1.

INTRODUCTION
The rapid expansion of agriculture, industries and urbanization has triggered
unplanned groundwater development leading to severe stress on groundwater resources in
crystalline rocks of India. These rocks provide a vital yet finite groundwater resource that
largely supports India’s water, food and livelihood security. With the advent of water well
drilling techniques, development of groundwater was revolutionised and subsequently, there
has been rapid and unplanned development of groundwater resources resulting in its
depletion from many parts of crystalline rocks.
These crystalline rocks lack primary porosity, and groundwater occurrence is limited
to secondary porosity developed by weathering and fracturing. Weathered zone is the
potential recharge zone for deeper fractures and excessive withdrawal from this zone leads to
drying up in places, reducing the sustainability of bore wells/drying of bore wells. Besides
these quantitative aspects, groundwater quality also pose a major challenge, threatened by
both geogenic and anthropogenic pollution. In some places, the aquifers have high level of
geogenic contaminants, such as fluoride, rendering them unsuitable for drinking purposes.
Excess use of fertilizers for agricultural production and improper development of sewage
system in rural/urban areas led to point source pollution particularly nitrate and chloride.
1.1 Objectives:
In view of the above challenges, an integrated hydrogeological study was taken up to develop
a reliable and comprehensive aquifer map and to suggest suitable groundwater management
plan on 1: 50,000 scale.

1.2 Scope of the Study:

The main scope of study is summarised below.
1. Compilation of existing data consisting of exploration, geophysical, groundwater
level and groundwater quality with geo-referencing information.
2. Periodic long term monitoring of ground water regime (for water levels and water
quality) for creation of time series data base and ground water resource estimation.
3. Identification of principal aquifer units.
4. Quantification of groundwater availability and assessing its quality.
5. To delineate aquifer in 3-D along with their characterization on 1:50, 000 scale.
6. Capacity building in all aspects of ground water development and management
through information, education and communication (IEC) activities, information
dissemination, education, awareness and training.
7. Enhancement of coordination with concerned central/state govt. organizations and
academic/research institutions for sustainable ground water management.

1.3 Area Details: The NW-SE trending study area covering 4547 km2, lies between north
latitude 16°51´58"-17°41´57" and east longitude 78°40´25"-79°36´48". It forms part of the
Musi river sub-basin (2855 km2: 63 %) covering 12 watersheds and Halia river sub-basin
(1692 km2: 37 %) covering 7 watersheds of the Krishna river basin falling in Nalgonda (98 %)
Ranga Reddy and Medak (2% and mostly hilly areas) districts, Telangana State (Fig.1.1). Out
of total geographical areas, the rural is 97 % and urban is 3 % and administratively governed
by 34 revenue mandals covering 441 villages with a population of ~9 lakhs (2011 census)
(urban: 5%, rural: 95 %).

1
 Fig.1.1:
Location of study area
1.4 Climate and Rainfall: The area experiences semi-arid and tropical climate with
annual precipitation varying from 581-914 mm (average: 752) and increases from
south to north and west to east (Fig.1.2). The south-west monsoon contributes 74 %
and north-east contributes 19% of rainfall. During 2013, the area received average
precipitation of 1092 mm (45 % excess of normal).

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 Fig.1.2: Annual normal rainfall (mm).
1.5 Geomorphological set up: Pediplain is the major landform covering about 3500 km2 (76
%) area, the other landforms observed are pediment, denudation hill, flood plain, residual hill,
channel fill, etc. (Fig.1.3).
1.6 Drainage and structures: The drainage is controlled by lineaments trending NW-SE, E-
W, NE-SW and N-S directions and are drained by many streams with rivulets having
dendritic, sub-dendritic to parallel drainage pattern. In Musi sub-basin the general trend of
lineament follows the NW-SE direction, whereas in Halia basin the trend of lineaments is NS
and NW-SE. High drainage density is observed in NW and SE part and low density along the
river Musi of study area (Fig.1.4).

fig.1.3:
Geomorphology of Study area.

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 Fig.1.4: Drainage with canals and lineaments.
1.7 Land use and cropping pattern: The land use can be grouped into 20 classes and main
area is under khariff cultivations (paddy, cotton, jowar, arhar, bajra, maize, sea sum and
chillies) and during rabi paddy, horse gram, maize etc. The gross irrigated area is130478 ha,
out of which 90 % is through ground water and 10 % is through surface water. Under ground
water irrigation, 70 % of area is under paddy and 30 % under non-paddy and under surface
water irrigation, 99 % area is under paddy crops.
1.8 Soils: The area is mainly occupied by clayey, calcareous soils, gravelly loam soils and
gravelly clay soils (Fig.1.5) with infiltration rate of 0.3 to 28.2 cm/hr.
1.9 Prevailing Water Conservation/Recharge Practices: There are 1565 water bodies
having 182 km2 water spread area. A total of 675 percolation tanks, 213 check dams and 490
farm ponds are present in the area.
1.10 Geology: Geologically the entire area is covered with crystalline rocks (Granites and
Gneisses-Banded Gneissic complex-BGC) with basic intrusive rock (Dolerite and Gabbro’s)
at places (Fig.1.6). In Telangana State, the BGC is the principle aquifer system (60 %) of
which 11.5 % is spread in the district and presently 6.65 % is covered under the aquifer
mapping programme. Quartz vein intrusions are observed as out crops in porphyritic granites
(Fig.1.7). Un-consolidated deposits comprising alluvial sands, clay, occur in isolated narrow
patches along the Musi and Halia rivers and major streams.

4
 Fig.1.5:
Soils of Study area.

fig.1.6: Geology of Study area

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 Fig.1.7: Quartz intrusions in porphyritic granite at (Dasarigudem)-High F- area.

2. DATA COLLECTION and GENERATION

Collection, compilation and generation for aquifer mapping studies is carried out in
conformity with EFC document of XII plan of CGWB encompassing various activities
(Table-2.1).
Table-2.1: Brief activities showing data compilation and generations.
S. Activity Sub-activity Task
No.

1 Compilation of Compilation of Existing Preparation of base map and various thematic layers,
existing data/ data on groundwater compilation of information on Hydrology, Geology,
Geophysics, Hydrogeology, Geochemical etc.
Identification of Creation of data base of Exploration Wells,
Principal Aquifer delineation of Principal aquifers (vertical and lateral)
Units and Data Gap and compilation of Aquifer wise water level and draft
data etc.

Identification of Data Data gap in thematic layers, sub-surface information

Gap and aquifer parameters, information on hydrology,
geology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemical, in
aquifer delineation (vertical and lateral) and gap in
aquifer wise water level and draft data etc.

2. Generation of Data Generation of geological Preparation of sub-surface geology, geomorphologic

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 layers (1:50,000) analysis, analysis of land use pattern.

Surface and sub-surface Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), bore-hole

geo-electrical and logging, 2-D imaging etc.
gravity data generation

Hydrological Parameters Soil infiltration studies, rainfall data analysis, canal

on groundwater recharge flow and recharge structures.

Preparation of Water level monitoring, exploratory drilling, pumping

Hydrogeological map tests, preparation of sub-surface hydrogeological
sections.
(1:50, 000 scale)

Generation of additional Analysis of groundwater for general parameters

water quality parameters including fluoride.

3. Aquifer Map Analysis of data and Integration of Hydrogeological, Geophysical,

Preparation preparation of GIS layers Geological and Hydro-chemical data.
and preparation of
(1:50,000 scale) aquifer maps

4. Aquifer Preparation of aquifer Information on aquifer through training to

Management Plan management plan administrators, NGO’s, progressive farmers and
stakeholders etc. and putting in public domain.

2.1 Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology is concerned primarily with mode of occurrence, distribution,
movement and chemistry of water occurring in the subsurface in relation to the geological
environment. The occurrence and movement of water in the subsurface is broadly governed
by geological frameworks i.e.; nature of rock formations including their porosity (primary
and secondary) and permeability. The principal aquifer in the area is granites and gneisses
and the occurrence and movement of ground water in these rocks is controlled by the degree
of interconnection of secondary pores/voids developed by fracturing and weathering. Based
on 2194 data points data availability, map is prepared and presented in Fig.2.1.
2.1.1 Ground Water Occurrences and Movement:
Groundwater occurs under unconfined and semi-confined conditions and flows
downward from the weathered zone (saprolite and saprock) into the fracture zone. The main
aquifers constitute the weathered zone at the top, followed by a discrete anisotropic
fractured/fissured zone at the bottom, generally extending down to 200 m depth. The storage
in granite rocks is primarily confined to the weathered zone and its overexploitation, mainly
for irrigation purposes, has resulted in desaturation of weathered zone at many places. At
present, extraction is mainly through boreholes of 60-90 m depth, with yield between 0.1 and
10 litres/second (lps). Hydrogeological map of the area is presented in Fig.2.2.
2.1.2 Exploratory Drilling: In the area 213 exploratory wells are drilled (EW and OW) in
the depth range of 18-203 m for determination of hydraulic properties of the aquifers and
discussed detailed in Chapter -3.
2.1.3 Ground water Yield: There are 76712 existing wells (30255 dug wells and 46457 bore
wells (as on 31st March 2011) and dug wells are mostly functional in command area. There
is 19 % decrease in function dug wells (DW) on account of reduction in yields/drying up and

7
an increase of 15 % in bore wells during 2013 (Total wells:77,825-BW: 53,324 &
DW:24,501).
In general the ground water yield varies from <0.1 to 7.5 lps (avg: 1.83 lps). Wells located in
the command area have higher yield and sustains for 4-6 hrs of pumping as compared to non-
command area where yields are relatively low with sustainability of 2-3 hrs.

Fig. 2.1: Hydrogeological data Availability.

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Fig.:2.2 Hydrogeological map of study area.

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2.2 Water Levels (2013):

Water levels from 446 wells (dug wells and bore wells) were monitored for pre and post-
monsoon water levels during the year 2013.
2.2.1 Water Table Elevations: During pre and post-monsoon season (May and November),
the water-table elevation ranges from 127-564 and 132-580 meter above mean sea level (m a
msl) respectively and in general, groundwater flow is in NW-SE and W-E direction and
follows the surface topography (Fig.2.3). The flow gradient in Musi basin is ~3 m/km and in
Halia basin it is 5.5 m/km.
2.2.2 Depth to Water Levels (DTW): The depth to water level (DTW) during 2013, varies
from 0.7 to 92.6 meter below ground level (m bgl) (average: 20 m) and 0.5-83.7 m bgl
(average: 10) during pre and post-monsoon season respectively (Fig.2.4 & Fig. 2.5). Water
level fluctuations vary from -53 to 82 m with average rise of 9 m.
2.2.3 Long term water level Trends: Long-term water level trends of 49 and 30 hydrograph
stations for the last 5 years were studied. The trends show a -0.08 to 0.25 m/yr and -0.04 to
0.32 m/year during pre and post-monsoon season respectively.

fig.-2.3:
Water
table

elevations
(Pre and
Post-
monsoon-
2013).

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Fig. 2.4: Depth to water levels Pre-monsoon (May-2013).

Fig. 2.5: Depth to water levels Post-monsoon (May-2013).

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2.3 Geophysical: Results of 142 VES data reveals resistivity < 100 ohm (Ω) m for the
weathered granite (1-30 m), 60-350 Ω m for underlying fractured granite (30-196 m
thickness) and > 350 Ω for massive granite.
2.4 Hydro Chemical: To understand chemical nature of groundwater, total 1654 wells data is
utilized from ground water monitoring wells of CGWB, SGWD and inventoried wells
(mostly tapping combined aquifers Aq-1 and aq-2) during the pre and post-monsoon season
of 2013. Parameters namely pH, EC (in µS/cm at 25 ° C), TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, CO3, HCO3, Cl,
SO4, NO3 and F were analyzed.
Groundwater in the area is mildly alkaline to alkaline in nature in both seasons with
average EC of 1754 and 1844 µ Siemen’s/cm during pre and post-monsoon season
respectively (Fig.2.6 and Fig.2.7). Average concentration of TDS and TH is 1105 & 475 and
1165 & 454 mg/L during pre and post-monsoon season respectively. The concentration of
NO3 ranges from 0-682 and 0-800 mg/L during pre and post monsoon season respectively
(Fig.2.8 and Fig.2.9). Fluoride concentration varies from 0.06-7.5 and 0.05-11.2 mg/L during
pre and post monsoon respectively (Fig.2.10 and Fig.2.11).

Fig.
2.6:
Distribution of Electrical conductivity (Pre-monsoon-2013).

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Fig. 2.7: Distribution of Electrical conductivity (Post-monsoon-2013).

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Fig. 2.8: Distribution of Nitrate (Pre-monsoon-2013).

Fig. 2.9: Distribution of Nitrate (Post-monsoon-2013).

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Fig. 2.10: Distribution of Fluoride (Pre-monsoon-2013).

Fig.2.11: Distribution of Fluoride (Post-monsoon-2013).

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 3. DATA INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION and AQUIFER MAPPING
Conceptualization of 3-D hydrogeological model was carried out by interpreting and
integrating representative 742 data points (both hydrogeological and geophysical down to
200 m) for preparation of 3-D map, panel diagram and hydrogeological sections. The data is
calibrated for elevations with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data (Fig.2.1). The
lithological information was generated by using the RockWorks-16 software and generated 3-
D maps for both sub-basins (Fig.3.1) along with fence diagram (Fig. 3.2 and Fig. 3.3) and
hydrogeological sections. The hydrogeological section layout is presented in Fig.3.4.

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17
 Fig. 3.1:3-D Model for study area.

Fig.
3.2:

Panel Diagram-Musi River sub-basin.

Fig. 3.3: Panel Diagram-Halia River sub-basin (Lower Krishna).

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Fig. 3.4: Map showing orientation of various sections.

3.1 Conceptualization of aquifer system in 3D

Aquifers were characterized in terms of potential and quality based on integrated
hydrogeological data and various thematic maps. Weathered zone is considered up to the
maximum depth of weathering and first fracture encountered (below weathered depth)
generally down to ~30 m depth and the fractured zone (fractured granite) is considered up to
the depth of deepest fracture below weathered zone (~30-200 m) (Fig. 3.5).
3.2 Hydrogeological Sections
A) Section-A-A’ (N-S): The section covering distance of ~65 kms depicts uniform weathered
zone thickness in most part except in central part (at Musi river inter section) where it is less
(Fig.3.6). The thickness of fractured zone is also uniform except in northern part where it is
less. The water table elevations are behaving differently from weathered and fractured zone
except at the intersection with Musi River during pre-monsoon season of 2013. The water
table elevations from weathered zone is at higher elevations in most part and water table from
fractured zone is at lower elevations.
B) Section-B-B’ (W-E): (West-East-Musi-sub basin): The section covering distance of ~62
kms depicts uniform weathered zone thickness in most part except in central part (at inter

19
section of Musi) and in western part (Fig.3.7). The thickness of fractured zone is also uniform
except in western part. The water table elevations in weathered zone are at higher elevations
in western part, and water table in fractured zone are at higher elevations in eastern part
during pre-monsoon season of 2013.
C) Section-C-C’ (West-East-Halia-sub basin): The section covering distance of ~75 kms
depicts shallow depth of weathered zone in central part and thick in western part. The
fractured zone thickness is high in central part and thinner in eastern part (Fig.3.8). The water
table elevations in weathered zone are at higher elevations as compared to fractured zone
except in central part where water levels from fractured zone are at higher elevations during
pre-monsoon 2013.
D) Section-D-D’ (NW-SE): The section covering distance of ~120 kms depicts shallow
depth of weathered zone in central part along the river Musi (right bank) and in south-eastern
part and is thick in NW part. Comparatively the thickness of fractured zone is more in
western and central-eastern part as occurrence of deep fractures are encountered (Fig.3.9).
The water table elevations in weathered zone are at higher elevations as compared to
fractured zone except in central part where water levels from fractured zone are at higher
elevations during pre-monsoon 2013.
From the sections it can be concluded that the water levels in weathered and fractured
zones behave differently due to the unconfined and semi-confined nature of these zones. The
elevation of the water levels in the fracture zone depends on the pressure conditions existing
and depth of the fracture which is being tapped.
.

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Fig.-3.5: Conceptualization of aquifer systems and their characterisation

21
Fig.-3.6: Section-A-A’ (Hydrogeological Profile in N-S direction).

Fig.-3.7: Section-B-B’ (Hydrogeological Profile West-East direction- Musi River Sub-basin).

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Fig.-3.8: Section-C-C’ (Hydrogeological Profile West-East direction- Halia River Sub-basin).

Fig.-3.9: Section-D-D’ (Hydrogeological Profile NW-SE direction).

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3.3 Aquifer Characterization
Weathered zone: Weathered zone, wherever it is shallow has gone dry in significant part of
the area due to over-exploitation. Dug wells, which were in existence, have become defunct
and only few dug wells existing in south-eastern and in central part along the Musi River
have water levels. Thickness of weathered zone is shallow (< 10 m) in central part and in
south eastern part and deep (>20 m) in north-western and south-western part and moderate
(10-20 m) in other parts (Fig.3.10 and Fig. 3.11). In major part of the area the water levels
(155 no’s) are in the range of 10-20 and 5-10 m bgl during pre and post-monsoon season
respectively (Fig.3.12 and 3.13). The water level fluctuations (WLF) between pre and post
monsoon, in general show a rise and a maximum rise is observed in eastern part and fall of >
20 m is noticed in NW-and SW part (Fig.3.14). In south western part (Narayanpur mandal)
during post-monsoon season the water levels are at deeper levels than pre-monsoon season
due to less rainfall than normal during the year in that mandal. The yield of bore wells (423
no’s) varies from < 1-10 litres per second (lps), transmissivity (T) (42 no’s) from 1-630
m2/day and specific yield (Sy) from 1-3 %. The groundwater quality (922 no’s) suggests
geogenic contamination with fluoride (average: 1.25 mg/L) and anthropogenic contamination
with nitrate (average: 84 mg/L). The EC varies from 390-6400 µ Siemens/cm at 25 0C. The
distribution of groundwater yield, EC, F and NO 3 are given in Fig. 3.15, 3.16, 3.17 and 3.18
respectively.
Fractured zone: Ground water is extracted mainly through bore wells of 60 to 100 m depth
from fractured zone (~30 to 200 m). Fractures in the range of 30-60 m depth are more
predominant, deep fractures in the range of 100-150 and > 150 m occur in north-western and
post-monsoon season respectively (Fig.3.21 and Fig.3.22). The water level fluctuation
(WLF), in general shows a rise and a maximum rise > 20 m is observed in most part and fall
is noticed in small patches in NW-and central western part(Fig.3.23).The yield of bore wells
(552 no’s) varies from 0.1 to 7 lps. Transmissivity (51 no’s) varies from 1-927 m 2/day and
storativity from 0.00002 to 0.001. Groundwater is geogenically contaminated with fluoride
(avg: 2.1) and anthropogenically with nitrate at places (214 no’s). High fluoride concentration
>5 mg/L is observed in Kammagudem and Yellareddigudem villages (NW of Nalgonda
town). The EC varies from 630-5210 µ Siemens/cm at 25 0C. The distribution of groundwater
yield, EC, F and NO3 are given in Fig.3.24, 3.25, 3.26 and 3.27 respectively.

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Fig3.10: Dug well section (dry) showing deep weathering in study area.

Fig.-3.11: Thickness of Weathered zone (Weathering depth) (742 data points).

25
Fig.-3.12: Depth to Water levels-Weathered zone (Pre-monsoon-2013).

Fig.-3.13: Depth to Water levels-Weathered zone (Post-monsoon-2013).

26
 Fig.

3.14: Water level fluctuation during pre and post-monsoon -2013.

Fig.-3.15: Groundwater yield prospects-Weathered zone.

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Fig.-3.16: Distribution of EC-Weathered zone.

Fig.-3.17: Distribution of Nitrate-Weathered zone.

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Fig.-3.18: Distribution of Fluoride-Weathered zone.

Fig.-3.19: Depth of Fractured zone (Maximum depth) (m bgl).

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 No. of Wells analysed: 2193
No. of Fractures: 2285

Fig.3.20: Depth wise distribution of fractures.

Fig.-
3.21: Depth to Water levels-Fractured zone (Pre-monsoon-2013).

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Fig.-3.22: Depth to Water levels-Fractured zone (Post-monsoon-2013).

Fig. 3.23: Water level fluctuation during pre and post-monsoon seasons (Fractured
zone).

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Fig.-3.24: Groundwater yield prospects-Fractured zone.

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Fig.-3.25: Distribution of EC-Fractured zone.

Fig.-3.26: Distribution of Nitrate-Fractured zone.

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 Fig.-3.27: Distribution of Fluoride-Fractured zone.

4. GROUND WATER RESOURCES (AS PER GEC-2013)

In hard rocks, for practical purpose it is very difficult to compute zone wise (aquifer
wise) groundwater resources, because the weathered zone (WZ) and fractured zone (FZ) are inter
connected with fractures/joints and fractured zone gets recharged through weathered zone. Difference
in water levels between two aquifers is observed (Fig.3.6-3.9), however water levels from fracture
zone mixes with water levels of weathered zone during lean/discharge period. Therefore it is very
difficult to demarcate the boundary between two aquifers; hence the resources are estimated. While
computing dynamic resources, actual area of village (in study area), water level fluctuation of 2013
season, specific yield (2 %) are considered. While computing in-storage resources, the general depth
of deepest fractures in the area, pre-monsoon water levels and 2 % of granular zone (zone below pre-
monsoon water level and down to deepest fractured depth in the area) and 3 % of specific yield are
considered.

As per 2011 GEC report, the computed dynamic replenishable groundwater resources
are 654 MCM, gross ground water draft for all uses 434 MCM and net annual ground water
potential available for future irrigation needs is 185 MCM. Basin wise stage of ground water
development varies from 66-67 %. Based up on 2011 resources, village wise utilizable
ground water resource map is prepared and presented in Fig. 4.1.
As per GEC-2013, the net groundwater availability is 471 MCM, gross ground water draft is
373 MCM, provision for domestic and Industrial use is 37 MCM, balance for future irrigation use is
61 MCM and the stage of ground water development is 80 %. Summarised sub-basin wise resources
are given in Table-4.1.

Fig.4.1: Utilizable Groundwater Resources (2011).

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 Table-4.1: Sub-basin wise computed Dynamic, In-storage ground water
resources (as per GEC-2013) (Provisional figures).
Parameters Musi basin Halia basin Total
As per 2011 GEC (Provisional MCM MCM MCM
Dynamic (Net GWR Availability) 431 223 654
Gross GW Draft 286 148 434
Provision for Domestic & Indusrial (2025) 23 12 35
Net GW available For future Irrigation 122 63 185
Stage of Ground Water Development (%) 67 66 66
As per 2013 GEC (Provisional)
Dynamic (Net GWR Availability) 308 163 471
In-storage 78 37 115
Gross GW Draft 238 135 373
Provision for Domestic & Industrial (2025) 25 12 37
Net GW available For future Irrigation 45 16 61
Stage of Ground Water Development (%) 77 82 80

5. GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES and REASONS FOR ISSUES

5.1 Issues
Pollution (Geogenic and Anthropogenic)
1. The area is identified as fluorosis endemic area (geogenic) where fluoride as high as
7.5 mg/L during pre-monsoon and 11.2 mg/L during post-monsoon season is found in
groundwater (High concentration of F during post-monsoon season is due different
sample locations). The high fluoride concentration (>1.5 mg/L) occur in 33 % and 28
% of the area during pre and post-monsoon season of 2013.
2. High nitrate (> 45 mg/L) due to anthropogenic activities is observed in 50 samples
mostly from dug wells, command and urban areas.
3. The high concentration of EC (> 3000 micro-seimens/cm) in 14 % and 10 % of area is
observed mostly in canal command area during pre and post-monsoon season.
Over-exploitation
4. ~ 765 Km2 area covering 85 villages can be categorized as over-exploited.
Deep water levels
5. The shallow aquifer wherever the depth of weathering is less gone dry due to over-
exploitation and almost all dug wells which were in existence having become defunct
and are abandoned. In fact there is 19 % decrease in functional dug wells in 2013, as
compared to 2011.

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 6. Deep water levels (> 20 m bgl) are observed during pre and post-monsoon season in
30 % and 2 % of the area respectively.
7. 15 % increase in number of bore wells is observed in 2013 as compared to 2011.
Sustainability
8. Low yield (<1 lps) occurs in ~40 % area and yields of bore wells have reduced over a
period of time and some bore wells which used to yield sufficient quantity of water
have gone dry and rich farmers are acquiring water from nearby places (if available)
or transporting water from far off places (2-3 km) and saving the commercial crops
thereby incurring lot of financial expenses.
Water Logging
9. Water logging during post-monsoon season is observed in 8 % of the area mostly in
canal command area.
Water Marketing and other issues
10. Water marketing is prevalent in almost all over the area and people are buying bottled
water from the market for drinking purposes as there is no sufficient supply of surface
water.
11. Change in land use and cropping pattern from agricultural land to residential purposes
and from traditional crops to cash crops (cotton) during Khariff season is observed.
12. During rabi season, paddy is grown based ground water irrigation in most of the area,
thereby leading to heavy withdrawal of ground water.
5.2 Reasons for Issues

Geo genic pollution (Fluoride)

1. Higher concentration of F in ground water is attributed due to source rock, which
contains avg. 810 ppm of F (higher than surrounding Hyderabad granites).
2. Rock water interaction where acid-soluble F bearing minerals (fluorite, fluoro-apatite)
gets dissolved under alkaline conditions.
3. Higher residence time of ground water in deeper aquifer.
Anthropogenic pollution (Nitrate)
4. Higher concentration is due to sewage disposal of treated and untreated effluents in
urban and rural areas. Use of NPK fertilizers and nitrogen fixation by leguminous
plants.
Over-exploitation and Deep water levels
5. Over-extraction, paddy cultivation during rabi season, ground water mining, limited
artificial recharge measures etc.
Sustainability and Water Logging
6. Absence of primary porosity, negligible development of secondary porosity, Low
rainfall, desaturation of weathered zone and urbanization.
7. Low development of ground water resources due to saline soils, shallow water table,
semi-arid conditions and surface water irrigation.
6. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

36
 High dependence on groundwater coupled with absence of augmentation measures
has led to a steady fall in water levels and desaturation of weathered zone in some parts,
raising questions on sustainability of existing groundwater structures, food and drinking
water security. The studies revealed different behavior of ground water in the weathered zone
(~ 30 m) and fractured zone (30-200 m). The occurrence of fractures in fractured zone are
very limited in extent, as the compression in the rock reduces the opening of fractures at
depth and the majority of fractures occur within 100 m depth (95%) (Fig.3.20).Higher NO3-
concentrations (> 45 mg/L) in weathered zone is due to sewage contamination and higher
concentration of F- (>1.5 mg/L is due to local geology (granite rock) (Fig. 1.7) high
weathering (Fig.3.10) longer residence time and alkaline nature of groundwater.

6.1 Management plan

The uneven distribution of groundwater availability and its utilization indicates that a single
management strategy cannot be adopted and requires integrated hydrogeological aspects
along with socio-economic conditions to develop appropriate management strategy. The
study suggests notable measures for sustainable groundwater management, which involves a
combination of various measures given below. Mandal wise aquifer maps and management
plans for fully covered and partially covered Mandal’s are given in Annexure-1 and
Annexure-2 respectively.
1. Supply side measures
2. Demand side measures
3. Regulatory measures
4. Institutional measures

6.1.1 Supply side measures:

Ongoing Projects
Repair Renovation and Restoration of existing tanks:

 De-silting of existing minor tanks (251 no’s) was taken under state Govt. sponsored
Mission Kaktiya-Phase-1 to remove 3.1 MCM of silt, out of which till December
2015, 2.6 MCM is removed from 185 tanks (with storage capacity of 115 MCM)
costing 100.5 crores and this has created additional surface storage. This will
contribute ~ 1.04 % MCM to groundwater and with this additional ~173 Ha land can
be brought under irrigated dry (ID) crops in tank ayacut. There is need to take
remaining tanks (~1762) in next phases for de-silting, this will greatly help in
stabilisation of tank ayacut and groundwater augmentation.
Mission Bhagiratha:

 Presently, out of 9 lakh population, ~7.5 lakh population have been provided with
protected water supply from surface water with per capita of 40 lpd/persons. In the
area ~ 10.95 MCM/year of water is provided under multi village scheme (MVS).

 Under Telangana Drinking Water Supply Project (TDWSP) also known as Mission
Bhagiratha, all the villages are proposed to be covered from the two water grids
Bhongir and Choutupal to provide protected water from surface reservoirs (the
schemes are at various stages of completion). The scheme is to enhance the existing

37
 drinking water scheme and provide 100 lpd/persons and 135 lpd/person of water in
rural and urban areas respectively. Thus all Fluoride affected habitations will be
covered with the implementation of this project.

 Imported water to the tune of ~32.5 MCM from surface sources into the basins will
reduce the stress on groundwater which can be effectively utilized to irrigate 5420 ha
of additional land under ID crops.

 To be taken up

Artificial Recharge structures:

Construction of 2642 artificial recharge structures (ARS) (474: priority-1 and 2168:
priority-2 areas) are suggested by following standard methodology.
While formulating the village wise groundwater management plan, the unsaturated
volume of aquifer is estimated by multiplying the area with specific yield and unsaturated
thickness (post-monsoon water levels below 3 m). Initially village wise dynamic groundwater
resources of 2011 are considered (Fig.4.1). Potential surface run off is estimated by following
standard procedures. On conservative side 20 % runoff yield is considered as non-committed
yield for recommending artificial recharge structures. The pre-monsoon groundwater quality
is considered for categorising contaminated area (F >1.5 mg/l &EC >3000). Nitrate is not
considered here because it is point source pollution and localized. Based on above criteria,
the area can be prioritized into priority-1 which needs immediate intervention and priority-
2. Based on hydrogeological characteristics, the area is further sub-divided into following 8
categories (Table-6.1).
Table-6.1: Hydrogeological characteristics of area.
Category Hydrogeological characterizations

1 High EC with additional scope for artificial recharge.

2 High EC with no additional scope for artificial recharge.

3 High F with additional scope for artificial recharge.

4 High F with no additional scope for artificial recharge.

5 High EC and F with additional scope for artificial recharge.

6 High EC and F with no additional scope for artificial recharge.

7 Groundwater quality within permissible limits for drinking and irrigation with no scope for artificial
recharge.

8 Groundwater quality within permissible limits for drinking and irrigation with scope for artificial
recharge.

6.1.1.1 Priority-1 (Area where groundwater development > 100 %)

Area consisting 85 villages (partly and fully) falling in 21 mandals (20 Nalgonda and
1 Rangareddy) covering ~765 Km2 (Fig.6.1) is considered as Priority-1 where immediate
intervention is required because, here, the stage of groundwater development is > 100%. The

38
area is again sub-divided into 8 categories based on hydrogeological conditions as mentioned
above. For sustainable development and management of the groundwater resources the
following recommendations are made and summarised in Table-6.2.

Fig.6.1: Priority-1 Area (Over-exploited)

39
  474 artificial recharge structures (237 CD’s with 6 filling and 237 mini PT’s
with 1.5 fillings) with a total cost of 35.10 crores can be taken up.

 Roof top rainwater harvesting structures should be made mandatory to all

Government buildings (new and existing).

 In 28 villages, where no unsaturated weathered thickness is available but 4.57

MCM utilizable yield is available, construction of surface storages are
recommended and the water can be used for drinking and irrigating ID crops
only.

6.1.1.2 Priority-2 (Area where groundwater development <100 %)

Area consisting 356 villages (partly and fully) falling in 33 mandals covering ~3781
Km2 (Fig.6.2) is considered as Priority-2, where there is scope for further groundwater
development. The area is again further divided into 8 categories based on hydrogeological
characteristics as mentioned above. For sustainable development and management of
groundwater resources, the recommendations are made (Table-6.3).

Fig.6.2: Priority-2 Area.

 2168 Artificial recharge structures (ARS) (1084 CD’s with 6 fillings and 1084 mini
PT’s with 1.5 fillings) can be taken up with a cost estimate of 164.55 crores.

 Roof top rainwater harvesting structures should be made mandatory to allGovernment

buildings.

 In 20 villages, where no unsaturated weathered thickness is available, constructions of

surface storage structures are recommended.

40
Other supply side measures:

 Existing ARS like percolation tanks and check dams and dried dug wells can be de-
silted involving people’s participation through the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) (NREGA 2005). This will also help in
sustainable management of groundwater resources.

 Some of de-silted tanks along Musi river may be filled up with treated Musi river
water during lean monsoon period as done in the upper parts of Musi basin.
Water Conservation Measures (WCM) (Farm Ponds):
The farm ponds are the ideal water conservation structures, which are constructed in
the low lying areas of the farm. The ideal size of form ponds is 10 x 10 x3 m. In the area total
7460 farm ponds are recommended (20 in each village in 373 villages) with total cost of
18.65 crores. The expected storage from this will be ~2.24 MCM and this will contribute
~1.12 MCM of recharge to the ground water.
6.1.2 Demand side measures: In order to manage the available resources more effectively
the following measures are recommended.
Ongoing Work

 ~25 % water as compared to traditional flooding irrigation. In the area till date a total
number of 33000 no’s drip and sprinklers are sanctioned which has irrigated ~38000
ha under ID crops saving ~60 MCM of groundwater from the basin. Additional areas
need to be brought under micro irrigation.
To be Taken up Work

 ~37,300 ha of additional land that can be brought under micro-irrigation (@100

ha/village in 373 villages) costing about 223.2 crores (considering 1 unit/ha @0.6
lakh/ha). With this 74.6 MCM of ground water can be conserved over the traditional
irrigation practices.
6.1.3 Regulatory measures

 Change in cropping pattern from water intensive paddy to other irrigated dry and
drought resistant crops that have a short growing season is recommended, particularly
in water stress/ Over-exploited/Critical areas. If necessary some regulatory rules may
be framed and implemented.

 To avoid the interference of cone of depression between the productive wells,

intermittent pumping of bore wells is recommended through regulatory mechanism.

 Power supply should be regulated by giving power in 4 hour spells two times a day in
the morning and evening by the concerned department so that pumping of the bore
well is carried out in phased manner to allow recuperations of the aquifer and increase
sustainability of the bore wells.

 As a mandatory measure, every groundwater user should recharge rainwater through

artificial recharge structures in proportionate to the extraction.
6.1.4 Institutional measures

41
  A participatory groundwater management (PGWM) approach in sharing of
groundwater and monitoring resources on a constant basis along with effective
implementation of the existing Andhra Pradesh ‘Water, Land and Trees Act’ of 2002
(APWALTA 2002) are the other measures suggested. Subsidy/incentives on cost
involved in sharing of groundwater may be given to the farmers involved.
The other measures includes, supplementary calcium and phosphorous rich food
should be provided to children in fluoride and nitrate contaminated areas (Category-3 and 4),
creating awareness about safe drinking water habits, side effects of high fluoride and nitrate
rich groundwater, improving oral hygiene conditions are recommended. In urban and rural
areas the sewerage line should be constructed to arrest leaching of nitrate. Going for salt
tolerant plants like chick pea, mustard etc where water levels are deep and in shallow water
table areas (Category-1 and 5), where EC is high, the rice varieties like CSR-27,CSR-
23.CSR-13 and CSR-10 are recommended in Category-2 and 6.
6.2 Expected Results and Out come
With the above interventions costing Rs 440 crores (excluding the cost involved in
Mission Kakatiya and Mission Bhagiratha), the likely benefit would be the net saving of 149
MCM of ground water. This will bring down the stage of ground water development by 12 %
(from 80 % to 68 %).
Acknowledgment
The authors thank Shri K.B. Biswas, Chairman, and Sri. D. Saha, Member (SAM),
Sri. K.C.Naik, Member (ED & MM), of the Central Ground Water Board, Govt. of India and
S/Shri A.D. Rao, Regional Director, and Dr. P. N. Rao and GRC Reddy of CGWB, for
encouragement. The authors acknowledge State Ground Water Department and Rural Water
Supply department, Govt of Telangana for making available of field data. Authors also thank
the Executive Engineer and his drilling crew of CGWB, for carrying out the exploration
activity.

42
 TABLE-6.2: VILLAGE WISE AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PRIORITY-1.
S. Mandal/ Category No. Of Area Recharge Utilizable No. No. Of Total Cost
No. District villages (Sq. km) Potential yield Of MPTS (CD &
(MCM) (MCM) CDS MPTs)
In Lakhs
1 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 4 1 44.24 2.47 1.09 21 21 300
2 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 3 3 35.73 1.18 0.88 17 17 255
3 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 1 8 27.88 1.84 0.69 13 13 195
4 Bibinagar/Nlg 1 3 11.93 0.00 0.25 0 0 0
5 Bibinagar/Nlg 2 8 11.92 0.85 0.25 5 5 75
6 B.Ramaram/Nlg 3 5 26.13 2.32 0.44 8 8 120
7 B.Ramaram/Nlg 1 6 2.70 0.00 0.05 0 0 0
8 Chandur/Nlg 2 1 13.50 0.35 0.29 6 6 75
9 Chandur/Nlg 1 3 15.78 1.39 0.34 6 6 90
10 Chityala/Nlg 1 1 19.73 3.69 0.36 7 7 105
11 Chityala/Nlg 1 5 6.62 1.97 0.12 2 2 30
12 Choutuppal/Nlg 1 1 7.95 0.79 0.14 3 3 45
13 Kattangoor/Nlg 1 2 14.90 0.00 0.34 0 0 0
14 Kattangoor/Nlg 1 8 6.91 0.38 0.16 3 3 45
15 Kethepalle/ Nlg 3 2 23.44 0.00 0.66 0 0 0
16 Kethepalle/Nlg 1 4 9.16 0.00 0.26 0 0 0
17 M turkapalle/Nlg 2 6 14.03 0.00 0.26 0 0 0
18 M turkapalle/Nlg 2 7 18.67 0.00 0.34 0 0 0
19 Munugode/Nlg 3 1 22.48 2.75 0.72 14 14 210
20 Munugode/Nlg 3 3 14.09 2.95 0.45 9 9 120
21 Munugode/Nlg 1 4 12.60 3.88 0.41 0 0 0
22 Munugode/Nlg 1 5 37.79 4.99 1.22 23 23 345
23 Munugode/Nlg 3 8 29.93 4.23 0.96 18 18 270
24 Nakrekal/Nlg 2 1 16.04 0.53 0.37 7 7 105
25 Nakrekal/Nlg 3 2 33.69 0.00 0.77 0 0 0
26 Nakrekal/Nlg 1 7 16.59 0.00 0.38 0 0 0
27 Nakrekal/Nlg 1 8 14.12 0.16 0.32 6 6 90
28 Nalgonda/Nlg 2 1 23.30 3.32 0.24 5 5 75
29 Nalgonda/Nlg 1 8 6.52 0.65 0.07 1 1 15
30 Narayanapur/Nlg 1 1 5.64 1.74 0.10 2 2 30
31 Narayanapur/Nlg 2 3 11.23 2.73 0.20 4 4 60
32 Narayanapur/Nlg 2 5 19.53 3.49 0.36 7 7 90
33 Narketpalle/Nlg 3 1 23.31 7.85 0.58 11 11 180
34 Narketpalle/Nlg 2 8 21.80 4.09 0.54 10 10 150
35 Nidamanur/Nlg 3 1 17.31 2.07 0.36 7 7 105
36 Ramannapeta/Nl 2 5 11.22 1.51 0.16 3 3 45
37 Ramannapeta/Nl
gg 1 8 20.36 0.67 0.28 5 5 75
38 Saligouraram/Nlg
g 3 1 23.52 1.32 0.58 11 11 165

43
39 Saligouraram/Nlg 2 2 20.56 0.00 0.51 0 0 0
40 Shamirpet/RR 3 6 3.24 0.00 0.06 0 0 0
41 Thipparthi/Nlg 1 2 5.36 0.00 0.10 0 0 0
42 Thipparthi/Nlg 1 5 2.29 0.00 0.04 0 0 0
43 Thipparthi/Nlg 1 6 3.65 0.00 0.07 0 0 0
44 Thipparthi/Nlg 1 7 5.45 0.00 0.10 0 0 0
45 Thripuraram/Nlg 1 1 7.85 0.17 0.14 3 3 45
46 Vemulapalle/Nlg 4 2 24.70 0.00 0.45 0 0 0
Total 85 765.38 66.31 17.46 237 237 3510
*Actual area falling in study area (not the total area of village).

Table-6.3: VILLAGE WISE AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PRIORITY-2.

S.No. Mandal/ District Category No. of Area* Recharge Utilizable CD’s MPT’S Total Utilizable GW
Villages (Km2) Potential Runoff yield Cost Development
(MCM) (MCM) (Lakhs) Potential (MCM)#
1 Atmakur (M)/Nlg 1 5 44.43 1.57 0.81 15 15 225 1.6
2 Atmakur (M)/Nlg 3 2 8.48 0.48 0.15 3 3 45 0.5
3 Atmakur (M)/Nlg 6 2 4.48 0.00 0.08 0 0 0 0.1
4 Atmakur (M)/Nlg 8 4 29.23 1.01 0.53 10 10 150 0.8
5 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 1 10 63.08 4.91 1.56 30 30 465 3.1
6 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 4 1 6.41 0.00 0.16 0 0 0 0.1
7 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 5 2 11.60 0.64 0.29 5 5 90 0.1
8 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 7 1 2.95 0.00 0.07 0 0 0 0.6
9 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 8 7 66.33 4.44 1.64 31 31 465 1.8
10 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 1 4 30.75 1.14 0.66 13 13 195 0.8
11 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 2 4 19.45 0.00 0.42 0 0 0 0.7
12 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 3 4 34.41 2.05 0.74 14 14 210 0.8
13 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 4 1 7.89 0.00 0.17 0 0 0 0.6
14 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 5 7 41.52 2.77 0.89 17 17 255 1.3
15 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 8 3 42.27 4.00 0.90 17 17 270 1.1
16 B. Ramaram/Nlg 1 3 30.81 2.60 0.51 10 10 150 1.0
17 B. Ramaram/Nlg 5 9 45.07 4.79 0.75 14 14 210 1.0
18 B. Ramaram/Nlg 6 1 4.39 0.00 0.07 0 0 0 0.3
19 B. Ramaram/Nlg 7 1 10.17 0.00 0.17 0 0 0 0.4
20 B. Ramaram/Nlg 8 5 37.95 3.68 0.63 12 12 180 0.6
21 Chandur/Nlg 1 1 9.58 0.42 0.20 4 4 60 0.0
22 Chandur/Nlg 3 1 14.30 1.10 0.31 6 6 90 0.1
23 Chandur/Nlg 7 1 11.66 0.00 0.25 0 0 0 0.1
24 Chandur/Nlg 1 5 77.33 11.11 1.41 27 27 405 1.4
25 Chityala/Nlg 3 3 28.54 3.48 0.52 10 10 150 0.4
26 Chityala/Nlg 5 1 29.56 3.58 0.54 10 10 150 0.4
27 Chityala/Nlg 8 5 96.45 13.36 1.76 33 33 525 1.3
28 Choutuppal/Nlg 1 8 112.69 12.50 2.05 39 39 585 3.4
29 Choutuppal/Nlg 3 2 22.10 1.42 0.40 8 8 120 0.5
30 Choutuppal/Nlg 4 2 41.97 0.00 0.76 0 0 0 1.8
31 Choutuppal/Nlg 8 4 60.70 4.29 1.10 21 21 315 2.4
32 Ghatkesar/RR 1 1 5.25 0.81 0.00 0 0 0 0.1
33 Ghatkesar/RR 2 1 8.37 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.0
34 Ghatkesar/RR 5 3 9.95 0.19 0.00 0 0 0 0.3
35 Ghatkesar/RR 6 1 7.36 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.3
36 Hayatnagar/RR 8 1 1.77 0.04 0.00 0 0 0 0.1
37 Kattangoor/Nlg 1 8 87.99 20.72 2.02 39 39 570 2.0
38 Kattangoor/Nlg 2 3 28.67 0.00 0.66 0 0 0 0.9
39 Kattangoor/Nlg 3 2 15.90 1.80 0.37 7 7 105 0.5
40 Kattangoor/Nlg 4 2 26.50 0.00 0.61 0 0 0 0.9
41 Kattangoor/Nlg 8 1 1.84 0.73 0.04 1 1 15 0.1
42 Keesara/RR 5 3 31.28 0.69 0.00 0 0 0 0.3
43 Kethepalle/Nlg 2 5 71.23 0.00 2.02 0 0 0 2.2

44
44 Kethepalle/Nlg 4 2 17.22 0.00 0.49 0 0 0 0.7
45 Kethepalle/Nlg 7 2 25.67 0.00 0.73 0 0 0 0.8
46 M.Turkapalle/Nl 1 1 4.14 0.05 0.08 1 1 15 0.1
47 g
M.Turkapalle/Nl 5 1 10.36 0.57 0.19 4 4 60 0.3
48 gM.Turkapalle/Nl 6 2 13.35 0.00 0.24 0 0 0 0.1
49 gM.Turkapalle/Nl 8 3 27.39 0.80 0.50 9 9 135 0.7
50 gManchal/RR 1 1 12.26 0.13 0.00 0 0 0 0.0
51 Manchal/RR 5 2 19.72 0.54 0.00 0 0 0 0.2
52 Manchal/RR 6 1 2.91 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.0
53 Marriguda/ Nlg 3 2 13.83 1.00 0.16 3 3 45 0.2
54 Marriguda/Nlg 4 1 6.00 0.00 0.07 0 0 0 0.0
55 Miryalaguda/Nlg 6 1 16.59 0.00 0.41 0 0 0 1.7
56 Miryalaguda/Nlg 7 2 13.85 0.00 0.34 0 0 0 0.7
57 Mothkur/Nlg 1 3 51.17 1.97 1.01 19 19 285 0.6
58 Mothkur/Nlg 2 2 14.76 0.00 0.29 0 0 0 0.4
59 Mothkur/Nlg 4 1 9.45 0.00 0.19 0 0 0 0.2
60 Mothkur/Nlg 5 1 2.06 0.07 0.04 1 1 15 0.0
61 Mothkur/Nlg 8 6 63.00 3.65 1.24 24 24 360 1.5
62 Mulugu/Medak 6 2 4.68 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.0
63 Munagode/Nlg 1 4 42.04 1.76 1.35 26 26 390 0.6
64 Munagode/Nlg 3 6 72.14 3.91 2.32 44 44 660 1.6
65 Munagode/Nlg 8 1 14.20 0.94 0.46 9 9 135 0.1
66 Nakrekal/Nlg 2 4 52.77 0.94 1.34 0 0 0 1.3
67 Nakrekal/Nlg 6 2 7.20 0.00 0.17 0 0 0 0.2
68 Nakrekal/Nlg 7 2 8.61 0.00 0.20 0 0 0 0.0
69 Nakrekal/Nlg 8 1 5.82 0.19 0.13 3 3 45 0.0
70 Nalgonda/Nlg 1 3 26.97 5.18 0.28 5 5 75 0.3
71 Nalgonda/Nlg 2 1 8.89 0.00 0.09 0 0 0 0.5
72 Nalgonda/ Nlg 3 2 30.01 5.36 0.31 6 6 90 0.1
73 Nalgonda/Nlg 5 1 14.70 4.04 0.15 3 3 45 0.1
74 Nalgonda/ Nlg 7 4 30.11 0.00 0.31 0 0 0 3.5
75 Nalgonda/ Nlg 8 3 43.64 1.75 0.45 9 9 120 2.2
76 Narayanapaur/ 1 2 22.25 1.49 0.40 8 8 120 0.0
77 Nlg Nalgonda
Narayanapaur/ 3 2 45.06 9.06 0.82 16 16 240 0.6
78 Nlg Nalgonda
Narayanapaur/ 5 3 129.57 17.87 2.36 45 45 675 3.9
79 Nlg Nalgonda
Narayanapaur/ 8 2 35.84 4.57 0.65 12 12 195 0.6
80 Nlg NalgondaNlg
Narketpalle/ 1 2 28.66 8.18 0.71 13 13 195 1.3
81 Narketpalle/ Nlg 3 3 58.57 6.74 1.45 28 28 420 2.2
82 Narketpalle/ Nlg 5 3 40.32 6.89 1.00 19 19 300 1.3
83 Narketpalle/ Nlg 8 6 56.84 12.29 1.40 27 27 390 0.8
84 Nidamanur/ Nlg 1 2 33.04 0.73 0.60 11 11 300 2.9
85 Nidamanur/ Nlg 2 1 0.86 0.00 0.02 0 0 0 0.0
86 Pochampalle/ Nlg 1 4 45.75 1.47 0.98 19 19 285 1.1
87 Pochampalle/ Nlg 2 14 95.63 0.00 2.04 0 0 0 3.0
88 Pochampalle/ Nlg 8 3 37.09 1.54 0.79 15 15 225 0.9
89 Ramannapet/ Nlg 1 10 89.79 6.59 1.25 24 24 360 1.7
90 Ramannapet/ Nlg 3 1 5.21 0.46 0.07 1 1 15 0.1
91 Ramannapet/ Nlg 5 1 9.34 0.72 0.13 2 2 30 0.4
92 Ramannapet/ Nlg 7 1 16.14 0.00 0.23 0 0 0 0.8
93 Ramannapet/ Nlg 8 5 61.87 3.09 0.86 16 16 240 1.7
94 SaliGouraram/Nl 1 10 90.57 9.64 2.24 43 43 615 1.5
95 gSaliGouraram/
Nalgonda 2 6 89.08 0.00 2.20 0 0 0 1.9
96 Nlg Nalgonda
Shamirpet/ RR 1 1 4.46 0.78 0.00 0 0 0 0.0
97 Thipparthi/ Nlg 1 3 57.35 1.34 1.04 20 20 285 3.6
98 Thipparthi/ Nlg 3 2 31.91 0.35 0.58 11 11 165 0.3
99 Thipparthi/ Nlg 4 2 11.39 0.00 0.21 0 0 0 0.8
100 Thipparthi/ Nlg 5 1 19.79 0.22 0.36 7 7 105 0.4
101 Thipparthi/ Nlg 7 4 69.50 0.00 1.26 0 0 0 2.4
102 Thipparthi/ Nlg 8 2 36.88 0.55 0.67 13 13 195 1.7
103 Thripuraram/ Nlg 1 6 31.21 0.69 0.57 11 11 165 0.5
104 Valigonda/ Nlg 1 13 158.31 7.99 3.38 64 64 975 4.3
105 Valigonda/ Nlg 2 2 20.02 0.00 0.43 0 0 0 0.1
106 Valigonda/ Nlg 3 4 38.47 2.31 0.82 16 16 225 0.5

45
107 Valigonda/ Nlg 5 1 8.60 0.66 0.18 3 3 45 0.1
108 Valigonda/ Nlg 7 1 6.01 0.00 0.13 0 0 0 0.3
109 Valigonda/ Nlg 8 7 70.82 5.07 1.51 29 29 465 1.6
110 Vemulapalle/Nlg 2 5 58.73 0.00 1.07 0 0 0 2.7
111 Vemulapalle/ Nlg 4 2 22.47 0.00 0.41 0 0 0 0.9
112 Vemulapalle/ Nlg 7 1 7.92 0.00 0.14 0 0 0 1.2
113 Yadagirigutta/ 1 2 36.36 1.44 0.90 17 17 255 2.0
114 Nlg
Yadagirigutta/ 3 2 16.79 0.79 0.41 8 8 120 0.5
115 Nlg
Yadagirigutta/ 5 1 15.88 0.87 0.39 7 7 105 0.6
116 Nlg
Yadagirigutta/ 8 3 38.69 1.43 0.96 18 18 270 0.7
Nlg
Total 356 3781 259 75.38 1084 1084 16455 107.6

46