Length   0
2
rt dt

−3 3  
0
2
 2t 2  1 dt 6.766 (graphing utility)

−2

  2t 2  2
(c) K (d) 5
 2t 2  1 3
2
K0  2
  2  2
K1  1.04
 2  13
2 0
0
5

K2 0.51
(f ) As t → , the graph spirals outward and the curvature
(e) lim K  0
t→ decreases.