Variation by T.N.

Biology Folio Form 5

Variation

Name
Sentoash Naidu a/l Balachander Naidu
Class
5 Budiman
Teacher
Ms. Siti Rahimah

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Variation by T.N.M

PENANG FREE SCHOOL

BIOLOGY FORM 5

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT FOR CARRY MARK FIRST TEST YEAR 2019: MAKING A FOLIO
CHAPTER 6: VARIATION

Procedure:
1. Gather information about the following issues from Internet, scientific magazines and
reference books.
2. Use the appropriate I-think maps to represent your ideas.
3. Parents will be informed if any of you does not submit the folio and demerit points will
be given.

The I-think maps to be used are as follows:

1. Use bubble map give the meaning of variation and give some example.
[6 marks]
2. By using tree map, describe the characteristics of continuous variation and
discontinuous variation.
[14 marks]
3. Discuss the causes of variation according to following factors:
i) genetic factor ii) environmental factor [10 marks]

4. Instead of sexual reproduction,variation also can causes by mutation. Explain with

example about gene mutation and chromosome mutation. You can use multi-flow
map to explain it.
[10marks]

TOTAL – 20 MARKS

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Variation by T.N.M

Mutation
 Is a sudden permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of the
DNA or in the amount of DNA.
 It rarely occurs but when it does it occurs randomly and
spontaneously

 Its effects are permanent and

irreversible.

 Can be caused by chemical and physical agents, mistakes in DNA

replication (gene mutation), uneven distribution of chromosomes in
cell division(chromosomal mutation).

Environmental Factors
Each individual is influenced by the environment, this causes the existence of
environmental factors.
These factors include ABIOTIC factors such as temperature, light intensity,
humidity, nutrition and soil fertility.
Example. Hydrangea Species produces different colour flowers based on the
acidity or basicity of the soil

Acidic Blue flowers

grow
Soil
Alkali Pink flowers
grow
Soil

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Variation by T.N.M

Phenotypical Factors

 Phenotype = Genotype + Effects of the environment

 A phenotype is the cumulative product of an inherited genotype and a multitude

of environmental influences.
 Hence, no two individuals display the same phenotype.
 Examples.
 A child who has unbalanced diet may not grow to his/her full height even
though the child has a gene for tallness.
 Identical twins split at birth may share the same genotype but their phenotype
may differ. If one twin was brought up in a poorly nourished environment,
he/she would be skinnier and has a smaller build than the other twin who had
a well-nourished environment.
 Sunlight. Affects the expression of chlorophyll gene production. Under bright
light, leaves turn green because more chlorophyll is produced. In the dark,
those same leaves turn yellow.
 Temperature. Affects the expression of gene for curly wings in fruit flies. At 16oC,
the egg of homozygous curly wing fruit fly hatches with normal wings. At 25 oC
however, the egg of homozygous curly wing fruit fly hatches with curly wings

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Variation by T.N.M

Mutation
1. A permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or in the amount of
DNA.
2. Reasons:
a) Mistakes that occur during replication of DNA during cell division.
(Gene Mutation)
b) uneven distribution of chromosomes during cell division.
(Chromosomal Mutation)
c) a chemical or physical agent.

Base deletion is
the removal of a
base from a
normal gene
sequence

Gene
Base substitution is
the replacement
of one or more
Mutation Base insertion is
the insertion of an
base or nucleotide extra base into a
with another normal gene
sequence

Changes in Changes in Changes in Change in Change in

Change in
bases of bases of amino acids protein protein
Cell funtion
DNA mRNA of protein structure function


 Dieseases caused by gene mutation:-
o Sickle cell anaemia
 caused by a mutation on the recessive allele responsible for the production of
haemoglobin.
 the mutated allele causes the production of abnormal haemoglobin which
crystallizes, causing the red blood cells to become sickle shaped or S-shaped.
o Polydactylism;
 a polydactyl individual has an extra finger or toe.
o Albinism
 Albinos cannot produce an enzyme responsible for the production of the skin
pigment, melanin.
 Albinos have white hair, pinkish eyes and skin, and skin that is very sensitive to
sunlight.

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Variation by T.N.M

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, Id like to express my sincerest gratitude to the Almighty God for blessing
me with the ability to complete this assignment. I’d also like to thank my beloved friends,
teachers and family members for doing all they coukd to assist me in making this folio.

The success and final outcome of this assignment required a lot of guidance and assistance
from many people and I extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my
assignment work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and
we would not forget to thank them. I respect and thank Ms. Siti Rahimah for giving me the
opportunity to do this assignment work and also for providing us all support and guidance we
need, I extremely grateful to her for providing such support and guidance.

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Variation by T.N.M

Chromosomal mutation (Diagramic)

Gene Mutation (Diagramic)

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Variation by T.N.M

Change in number of
Chromosomes

Down’s Syndrome Turner’s Syndrome Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Occurs when a Occurs when an X Occurs when there is

gamete with 24 chromosome is extra X chromosome
chromosomes fuses recessive producing XXY
with a normal gamete chromosome

Chromosomal
Mutation

Change in structure of
chromosomes

Duplication Translocation

Occurs when a broken segment of a Occurs when a segment of a

chromosome joins with other chromosome breaks off and joins a
chromosome of homologous pair. The non-homologous chromosome.
resultant chromosomes, thus, contains
duplicated genes

Deletion Inversion

Occurs when a segment of a chromosome

Occurs when one end of a
chromosome or an internal segment
breaks off.
Two ends rejoin to form a chromosome
deficient in some genes.
breaks loose, rotates 180o and, as a result,
rejoins the chromosome in a reverse direction.
There is no loss of genetic material but a reverse
sequence of genes can lead to altered gene
activity

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Variation by T.N.M

Types of
Variation

Discontinuo
Continuous
us

Differences in Differences in a
Forms a continuum Is the result of character can be Is the resultant effect
character of intermediate effect of
are NOT Characteristics divided to a few of genes (mostly Characteristics
phenotypes genes and distinct and definate unaffected by
distinct between 2 environment environment
phenotypes, with no
extremes in-between
characteristics Rare in
Qualitative humans and
Examples animals more
~ Cannot be
~ Height Characteristics No distinctive measured common in
Quantitative controlled by a categories Example plants
~ Weight
~ can be large number of individuals can ~ 4 types of fingerprint pattern
measured genes be placed
~ Blood groups
~ Ability to roll the tongue
~types of earlobes
~thumb hyperextension

Characters are
significantly
affected by
environment

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 Variation by T.N.M

Variations

Sexual
Mutation Environmental
Reproduction

Chromosomal Gene
Mutations mutations Independant
Assortment

Insertion
Crossing Over

Deletion
Random
Fertilization

Substitution

Causes of Variation
Genetic Factors
Sexual Reproduction

Crossing over Independent assortment

Occurs between non-sister chromaitds During metaphase 1, the chromatids
from a pair of homologous arrange themselves randomly at the
chromosomes bind at bivalent during metaphase plate. This produces a large
prophase of Meiosis 1 variety of genetic uniqueness
(differentiators).

Random Fertilization

The male gamete randomly fertilizes a female gamete from

the same species by chance. This produces variation

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Variation by T.N.M

Thank you!


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Variation by T.N.M

Meaning
~The phenotypic
differences
among individual
species
Characteristics
inherited by
parents Human beings
differ in height
-Blood group and weight
-Eye colour

Variation

Skin colour can

be darkened or
tanned when
exposed to UV
radiation
(Result of
Environment)