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DOLNY, D.G., and G.F.C. REYES. Whole body vibration exercise: training and benefits. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., Vol. 7, No. 3,
pp. 152-157, 2008. In recent years, it has been suggested that exercise using whole body vibration (WBV) placfcrrms may increase muscle
activity arui subsequently enhance muscle performance in both acute and chronic conditions. WBV platforms produce frequencies ran^ng
from 15-60 Hz and vertical displacements from ~l-l I mm, resulting in acceleratior\s of -2.2-5.1 g. Acute exposure to WBV has
produced mixed results in terms of improving jump, sprint, arvi measures of muscle performance. With WBV training, younger fit
subjects may not experience gains unless some type of external load is added to WBV exercise. However, sedentary and elderly
individuals have demonstrated significant gair\s in most measures of muscle performance, similar with comparable traditional resistance
exercise training programs. WBV training also has demonstrated gains in flexibility in younger athletic populations arvi gains or
maintenance in bone mineral density m postmenopausal women. These promising results await further research to establish preferred
WBV training parameters.
Humans experience the effects of externally applied forces In most WBV researcb studies, subjects stand on a plat-
constantly when exercising — when our feet contact tbe form or plate tbat produces sinusoidal oscillations eitber in a
ground during locomotion or as we strike objects witb sport vertical up and down motion or tbat rotates about a center
implements. Tbese contacts create vibrations within tbe fulcrum producing up and down vertical motion on alter-
tissues of tbe limbs, wbicb gradually decline as soft tissues nating sides of tbe fulcrum. Tbese movements result in
dampen tbese oscillations. Tbe body relies on a number of vibrations transmitted indirectly to tbe subject tbrougb tbe
factors to acbieve tbis reduction in vibrations, primarily soft legs. WBV platforms produce frequencies ranging from
tissue structures but also bone, synovial fluids, specific joint 15-60 Hz and vertical displacements from -1-11 mm. Tbe
positions, and muscle activity (1). accelerations tbat a body experiences can be estimated from
It bas been suggested tbat externally applied forces in- tbe following equation: a = A*(2Tr ff' wbere a is tbe ac-
tentionally applied directly to eitber muscle tendons or celeration experienced expressed as an equivalent of tbe
skeletal muscle, or indirectly tbrougb wbole body vibration acceleration of eartb's gravity (g), A is tbe amplitude of
(WBV) platforms tbat subjects stand on, increases muscle displacement, and / is tbe frequency of vibration in Hz.
activity and subsequently enbances muscle performance in In many WBV studies, subjects experience accelerations
botb acute and cbronic conditions. Tbis summary will re- of -2.2-5.1 g
view tbe acute and cbronic effects of WBV exposure, discuss As tbe body or body segment is subjected to tbese
tbe potential neuromuscular mecbanisms, provide examples externally applied forces, skeletal muscle activity usually
of typical WBV training regimens, and provide insigbt into increases in an attempt to damper tbese oscillations,
potential use of WBV for unique populations. leading to increases in soft tissue stiffness. An activated
muscle absorbs more vibration energy (2). Dupuis and
Jansen (3) reported tbat under vibration conditions muscle
activation of tbe triceps was greatest at vibration frequen-
Address fm Cfjrresporuience. Dennis C. Dolny, Ph.D.. University of Idaho, College of cies similar to tbe resonant frequencies of tbe wrist and
Educarion. Department HPERD, Human Performance Laborarory, 875 Perimeter elbow (10-20 Hz). Wakeling, Nigg, and Rozitis (4) reported
Drive, PEDIOI, Moscow, ID 83844 (E-mail: ddolny@uidaho.edu).
tbat most vibration damping occurred at tbe resonant
frequencies of tbe tissues wben tbe muscles were most
1537-890X/07O3/I52-157 active. Tbey proposed tbat tbe body bas a strategy to
Current Spf>rt5 Medicine Report.s
Copyright © 2008 hy the American College of Sports Medicine minimize its vibration regardless of tbe mode of tbe input
152
force (muscle tuning hypothesis). Cardinale and Wakeling EXAMPLES OF ACUTE EXPOSURE TO WBV AND
(1) suggest that this strategy may have useful implications MUSCLE PERFORMANCE
for sport training, equipment design, and rehabilitation.
Presently, there has been limited research directed toward Bosco et al. (18) tested elite female volleyhall players for
the optimal WBV platform characteristics (amplitudes and maximal dynamic leg press exercise with loads of 70, 90,
frequencies) applied chronically (training program) and 110, and 130 kg, WBV exposure followed, consisting of
subsequent muscle adaptations. standing with the toes of one leg on the WBV platform with
the knee bent at 100°. The WBV platform was set at 26 Hz
and 10 mm amplitude, and subjects were exposed to 10
PROPOSED MECHANISM OF WBV 60-sec exposures during the single session. The control leg
remained off the WBV platform. The treatment leg signifi-
The most often cited mechanism proposed with WBV cantly increased average velocity, force, and power at all
exposure is the "tonic vibration reflex" (TVR), where extemal loads of leg press,
earlier studies applied a high frequency vibration directly Cardinale and Lim (19) compared the acute effects of
to a muscle tendon for a short period of time, yielding an standing on a WBV platform set at 30, 40, or 50 Hz while
increase in muscle activity (5), Mechanical vibration EMG activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) was measured. The
applied to skeletal muscle or tendon has been shown to greatest EMG activity was during 30 Hz, suggesting that
excite muscle spindle primary endings, primarily la WBV exposure frequencies at or near 30 Hz might yield the
afferent nerve endings (6), However, when these vibra- greatest muscle activation response,
tions were applied directly to a tendon for a longer period of Roelants et al. (20) compared the electromyographic re-
time (>30 sec) decreases rather than increases in muscle sponse ofthe RF, VL, vastus medialis (VM), and GA during
activity were reported (6-8). These decreases might be three unloaded isometric positions: high squat (HS), low
caused by a decrease in muscle spindle firing frequency (9), squat, (LS), and one-legged (OL) squat with and without
increased presynaptic inhibition (10), or decrease in neuro- WBV set at 35 Hz, Compared with control, WBV exposure
transmitter release (11). Because WBV typically uses significantly increased EMG for all muscles during all exer-
exposures longer than 30 sec with the vibration applied cises, ranging from 49% to 361% greater response, OL
indirectly through the feet rather than directly to the produced the greatest EMG for all muscles, and the EMG
tendon, explaining the potential potentiating effect of WBV increase was greatest in the muscle closest to the WBV
upon muscle activation through previous research using platform (GA), It has been determined that the sensitivity
direct stimulation to a muscle tendon may not be appro- of la afferent nerves is higher with stretched (21) and pre-
priate. For example, Nishihira et ai. (12) demonstrated that activated muscle (22), wbicb may account for the response
3-min exposures of WBV during unloaded isometric high of the GA versus the other muscles of the leg. This may
squat leg position significantly increased soleus ratio of H- be the best evidence to date that wben WBV is combined
reflex to M-response, H-reflex and M-response threshold 5 with traditional resistance training (RT) exercises, the ad-
min after WBV exposure. These results suggest that an ditional recruitment of skeletal muscle may prove to further
increase in both la afferents and descending commands to enhance the gains in strength and power associated with
the motorneuron pool to enhance motor unit excitability RT programs.
were responsible for increased motor unit activity.
If WBV training enhances muscle performance, the
mechanism might be through 1) greater activation of EXERCISE TRAINING WITH WBV
agonists during maximally contracted muscle or decrease
of antagonistic muscle activation, and/or 2) greater gains Nordlund and Thorstensson (13) conducted a literature
in muscle mass or increased quality of muscle contrac- review of WBV with studies that included a control group
tion (13). Regarding the first point, two acute studies and had a training period lasting at least 1 wk. In the studies
have demonstrated that WBV applied during an where the control group performed the identical type of
unloaded squat position yielded greater electromyography training as the WBV group, four of five reported no dif-
(EMG) for rectus femoris (RF) and gastrocnemius ferences between WBV and control groups for strength and
(GA) than without WBV (14,15). Because WBV applies jump performances. These studies also used younger, rela-
relatively low loads to skeletal muscle, an enhanced impact tively active adults. When WBV training was compared
upon muscle hypertrophy is unlikely. In one study, with passive control groups (no exercise), consistently
WBV training did not result in significant gains in greater improvements in muscle performance were reported.
estimates of lean body mass (15) despite a report (16) This only demonstrates that WBV is preferred to performing
where WBV caused an acute increase in circulating no exercise at all to improve muscle strength and jumping
levels of testosterone and growth hormone with a performance. Many of these studies also used mixed-gender
decrease in cortisol levels, suggesting that WBV facili- or postmenopausal women over tbe age of 60.
tates an anabolic state for skeletal muscle. However, In a second review by Rehn, Lidstrom, Skoglung, and
this result was not verified with WBV training as Lindstrom (23), they concluded that tbere is strong to
Kvorning et al. (17) reported no change in pre- versus moderate evidence that long-term WBV exercise can have
post-training levels of circulating testosterone, growth positive effects upon the leg muscular performance among
hormone, and cortisol. untrained subjects and the elderly. In their review, of 9 of 14
TABLE. Example of whole hody vibration (WBV) training for postmenopausal women.
Level WBV Frequency (Hz) Amplitude (mm) Number of Exercises Reps per Exerci; Duration (sec) Rest Period (sec)