Name:----------------- Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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The exam is closed book and closed notes.
1. A curved pipe section of length 40 ft (section 2 to 3) that is attached to the straight pipe
section is shown in Figure below. Assuming losses are negligible estimate (a) flow rate,
(b) pressure at section 2 and (c) bending moment at section 2 (neglect weight of the water
and pipe, and 𝜌𝜌 = 1.708 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 ).

2. Consider fully developed incompressible flow of a Newtonian liquid between two coaxial
cylinders of infinite length and radii R and kR, where k < 1, as shown in the Figure below.
The inner cylinders is fixed while the outer cylinder moves up (z-direction) at speed of 𝑉𝑉0
and the gravitational effect is not negligible. Simplify the continuity and momentum
equations and apply appropriate boundary conditions to find the velocity distribution in
the gap between the cylinders. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, purely axial,
circumferentially symmetric, and that there is no pressure gradient. Explicitly show
mathematical expressions of all the assumptions.

Fixed

𝑉𝑉0
gz = -g
Name:----------------- Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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3. In the figure below, all pipes have the same diameter D and wall roughness ε. Minor loss
coefficients are: The sharp entrance at A (K1); the line-type junction from A to B (K2); the
branch-type junction from A to C (K3); The submerged exits in B and C (K4); the open
valve (Kvalve) (a) If valve C is open, set up the system of equations for the pipe network
required to solve for the velocities at all the pipes. (b) Calculate VA if VC = 1.57 m/s (use
𝑓𝑓 = 0.02 for initial guess). (D=8 cm, ε = 0.26 mm, ρ = 998 kg/m3, μ = 0.001 kg/ms, K1 =
0.5, K2 = 0.9, K3 = 1.3, K4 = 1.0, and Kvalve = 0.5)
Name:----------------- Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Solution (1)

a) Energy equation between sections 1 and 3:

𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑝𝑝3 𝑉𝑉32

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧3 + ℎ𝑓𝑓
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉32
+ 𝑧𝑧1 = + 𝑧𝑧3 +2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

30 × 144 𝑉𝑉32
+ 35 = + 20
55 2𝑔𝑔

𝑉𝑉3 = 77.6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠

Continuity:

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐴𝐴3 = 3.81 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 /𝑠𝑠 +0.5

b) Velocity at section 2:

𝑄𝑄
𝑉𝑉2 = = 43.6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴2 +0.5

Energy equation between sections 2 and 3:

𝑝𝑝2 𝑉𝑉22 𝑝𝑝3 𝑉𝑉32

+ + 𝑧𝑧2 = + + 𝑧𝑧3
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

𝑝𝑝2 × 144 43.62 77.62

+ + 10 = + 20 +2
55 64.4 64.4
𝑝𝑝2 = 28.3 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 +0.5

c) Moment section 2

� 𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂 = ∑�𝑟𝑟 × 𝑉𝑉�𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − ∑�𝑟𝑟 × 𝑉𝑉�𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 𝑗𝑗 = 40𝑖𝑖 + 10𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑉𝑉3 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜃𝜃)𝑖𝑖 + 𝑉𝑉3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃𝜃)𝑗𝑗

Name:----------------- Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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𝑀𝑀 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 �𝑟𝑟 𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃𝜃) − 𝑟𝑟 𝑉𝑉 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜃𝜃)� = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 (𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃𝜃) − 𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜃𝜃)) +4
2 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 3 3 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦

𝑀𝑀2 = 1.708 × 3.81 × 77.6(40 sin(20) − 10 cos(20)) = 2163 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +0.5

Name:----------------- Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Solution (2)

Assumptions:
𝜕𝜕
1. Steady flow ( = 0)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
2. Incompressible flow (ρ=constant)
3. Purely axial flow (vr=vθ=0)
𝜕𝜕
4. Circumferentially symmetric flow, so properties do not vary with θ ( = 0)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
5. Constant pressure (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0)

(a)
Continuity:

1 𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
(𝑟𝑟𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 ) + (𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 ) + (𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
0(3) + 0(3) + =0 +2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
z-momentum:

𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 1 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧

𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 � = 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑧𝑧 − + 𝜇𝜇 � �𝑟𝑟 �+ 2 + �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃 2 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2

1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝜌𝜌(0(1) + 0(3) + 0(3,4) + 0(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)) = −𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 − 0(5) + 𝜇𝜇 � �𝑟𝑟 � + 0(4) + 0(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)�
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
0 = −𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + 𝜇𝜇 �𝑟𝑟 �
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
�𝑟𝑟 �= 𝑟𝑟 +4
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜇𝜇
Integrating

𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟 2
𝑟𝑟 = + 𝐶𝐶1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜇𝜇 2

𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟 𝐶𝐶1

= +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜇𝜇 2 𝑟𝑟

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟 2
𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = + 𝐶𝐶1 ln 𝑟𝑟 + 𝐶𝐶2 +1
𝜇𝜇 4
Name:----------------- Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Boundary conditions: +1 +1
𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 (𝑅𝑅) = 𝑉𝑉0 , 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = 0

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑅𝑅 2
𝑉𝑉0 = + 𝐶𝐶1 ln(𝑅𝑅) + 𝐶𝐶2
𝜇𝜇 4

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑘𝑘 2 𝑅𝑅2
0= + 𝐶𝐶1 ln(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) + 𝐶𝐶2
𝜇𝜇 4

Find C1 and C2:

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅 2
(1 − 𝑘𝑘 2 ) + 𝐶𝐶1 (ln 𝑅𝑅 − ln 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = 𝑉𝑉0
4𝜇𝜇

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅 2 𝑅𝑅
(1 − 𝑘𝑘 2 ) + 𝐶𝐶1 �ln � = 𝑉𝑉0
4𝜇𝜇 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅 2
𝑉𝑉0 − 4𝜇𝜇 (1 − 𝑘𝑘 2 )
𝐶𝐶1 = +0.5
1
ln( )
𝑘𝑘

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅 2
2 2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑘𝑘 𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑘𝑘 𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑉
2 2
0 − (1 − 𝑘𝑘 2 )
4𝜇𝜇
𝐶𝐶2 = − − 𝐶𝐶1 ln(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = − − ln(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) +0.5
𝜇𝜇 4 𝜇𝜇 4 1
ln � �
𝑘𝑘
Name:----------------- Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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Solution (3)

a) Continuity:

𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 = 𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 + 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶

The total head loss is the same for paths A-B and A-C, and 𝑝𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑝2 ; 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉2 = 0:

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴2 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵2 𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵

𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 = ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + � ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−𝐵𝐵 + ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + � ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = �𝑓𝑓 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2 � + �𝑓𝑓 + 𝐾𝐾4 �
2𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷 2𝑔𝑔 𝐵𝐵 𝐷𝐷

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴2 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶2 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶

𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 = ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + � ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−𝐶𝐶 + ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + � ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = �𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾3 � + �𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶 + 𝐾𝐾4 + 𝐾𝐾𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 �
2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷 2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷

System of equations to solve:

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 +2

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴2 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵2 𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵

𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 = �𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2 � + �𝑓𝑓𝐵𝐵 + 𝐾𝐾4 �
2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷 2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴2 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶2 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶
𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 = �𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾3 � + �𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶 + 𝐾𝐾4 + 𝐾𝐾𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 � +5
2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷 2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝐷𝐷 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷

𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝐴𝐴 = ; 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝐵𝐵 = ; 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 =
𝜈𝜈 𝜈𝜈 𝜈𝜈
𝜀𝜀 𝜀𝜀 𝜀𝜀
𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 = �𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝐴𝐴 , � , 𝑓𝑓𝐵𝐵 = �𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝐵𝐵 , � , 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶 = �𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶 , � (moody diagram)
𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷

b) Friction factor for C:

𝜀𝜀 0.26
= = 0.00325
𝐷𝐷 80
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷 998 × 1.57 × 0.08
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = = = 125349
𝜇𝜇 0.001
𝜀𝜀
𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶 = 𝑓𝑓 �𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶 , � = 0.0278 +2
𝐷𝐷
Energy equation:
0.5
𝐿𝐿
2𝑔𝑔(𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 ) − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶2 �𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶 + 𝐾𝐾4 + 𝐾𝐾𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 �
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = � �
𝐿𝐿
𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾3
Name:----------------- Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

Course: ME:5160, Fall 2017

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0.5
⎡(25)(2)(9.81) − 1.57 �0.0278 (70) + (1.0) + (0.5)�⎤
2
0.5
⎢ (0.08) ⎥ 427
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = ⎢ ⎥ =� � (𝟏𝟏)
(100) 1250𝑓𝑓 + 1.8
⎢ 𝑓𝑓 + (0.5) + (1.3) ⎥
⎣ (0.08) ⎦

Reynolds number:

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷 998 × 0.08 × 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴

𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝐴𝐴 = = = 79840 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 (𝟐𝟐)
𝜇𝜇 0.001

Iterating using equations 1 and 2:

𝑓𝑓 = 0.02 → 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 3.99 → 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 318689 → 𝑓𝑓 ≈ 0.0272

𝑓𝑓 = 0.0272 → 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 3.45 → 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 275736 → 𝑓𝑓 ≈ 0.0272

∴ 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 3.45 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 +1