Chapter 1 6 and Appendix

ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
410 D and I Bldg, Edsa Corner, Caloocan City

Metro Manila, Philippines
Chapter I
Introduction
As the world develops, people were getting more carried away in term
technology. In the past, people used technology as a tool for making survival
and easier endeavor. Nowadays, people witnessed a shift in the role
technology playing in society and may continue to play for generations to
come. Due to rapid technological changes new things have been produced for
better way of doing things through its help, people depend on technology and
use various technologies to accomplish specific task in lives. As the world
keeps on developing, technology changed, what was working today might not
work and not be efficient tomorrow. So better to stay up-to-date with new
emerging technologies and learn how to embrace and use in people’s daily
life. Technology helps people to lessen work in different fields of Industry.
When social development raised to its peak, the importance of technology
was fully recognized and brought to open. With the rapid development of
technology, many automatic devices had been introduced in watering of
plants, but unfortunately such technological tools were inadequate to bring out
the best in plant production. The proponents developed a project that benefit
the students, teachers as well as the school maintenance of Bonifacio
Memorial Elementary School in monitoring the soil humidity and minimized
the work in watering plants.
El Nino was a huge problem in some parts of the world. El Nino was
often associated with important subsequent changes and may affect
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

1
agriculture and water resources. When people keep on wasting water
especially in watering of plants, these practices has a negative impact when
the phenomenon occurs.
The proponents proposed the Automated Watering Plants with SMS
Alert to the Bonifacio Memorial Elementary School. This project would be a
good investment for Bonifacio Memorial Elementary School. Automatic
watering of plants frees up precious time while keeping the garden healthy.
The Automated Sprinkling device uses soil moisture sensor to measure the
volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil
such as electrical resistance, the electric constant or interaction with neutrons,
as a proxy for the moisture content. The soil moisture sensor takes constant
readings of the soil moisture and transfer to Arduino which controls and able
to read input-light on a sensor and opens and closes the water value if the soil
was below to the specified level of moisture. Arduino can convert the favorite
pot into automatic watering of plants, keeping the plants from drying out and
reducing the time spends in watering. When the moisture sensor senses the
low moisture content of the soil it checks all the field conditions and
automatically waters the plants and gives feedback to the user via SMS on
GSM network which connects and inserted into mobile phone.
The project may offer users the flexibility to regulate and control the
operations of watering systems with little intervention to reduce run off from
over watering and drying of plants for the improvement of school garden. It
would be possible to users to use SMS to monitor directly the conditions of

2
the plants and automatically control watering and set control operational
conditions in accordance with the water needs of plants.
The project aimed to help the school maintenance to monitor the
watering system and helps make daily life just a little bit easier. The time and
schedule for watering plants was maintained. Automation of watering of plants
was one of the most convenient, efficient and effective method under watering
system. This device does not only develop every place it has implanted but
also give additional knowledge and provide a better technology.
Project Context
The proposed study, Automated Watering Plants with SMS Alert, was
an automated watering device for Bonifacio Memorial Elementary School
helps students, teachers and school maintenance to water the plants using
automated sprinkling device. The proponents used Arduino to automate the
watering method of plants. The device was made to sense the soil moisture
using soil moisture sensor and automatically waters the plant in case the soil
lost the moisture. The proponents made a concept of SMS to notify the user
that the plant was already watered. Manual watering system was a time
consuming and must be done on timely bases.
The proponents developed Automated Plant Watering Device by
sensing the soil moisture and automatically turn on or off the watering device.
The project requires very less human power involvement once installed. An
automatic watering device lessens the work and time of the users. When the

3
project was used, the water distribution to plants was much easier and did not
require any human support to perform the operations permanently.
Purpose and Description
A primary purpose of the development of automated watering device
was to help the gardeners and farmers to control the operations of watering
system with the use of Arduino and soil moisture sensor. Awareness in water
conservation and time management was substantial for gardeners. The
device can be used without any direct manual effort in watering plants. It
made the watering process more efficient and gardeners can concentrate on
other important tasks.
An automated watering device was an improvement project worth
considering. Not only help to maintain watering process for plants but it was
the most convenient and efficient way to ensure the plants gets the water it
needs without over watering or under watering. An automated watering
system can sidestep many of the problems associated with high water
demand, controlling and maintaining the watering system. These systems
provide the economic benefits, increased property value and more efficient
use of water while promoting environmentalism.

4
Objectives of the Study
General Objective
The proponents aimed to develop an Automated Watering Plants with
SMS Alert using an advance technology with the help of soil moisture sensor.
Arduino and GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) can measure
the volumetric water content in soil with the help of soil moisture sensor.
Specific Objectives
1. To develop an automated watering of plants with SMS alert to
water the plants without supervision.
2. To integrate the concept of control system for automatic
watering of plants using Arduino Uno and SMS alert through
GSM Module.
3. To test and evaluate the efficiency of the developed device with
the following criteria:
 Cost-Effectiveness
 Design
 Functionality
 Maintainability
 Reliability
 Safety
 Usability

5
Scope and Delimitations
Scope
Automated watering of plants with SMS alert for Bonifacio Memorial
Elementary School was designed to sense the condition of the soil with the
help of soil moisture sensor. It was controlled by the Arduino Uno connected
to the Arduino GSM module capable of sending SMS.
The device automatically waters the plant if the soil lost its moisture. It
sends a notification to the user via SMS. The device has a Sim card that used
for notifying the user.
Limitation
Automated watering plants with SMS alert only focused on sensing the
soil condition and notifying the user. It cannot detect other factors affecting
plant growth such as light and humidity.

6
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
This chapter indicates the ideas relevant to the present subject relating
to the other studies and briefly discussed to provide the foundation of the
proposed project. References were taken from published and unpublished
reading materials such as books, journals, magazines, case studies and other
which back up and justify the operational feasibility of the proposed study. In
order to develop new method and procedures, careful review of literature and
studies must be done for the development of the system.
Conceptual Literature
A Conceptual literature defines as an analytical tool with several
variations and contexts. It was used to make conceptual distinctions and
organize ideas. A strong conceptual literature captures something real and
does this in a way that easy to remember and apply.
Foreign Literature
Foreign literature, a thesis topic other than own native literature. It may
be the literature of another literature, comparative literature or any theme,
topic, genre of a foreign literature. It can be written in one own native
language.

7
Methods of Soil, Plant and Water Analysis
Soil was a non-renewable resource upon which mankind depends for
survival. Historically, the rise of great civilizations has been linked to the
quality of soil and the availability of water. Equally, the demise of such
civilizations was often attributed to mismanagement of soil and land in its
broadest sense. In today overcrowded world, the challenge to feed and clothe
the burgeoning populations of developing countries was a daunting task.
Yields have to be increased from existing land areas; adding fertility to the soil
to satisfy the demands of higher-yielding crops was essential. Soils vary
greatly in capacity to grow crops without fertilizer; even the richest soils
experience declining yields without man intervention. In essence, soil was not
always a perfect medium for growing plants; it was, however, the only one that
was available.
This manual was a cornerstone in ICARDA soil and water-related
research program as well as its training program and was a vital link with
agricultural scientists of the ICARDA mandate region. [1]
The idea that one could test or analyze a soil and obtain some
information about properties especially its acidity or alkalinity and its nutrient
status was long established, and can be traced back to the beginning of
scientific inquiry about the nature of soil. Analyses of plants to reflect the
fertility status of the soil in which grew was more recent, although visual crop
observations as old as the ancient Greeks, if not older. In the last few
decades, spurred on by commercialization of agriculture and the demands for

8
increased output from limited and even diminishing land resources, both soil
and plant analysis procedures have been developed, and still evolving. With
the advent of chemical fertilizers, the need to know nutrient status of a soil in
order to use such expensive and limited inputs more effectively became all
the more crucial. However, if soil testing was to be an effective means of
evaluating fertility status of soils, correct methodology was absolutely
essential. A soil or a field may be assessed for its capability of providing a
crop with essential nutrients in several ways.
Developing Alternative Methods / Techniques for Plant Establishment
under Reduced Watering
The purpose of the study was to evaluate soil treatments for effect on
establishment of wild-land shrubs without supplemental watering. The
treatments that significantly improved growth over watering alone at a central
California fill slope site (Contra Costa County, route 4) involved deep soil
decompaction and/or compost addition. General information regarding use of
water by plants and retention of water by soil or soil amendments was
evaluated from literature reviews, by lab analysis and with plant water-use
modeling. A method was developed to predict the plant water use and soil
water availability characteristics that would allow field establishment of shrubs
through dry summer conditions without supplemental watering. In all cases,
shrubs on soil treatments including deep soil decompaction and compost
incorporation grew larger than those on untreated substrates. No

9
supplemental watering was used except to wet the profile once at time of
planting, and even then only if ambient soil moisture was insufficient.
This treatment would store adequate soil moisture for survival and
growth in the dry summer season, assuming that the whole soil profile was
[2]
wetted by winter rains by late spring.
Evapotranspiration for all four species was considerably less than
when based on projected area covered by the plant canopy. Water stress was
indicated by increasing distance between the well-watered and water stressed
(open; white) symbols. Symbols close together in the first days after start of
the experiment (starting at the left axis), but soon become farther apart as
water stressed plants reduce usage. Evapotranspiration of water-stressed
plants became less than that of well-watered plants after about one week of
the start of the low-watering treatments.
Water Fluoridation and the Environment
Evidence of water fluoridation effects on plants, animals, and humans
was considered based on reviews by scientific groups and individual
communities, including Fort Collins, CO, Port Angeles, WA, and Tacoma-
Pierce County, WA. The potential for corrosion of pipes and the use of
fluoridation chemicals, particularly flourlike acid, considered, as was the
debate about whether fluoridation increases lead in water, with the conclusion
that there was no such increase. The arguments of anti-fluoridations and
fluoridation proponents examined with respect to the politics of the issue.

10
To test the efficacy of soil aquifer treatment systems indicated that

[3]
fluoride concentrations decline as water travels underground.
Water fluoridation, then, was the controlled adjustment of fluoride
concentrations of community water systems to optimal levels to minimize the
incidence of dental caries (tooth decay) and dental fluoros was (enamel
mottling). From initial efforts begun as community trials in 1945, water was
now fluoridated in thousands of public water systems and reaches two thirds
of the U.S. population served by such systems. Community water fluoridation
and other uses of fluorides, such as in toothpaste, have significantly reduced
the prevalence of dental caries in the United States.
Water and Energy Nexus
Water in the West was a partnership of the faculty, staff and students of
the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and the Bill Lane Center for
the American West. The mission of Water in the West was to design, articulate
and advance sustainable water management for the people and environment
of the American West. It links ideas to action by engaging in cutting-edge
research, creative problem solving, active collaboration with decision makers
and opinion leaders, effective public communications and hands-on education
of students. As contemplated establishing a Stanford University
interdisciplinary water-energy research program to bring the university
substantial faculty and research expertise to this still-nascent field,
determining that a significant place to begin was to employ Gleick’s full water-

11
energy life cycle approach to evaluate the current state of the highly
interdisciplinary water-energy studies field.
This Water-Energy Literature Review utilizes the full water and energy
life cycle approach to survey the literature from the academic, government
and nonprofit sectors, and particularly underscores opportunities for future

[4]
research to forward this critically important research arena.
This Water-Energy Literature Review was offered as a snapshot of
current understanding about the water energy nexus. It was meant to invite
engagement and investments in future interdisciplinary research to target
water use efficiency in the energy sector and energy efficiency, or reductions
in energy intensities, in the water and wastewater sectors. While it constitutes
a broad overview of national water energy research, this Review has been
informed by the robust public-policy and utility-sector efforts to address the
energy intensity of California’s water supplies across the water life cycle.
Readers interested in more information about the water energy nexus
encouraged to delve deeper into the considerable literature reviewed in this
document.
Biometry and Water Consumption of Sunflower as Affected by NPK
Fertilizer and Available Soil Water Content under Semiarid Brazilian
Conditions
Biometry and Water Consumption of Sunflower as Affected by NPK
Fertilizer land Available Soil Water Content under Semiarid Brazilian

12
Conditions Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) occupies a prominent place
among oilseed crops as it contributes about 12% of the world edible oil
production. Water and fertilizers application plays an important role in
improving seed yield and oil quality of sunflower. Nitrogen was an essential
element and important determinant of plant growth and development. It was
the second most required nutrient for the culture of sunflower. Metabolic
processes leading to increases in vegetative and reproductive growth and
yield totally dependent upon the adequate supply of nitrogen Potassium was a
nutrient that positively affects achenes production within sunflower crop and
its proper management was indispensable for better economical employment
of this element and for a less environmental impact. The low soil available
phosphorus content was one of the main limitations to the development of
sunflower considering that influences the photosynthesis, respiration, storage
and energy transfer, cell division, cell growth and several other processes in
the plant. When there was no limitation of phosphorus, its uptake occurs until
grain filling. The contribution of phosphorus remobilized from leaves and
stems to the seeds in maturation varies from approximately 30% to
60%.Application of NPK fertilizers increases sunflower growth and yield
substantially However, application of nitrogenous, phosphoric and potassic
fertilizer above or below the optimum level can adversely affect it. In sunflower
crop, its deficiency causes nutritional disorder, being the nitrogen that most
limits the yield, providing up to 60% of reduction in productivity as a result of
disability.

13
The present research aimed to investigate the biometry and water use
of sunflower as affected by NPK fertilization treatments and watering regimes
under semiarid Brazilian conditions. [5]
The study evaluated the effect of NPK fertilization and available soil
water levels on the biometric response and water use of sunflower cv.
Embrapa 122-V2000. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural
Engineering Department of the Federal University of Campina Grande,
Paraiba State, Brazil, during 2009 and 2010, in a semi-controlled greenhouse
using the EutroficRegosol. The treatments were defined according to a
Baconian matrix, with eleven doses of the nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium and four available soil water levels. The experiment was arranged
in a complete randomized design, with three replicates, in a total of 132
sample units. No effect of N and K was observed on plant height. However, it
increased significantly with levels. The stem diameter and the leaf area were
affected by the N and K and not by the P. The number of leaves increased
significantly with the amount of N, P and K fertilizer. Available soil water
content increased significantly in all the variables studied.
Wastewater Production, Treatment and Use in India
Wastewater production, treatment and use in India Water, food and
energy securities emerging as increasingly important and vital issues for India
and the world. Most of the river basins in India and elsewhere closing or
closed and experiencing moderate to severe water shortages, brought on by
the simultaneous effects of agricultural growth, industrialization and

14
urbanization. Current and future fresh water demand could be met by
enhancing water use efficiency and demand management. Thus,
wastewater/low quality water was emerging as potential source for demand
management after essential treatment. An estimated 38354 million liters per
day (MLD) sewage was generated in major cities of India, but the sewage
treatment capacity was only of 11786 MLD. Similarly, only 60% of industrial
waste water, mostly large scale industries, was treated. Performance of state
owned sewage treatment plants, for treating municipal waste water, and
common effluent treatment plants, for treating effluent from small scale
industries, was also not complying with prescribed standards.
This co-creation process would boost the business development in the
field of bio-treatment, wastewater re-use, and agricultural innovations to
reduce the water footprint. [6]
In developing countries like India, the problems associated with
wastewater reuse arise from its lack of treatment. The challenge thus was to
find such low-cost, low-tech, user friendly methods, which on one hand avoid
threatening the substantial wastewater dependent livelihoods and on the other
hand protect degradation of the valuable natural resources. The use of
constructed wetlands was now being recognized as an efficient technology for
wastewater treatment. Compared to the conventional treatment systems,
constructed wetlands need lesser material and energy, easily operated, have
no sludge disposal problems and can be maintained by untrained personnel.
Further these systems have lower construction, maintenance and operation

15
costs as these driven by natural energies of sun, wind, soil, microorganisms,
plants and animals.
Water Saving-Watering Automatic Agricultural Controller
The Water Saving-Watering Automatic Agricultural Controller that
monitor system and watering controller need to measure different parameters.
atmospheric temperature, Humidity, Wind speed, Wind direction, Radiation,
Soil temperature, Sunshine and Rain fall etc. The key objective of this project
to report on a developed indigenous low cost time based microcontroller
based watering scheduler who performs user defined functions and outputs
commands to derive appropriate actuators. A soil moisture sensor was
modeled, simulated and tested for achieving, with low-cost, accurate and
reliable measurements. A low-cost high-performance and small temperature
sensor use, with the same PCB circuit it can measure humidity also. This
system presents the design and development of Watering controller System
built around PIC16F877A microcontroller.
All Sensors would determine the moisture level and Radiation,
Humidity, Temperature, Wind speed and Rain fall at the root zone. Micro
controller should get sensor data per minute. Micro controller should analyze
[7]
the data, take correct action and record the data.
This Sensor determine the moisture level and Radiation, Humidity,
Temperature, Wind speed and Rain fall at the root zone. Micro controller
should get sensor data per minute. Micro controller should analyze the data,
take correct action and record the data. Soil moisture sensor was a sensor

16
connected to awatering system controller that measure soil moisture content
in the active root zone before each scheduled watering event and bypasses
the cycle if soil moisture above user defined set point. Soil moisture sensors,
like rain sensors, considered rain shut off devices, but while rain sensors
measure evapotranspiration rates, soil moisture sensor measures real time
moisture.
Wireless Automatic Plant Watering System
Watering for plants, fruits and vegetable gardens and farms has been
the need of mankind from early days of history. Wireless Automatic Watering
System a modern and effective method of irrigating the fruits and vegetable,
landscape and garden areas as against the conventional method, which uses
large number of manpower and time with uncontrolled water quantity. Various
methods of watering being used in various parts of the world. These methods
mainly on irrigating the fields and other and other area with river or well water.
Dames barrages constructed across the river to store the river water
upstream and distributing it to various areas through a network of canals. In
case of well, the water was lifted by pumps and other mechanical means. This
field still in the process of development and more and more products entering
in the market. The pressure and flow figures etc. ascribed to various watering
equipment in the following paragraphs only for guidance purpose and may
vary with time and from manufacturer to manufacturer. Automatic watering
system a widely used in USA, Europe and Middle East countries. However, it
not so common in Asia and African countries.

17
This discusses that user can use mobile phones or wireless PDA to
control farm watering. But, in India many farmers illiterate and have no access
to advance technology. [8]
This presents automated system for irrigating plants which benefits in
several ways such as saving water, time, and manpower. The results were
within the expected range and quite accurate. There was some delay in
receiving data from transmitter but it can be overcome by using high quality
transceiver.
Intelligent Watering System
Agriculture plays the important role in the economy and development of
the country like India. In country, the farmers have been using manual control
techniques for watering. Landwater only at the regular intervals/seasons. In
this process, few plants in the zone receive more water and for few other zone
plants water reaches late due to which the crops get dried. Watering in India
to maximum extent dependent on the monsoons, which not a reliable source
of water. Depending on the soil type, plants to be provided with water, which
was called as intelligent watering system. This paper discusses the prototype
design of microcontroller based Intelligent watering system which allow
watering to take place in zones where watering required, while bypassing
zones where adequate soil moisture indicated. Other feature of this prototype,
pesticide sprinkling system where the mixture prepared in required proportion
deserved by the plants automatically, there-by preventing the human mistakes
to maximum extent.

18
As Yang et al. suggested a multi-functional remote sensing system that
embedded RFID technology with that of spectral imaging and environmental
sensing in a greenhouse system. [9]
The Watering using soil moisture sensors and Microcontroller an
exclusive instrument that can automatically feed plants with water according
to the need without farmer’s interference. Design of an intelligent watering
system manage flow of water into the field and sprinkle the pesticide mixture
uniformly in the desired ratio deserved by the plants automatically, hence
maintain turf. The system comprises of Soil moisture sensors to know the
status of the water level in the farm; Solenoid valves for controlling water flow
to the farm; Sprinklers for spraying of the pesticide mixture; and a controller
for the data processing and to control all the operations.
Automatic Sprinkler Watering System
Automatic Sprinkler System was a new concept of using intelligence
power of embedded technology in the sprinkler watering work. Designed
system replaces the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler watering
to automatic process. Using this system a farmer protected against adverse
inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of sprinkler water
pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line.
Overall sprinkler watering work transformed in to a comfortable automatic
work. This system provides flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the
operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines.

19
Automatic Sprinkler System was a foundation work toward introduction
of embedded technology in the agriculture sector. It has a vast scope in the
watering work. [10]
Automatic Sprinkler System successfully achieved the desired
objectives. The system automatically controls sprinkler water line change over
process by switching On/OFF solenoid valves installed in auxiliary water pipe
line. The integration of software and hardware performed good task in
producing the output exactly according to the requirement of the farmer in the
sprinkler watering work. Interfacing of run time switches with microcontroller
makes it flexible in respect of time settings for running a sprinkler water pipe
line. A farmer using this system while doing watering work gets protection
against extreme odd weather conditions.The system eliminates the
requirements of physical presence of a farmer during watering in the fields,
the system itself continuously monitor & control the sprinkler auxiliary water
pipe line automatically.
An Intelligent and Automated Drip Watering System Using Sensors
Network Control System
The modernization the conventional agricultural practices for the better
productivity must. Day by day water was getting depleted due to unplanned
use of water and hence, the ground water level decreasing. Lack of rains and
scarcity of land water also results in decrement in quantity of water on earth.
In drip watering system the drips placed near the surface of the ground where

20
the water reaches to the root zone of the crop. The objective of the system to,
Water resources, Handles the system automatically, Detects the level of
water, Based on the data available, analysis and prediction be done and
builds such system which enhances crop productivity.
An automated drip watering system making efficient use of
microcontroller and available resources was proposed. In future, other
important soil features namely soil pH, soil electrical conductivity; temperature
[11]
would also be incorporated in the system.
An automated drip watering system making efficient use of
microcontroller and available resources proposed. In future, other important
soil features namely soil pH, soil electrical conductivity; temperature also be
incorporated in the system. India a agricultural country, and hence a lot of
water required for farming. Water should be used in a proper way. The
purpose of a microcontroller based system for automatic drip watering make
use of the various sensors like soil moisture sensor, water flow meter to keep
a check on the amount of water used. By this project it can control the
moisture content of the soil in the cultivating field. The water flow that be
monitored and based on the data available, analysis and prediction be done.
This helps the user to use water wisely in future.

21
Automated Watering System using Wireless Sensor Network and
Raspberry Pi
An automated watering system was developed to optimize water use
for agricultural crops. The system has a distributed wireless network of soil-
moisture, humidity and temperature sensors. As the technology growing and
changing rapidly, Wireless sensing Network helps to upgrade the technology
where automation playing important role in human life. Automation allows to
control appliances automatically. It not only provides comfort but also reduce
energy, increases efficiency and it saves time. The objectives of this paper
were to control the water motor automatically, monitor the plant growth using
various parameters, spray fertilizers if needed and also develop an android
app. To understand how data travels through a wireless medium transmission
using wireless sensor network and monitoring system.
Automatic watering scheduling consistently has shown to be valuable
in optimizing cotton yields and water use efficiency with respect to manual
watering based on direct soil water measurements. [12]
The automated watering system that be implemented would be feasible
and cost effective for optimizing water resources for agricultural production.
The system would provide feedback control system which monitor and control
all the activities of drip watering system efficiently. This watering system allow
cultivation in places with water scarcity thereby improving sustainability. Using
this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and
ultimately increase profit.

22
Micro Controller Based Automatic Plant Watering System
Now days, water shortage becoming one of the biggest problem in the
world. Many different methods developed for conservation of water, the
needed water in each and every field. In the day to day life also water
essential. Water considered being basic need of human. Water needed for
everyone human beings, animals, plants, etc. Agriculture was one of the fields
where water was required in tremendous quantity. Wastage of water was
major problem in agriculture. There many techniques to save or to control
wastage of water from agriculture. The system provides with several benefits
and can operate with less manpower. The system supplies water only when
the humidity in the soil goes below the reference. Due to the direct transfer of
water to the roots water conservation takes place and also helps to maintain
the moisture to soil ratio at the root zone constant to some extent.
The system provides with several benefits and can operate with less
manpower. The system supplies water only when the humidity in the soil goes
below the reference. [13]
The micro controller based automatic plant watering system provides
automatic watering to the plants which helps in saving money and water. The
entire system controlled using 8051 micro controller which programmed as
giving the interrupt signal to the sprinkler. Temperature sensor and humidity
sensor connected to internal ports of micro controller via comparator,
whenever there a change in temperature and humidity of the surroundings

23
these sensors senses the change in temperature and humidity and gives an
interrupt signal to the micro-controller and thus the sprinkler activated.
Automatic Plant Watering System
In the field of agriculture farmers was facing major problems in
watering the crops. It do not have proper idea about the availability of the
power. Even its available, it need to pump water and wait until the field was
properly watered, which compels to stop doing other activities, which also
important, and thus loss the precious time and efforts. But, there was a
solution, An Automatic Plant Watering System not only helps farmers but also
others for watering the gardens as well this automatic watering system senses
the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the
power was on. A proper usage of watering system was very important
because the main reason the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of
rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste.
The system automation was designed to be assistive to the user.
Hoping that through this project people would enjoy having plants without the
challenges related to absent or forgetfulness. [14]
The automatic plant watering system programmed in such a way that it
sense the moisture level of the plants and supplies the water if required. This
type of system often used for general plant care, as part of caring for small
and large gardens. Normally, the plants need to be watered twice daily,
morning and evening. People enjoy plants, the benefits and the feeling related

24
to nurturing. However for most people it becomes challenging to keep healthy
and alive. To solve this problem the proponents made a project for those who
cannot water the plant due to the busy schedule or when going outside for
long time. The system automation designed to be assistive to the user.
Automatic Plant Watering System
In the fast paced world human beings require everything to be
automated. The life style demands everything to be remote controlled. Apart
from few things man has made his life automated. During summers, most
people too lazy to water the potted plants on the rooftop gardens every day. In
the world of advance electronics life of human beings should be simpler
hence to make life simpler and convenient, The Automatic Plant Watering
System. Watering control technology that improves water application was
efficiency now available. In particular, soil moisture sensors can reduce the
number of unnecessary watering events.
The technique based on relationship between speed of sound and the
degree of saturation with water in soils. This experiment found that the speed
of sound decreases with the moisture content following, depending on the
kind of soil. [15]
An automatic plant watering system was important for plant growth.
When rainfall was not sufficient, the plants need additional water. The people
do not pour the water on to the plants in the gardens and forget to water
plants. As a result, there a chance to get the plants damaged. The Automatic

25
Plant Watering System was taken up as India was agriculture oriented country
and the rate at which water resources depleting a dangerous threat hence
there a need of smart and efficient way of watering. This project had
implemented sensors which detect the humidity in the soil and supply water to
the field which has water requirement. The microcontroller based design
which controls the water supply and the field to be water. There sensors
present in each field which not activated till water was present on the field.
Watering System & Monitoring Of Soil by Wireless
The Watering was artificial application of water to the soil for assisting
in growing crops. Drip watering also known as micro watering& a watering
method which minimizes the use of water & fertilizer by allowing water to drip
slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the
root zone due to which a large quantity of water saved & also the fertilizer
which comes to the plant with the water. For a big farm land with horticulture
activity the solution be an automated system. Water contained in the soil was
called soil moisture. it was very important for plant growth. Water soluble
fertilizer can be also applied without any wastage by this drip watering
system. The advantage of using wireless sensors to control all related
parameters for better watering management.
Automation system having a low cost equipment and feedback type
controller for site-specific management of watering system and also to have a

26
alternative power source like solar or wind power. The data available from the
various sensors would be received at the wireless base station for proper
control, based on data. [16]
Automatic control of drip watering system & monitoring of soil by
wireless has to maintain watch on watering schedule in the conventional drip
watering system, which was different for different types of crops. In remotely
monitored embedded system for watering purposes have become a new
essential for farmer to accumulate his energy, time and money and take place
only when there be requirement of water.
Automatic Watering System Based on RF Module
The automatic watering system based on RF module was important to
rapid improvement in production of food technology. Agriculture was only the
source to provide this. The important factor in human societies was growing
and dynamic demand in food production. Agriculture plays an important role in
economy and development. Agriculture plays the important role in the
economy and development, like India. Due to lack of water and scarcity of
land water result the decreasing volume of water on earth, the Farmer use
watering. Watering may be defined as the science of artificial application of
water to the land or soil that means depending on the soil type, plant to be
provided with water.
The technique was development for measure soil moisture in real time
method. The technique based on relationship of two quantities. To

27
modernizing agriculture technology by programming components and built the

[17]
necessary component for the system.
Agriculture plays an important role for development in food production.
In the country, agriculture depends on the monsoons which not sufficient
source of water. So the watering used in agriculture field. In Watering system,
depending upon the soil type, water provided to plant. In this paper, automatic
watering system based on ARMs and RF module, all the system setup using
ARM and RF module. The most important factor of this system was RF
module which used to send and receiving the message to the controller.
Arduino Based Smart Drip Watering System Using Internet of Things
Generally most of the watering systems manually operated one. These
traditional techniques being replaced with semi-automated and automated
techniques suggested an automated concept of watering to use the water
efficiently and effectively Automated Drip Watering system implemented either
based on the soil humidity or based on the user input via SMS commanding
systems. Former method was an isolated watering system where the farmer
does not updated with the watering status and later lags in smart utilization of
water due to user command without considering the condition of soil. From
that ever growing requirement of the population, modern techniques
introduced to control the system.
This analysis done without manpower by automatically buzzer would

[18]
on and it would improve the efficient use of energy saving.

28
This project helps the farmers to water the farmland in an efficient
manner with automated watering system based on soil humidity. Humidity
sensor used to find the soil humidity and based on this microcontroller drives
the solenoid valve. Watering status updated to the server or local host using
Personal Computer. Java platform used here for getting information via serial
communication from microcontroller and to update in the server. In addition for
better cropping system, fertilizers required for the crops, best crops to
cultivate for the particular climatic and soil conditions updated to server at
regular basis by monitoring soil PH level, Temperature level of the field area
etc., By using PC host, crop continuously monitored. This improves the
cultivation method and leads to better productivity.
WSN-based Automated Watering Control System
Watering water requirement depends on soil properties like moisture
and temperature and the type of crop which grown in the soil. Technologies
have been developed for efficient use of water for watering purpose. In India,
agricultural area receives power supply usually in nonpeak hours; also
frequent power cuts and low voltage supply creates a big problem to farmers.
The off-peak hours usually night hours, It risky for a farmer to go to the field
for watering as there a threat to his life from wild animals and snake-bites. If
farmer fails to attend the watering, there chance of wastage of water and
electricity. Also, excess watering leads to soil damage. In order to control and
monitor the watering process, smart and automated watering system
developed, implemented and tested.

29
Y. Kim et al proposes a System for production of barley over a large
area along with WSN and decision making software for effective watering. The
[19]
system consists of five sensing sites and a weather site.
The main aim of this work was to provide an automated watering
system for the farmer on the basis of wireless sensor network. The challenge
to develop such watering control system t made an efficient usage of water
and also must be cost effective. To calculate plants water requirement, it was
important to measure different parameters. This system continuously monitors
the parameters- temperature, humidity, and moisture of soil to which crops
susceptive A algorithm was developed with threshold values of soil moisture
to be maintained continuously. System starts or stops watering based on
moisture content of the soil. The tests were conducted on three crops- green
chili, marigold and tomato. With the help of this system, water supply was
reduced while crop yield was found to be slightly increased.
Arduino-Based Automatic Plant Watering System
Watering, the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It used to
assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re
vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate
rainfall. When a zone comes on, the water flows through the lateral lines and
ultimately ends up at the watering emitter or sprinkler heads. Many sprinklers
have pipe thread inlets on the bottom which allows a fitting and the pipe to be
attached. The sprinklers usually installed with the top of the head flush with
the ground surface. This type of system used for general plant care, as part of

30
caring for small and large gardens. Normally, the plants need to be watered
twice daily, morning and evening. So, the microcontroller has to be coded to
water the plants in the greenhouse about two times per day. People enjoy
plants, the benefits and the feeling related to nurturing. However for most
people it becomes challenging to keep healthy and alive.
This design to be assistive to the user. hoping that through this
prototype people would enjoy having plants without the challenges related to
absent or forgetfulness.[20]
Watering plants, the most important cultural practice and most labor
intensive task in daily greenhouse operation. Watering systems ease the
burden of getting water to plants when need it. Knowing when and how much
to water, two important aspects of watering process. To make the gardener
works easily, the automatic plant watering system created. There have a
various type using automatic watering system by using sprinkler system, tube,
nozzles and other. This project uses watering sprinkler system because it can
water the plants located in the pots.
Foreign Studies
A Foreign studies an analytical tool with several variations and
contexts. It used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. A strong
conceptual study captures something real and does in a way that easy to
remember and apply.

31
Moisture Sensing and Watering Plants Method
Soil moisture data has traditionally been collected using remote
sensing techniques like radars and radiometers onboard satellites. Remote
sensing covers large areas, but produces very coarse grained measurements,
on the order of square kilometers. It was not until recently, with the advances
in integrated wireless communication, sensing and processing technology,
has in-situ sensing become a feasible option. In-situ moisture sensors can be
densely deployed over a region of interest, at a resolution of one in every few
square-feet, and thus can produce much finer grained measurements. To
collect desired data at a single location, soil moisture sensor probes were
typically placed vertically under the ground at different depths, up to 2 meters
deep, with wires connecting to a ground actuation and wireless transceiver
module. This wireless node actuates the moisture probes to take
measurements and transfers the collected data wirelessly to a remote central
location or base station for processing.
The selection of a sampling method, a representation basis and a
recovery algorithm, as well as verifying the scarcity and incoherence, was
applicable to a broad range of similar studies that may wish to employ
compressive sensing and watering techniques. [21]
This paper studies the efficient watering of plants and sensing of soil
moisture using a smart watering device. Soil moisture was a critical data type
and measurement need in many scientific applications. It also a key
measurement need in precision of plants watering and monitoring. To gather

32
sufficient information and characteristics of soil moisture, it was highly
desirable to deploy moisture probes at sufficiently high density, and to take
measurements at sufficiently high frequency. To give a more concrete sense
of how much this level of reduction in sampling rate can ultimately contribute
to the overall energy saving in the operation of entire soil moisture and
watering of plants system.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Plant Watering System
Watering of plants was the most important cultural practice and one of
the labor intensive tasks in daily greenhouse operation. Watering systems
ease the burden of getting water to plants when needed. To make the garden
works easily, the automatic plant watering system was created. The system
uses watering sprinkler system because it can water the plants located in the
pots. This project uses Arduino board, which consists of A Tmega 328
Microcontroller and GSM Modem.GSM modem was a specialized type of
modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a
mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. Short Message Service a GSM
techniques to transfer data from distant places such as from one area to the
area of the same city or from another city. SMS technique was an instant or
quick transfer of data or notice to the required destination. This type of system
was often used for general plant care, as part of caring for small and large
gardens. The system automation was designed to be assistive to the user.

33
Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed
carefully, thus contributing to the best working of the unit. The automatic
watering system has been designed and tested with integrated features of all
the hardware components used. [22]
Automatic watering system was convenient, especially for those who
travel. If installed and programmed properly, automatic watering systems can
even save money and help in water conservation. The Arduino based
automatic plant watering system has been designed and tested successfully.
It has been developed by integrated features of all the hardware components
used.
Embedded Based Remote Control Application using Mobile Phone in
Watering Plants
This paper provides the development of mobile phones as remote
control application in watering of plants. This system was developed with
PIC16F877 a microcontroller which in connected to the GSM, sensors and the
motor. The temperature sensor was used to detect the temperature of the
environment and capacitive sensor to sense the soil humidity. It was expected
that this application provides easy access in watering of plants as well as to
the user.
Uniform distribution of water at regular intervals, reduction in labor cost,
prevention of unwanted water spillage, minimization of occurrences of motor

34
faults and intimation to user about the completion of task were the major
advantage of this system.[23]
The aim of this paper was to develop a cost effective solution that
would provide remote control of watering of plants through mobile phones
using missed calls and messages. The mobile user in the world has a
tremendous rise during the past few years. Remote monitoring watering
processes was popular due to advances in technology and reduction in
hardware cost. The future enhancement of this work was to develop a system
in watering of plants and to help people engaged in new technologies and
lessen the work.
GSM Based Automatic Watering Control System for Efficient use of
Resources and Plant Planning using Android Mobile
In this technology the humidity and temperature of plants was precisely
controlled. It was observed that for the first time an android phone control the
watering system, which could give the facilities of maintaining uniform
environmental conditions was proposed. The Android Software Development
Kit provides the tools and Application Programmable Interface necessary to
begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java
Programming Language. Mobile phones have almost become an integral part
of human life serving multiple needs of humans. This application makes use
of the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and GSM (Global System for

35
Mobile Communication) used to inform the user about the exact plant
condition. The information was passed onto the user request in the form of
SMS.
The GSM based watering system may offer users the flexibility to
regulate and control the operations of watering systems with little intervention
to reduce runoff from over watering for improvement in crop yield. This
enables users to take advantage of the globally deployed GSM networks with
its low SMS service cost to use mobile phones and simple SMS commands to
manage watering system. [24]
Watering of Plants has been the backbone of human civilization since
man has started planting. As the generation evolved, man developed many
methods of watering of plants through the use of automatic plant watering
devices. Present work was attempt to save the natural resources available for
human kind. By continuously monitoring the status of the soil, people can
control the flow of water and thereby reduce the wastage. Through GSM with
the use of moisture and temperature sensors, water flow can be controlled by
sending from mobile. Since the systems were automatic, it does not require
continuous monitoring by labor.
Automatic Watering Based on Soil Moisture for Vegetable Crops
Improving watering efficiency can help to reduced production cost of
vegetables, making the industry more competitive and sustainable. Through
proper watering, average vegetable yields can be maintained while minimizing

36
environmental impacts caused by excess applied water and subsequent
agrichemical leaching. Recent technology advances have made soil water
sensors available for efficient and automatic operation of watering systems.
Improving watering efficiency can contribute greatly to reducing
production costs making south Florida’s horticultural industry more
competitive and sustainable.[25]
Automatic Watering Based on Soil Moisture seeks to maintain a
desired soil water range in the root zone that was optimal for plant growth.
Automatic Watering of plants techniques was convenient. This system adapts
the amount of water applied according to plant needs and actual weather
conditions throughout the season.
Microcontroller Based Automated Watering System
Watering system uses valves to turn watering ON and OFF. These
valves may be easily automated by using controllers and solenoids. In this
project an attempt has been made to automate farm or nursery watering that
allows farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time, regardless
of the availability of labor to turn valves on and off. The Microcontroller based
automated watering system consists of moisture sensors, analog to digital
converter, microcontroller, relay driver, solenoid valve, solar panel and a
battery. This system can be used in the areas where electrical power was
difficult to obtain. This system was eco-friendly and uses a renewable source
of energy.

37
The continuous extraction of water from earth was reducing the water
level due to which lot of land was coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated
land. Another very important reason of this was due to unplanned use of water
due to which a significant amount of water goes to waste. This problem can
be rectified by using microcontroller based automated watering system in
which the watering would take place only when there would be acute
requirement of water.[26]
Watering plant was the artificial application of water to the land or soil.
It was used to assist in the growing of plants, maintenance of landscape, and
revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate
rainfall. In this project an attempt has been made to automate watering of
plants that allows planters to apply the right amount of water at the right time.
The Microcontroller Based Automated Watering System monitors and controls
all the activities of watering system efficiently. It was valuable tool for accurate
soil moisture control in highly specialized greenhouse vegetable production
and it was a simple, precise method of watering plant
Soil Moisture Sensors for Plants: Effectiveness and Reliability
Granular Matrix Soil Moisture Sensors was used to control the watering
of plants. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and
reliability of the technology for water conservation. The sensors observed in
this study performed well significantly reduced water consumption, and were
easy to monitor and maintain. Soil moisture sensors appear to be a useful and
economical tool for water conservation.

38
The effective watering requirement equal to net potential
evapotranspiration, was determined by the Blaney and Criddle method (Soil
Conservation Service, 1970), with corrections for effective precipitation. The
theoretical watering requirement was obtained by dividing ETN by the

[27]
assumed watering efficiency of 90 percent.
This study reported on the performance and time required to maintain
soil moisture sensors and electronic switching modules user to control
watering method. GMS System would be more than compensated for by the
time saved manually reprogramming and shutting down the system in
response to rainfall. The time saved from having to monitor an “Automatic”
sprinkler system in response to precipitation events and seasonal in weather
was a tremendous convenience.
Smart Watering System
Inadequacy of rain water during dry season for plants, and the lack of
technology such as watering system to support the gardeners affected the
production of plants. This problem inspired to be idea of having an auto
watering system which consists of a microcontroller, a self-made moisture
sensor a relay board an electronic pump and a LCD to display the level of
moisture of the soil. This system was to design to save the water used for
watering plants as compared to system that used timer. The watering system
developed was suitable for any plant, since the system able to customize with
different sand, and with different plant that need different kind amount of
water.

39
Nowadays, utilizing smart watering system was not only supports the
environmental sustainability of the regional area, but also significantly lowers

[28]
the expense of water usage for the farmers.
The study aims to develop an automatic watering system with the use
of soil moisture sensor. Auto watering would be the mode where it would
water the plant with the time set by user and it would only water the plant until
it moist enough. The purpose of smart watering system was to provide water
delivering schedule to the crops to ensure all the crops have enough water for
healthy growth, to reduce the amount of water wasted in watering, and to
minimize the economic cost for the users.
Raspberry Pi and Arduino based Automated Watering System
Automation was increasing day-by-day in home and office. It makes an
efficient use of the electricity and water and reduces much of the wastage. In
areas like office premises, buildings, house gardens where watering plants at
regular interval matter, the proposed watering system would be very efficient.
The paper presents a home automation which based on Raspberry Pi,
Arduino microcontrollers, Zigbee and relay boards to water plants. The
commands from the Arduino were processed at raspberry pi. Zigbee module
was used for communication between the raspberry pi and arduino. This
paper presents an efficient and fairly cheap automation watering system.

40
A modular design that gives the opportunity to users of using energy
sources, connectivity and sensors as modules could be a very useful and
easy-to-use .The system may be further extended for outdoor utilization. [29]
The study helps to develop an automated watering system by
analyzing the moisture level of the ground. The smart watering system proves
to be a useful system as it automates and regulates the watering without any
manual intervention.
Autonomous Low Power Sensor for Soil Moisture Measurement
The designed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consisting of a sensor
unit, a master unit and a sensor power management unit (PMU). The sensor
unit measures the moisture of the soil and transmits the measured data
through Zigbee module to the master unit. A Real Time Check (RTC) was
used which records the information of second, minute, hour, day, month of
day and year about when or what time the measurement taken. The master
unit was consisting of a SD card and Bluetooth module. To manage the power
in the sensor unit and to make sensor alive for several years, the power the
(PMU) manages the power level between two energy storage buffers for a
sensor node.
The system was fault tolerant, and immediately extensible to a higher
number of nodes in a wider region, or to the measurement of additional
environmental variables. [30]

41
This study has covered the hardware set-up and operation of a sensor
node and its power management system. The basic method of sensing the
soil moisture and its results obtained from the tests has provided in this
chapter. This chapter has discussed the functionality tests and results
obtained from testing and complete power management system.
Android based Automated Watering System using Raspberry Pi
Nowadays, adopting an optimized watering system has become a
necessity due to the lack of the world water resource. The system has a
distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors. This
project focuses on a smart watering system which was cost effective. As the
technology growing and changing rapidly, Wireless sensing Network (WSN)
helps to upgrade the technology where automation was playing important role
in human life. Automation allows us to control various appliances
automatically. DC motor based vehicle was designed for watering purpose.
The objectives of this paper were to control the water supply to each plant
automatically depending on values of temperature and soil moisture sensors.
Mechanism was done such that soil moisture sensor electrodes were inserted
in front of each soil. It also monitors the plant growth using various
parameters like height and width. Automatic watering consistently has shown
to be valuable in water use efficiency with respect to manual watering based
on direct soil water measurements.

42
One important way to improve the utilization rate of watering system
was to implement precise controlled information on the basis of water crops
demand data. Use of technology in the field of agriculture plays important role
in increasing the production as well as in reducing the extra man power

[31]
efforts, water requirement and fertilizer requirement.
The aim of the project was to demonstrate that the automatic watering
can be used to reduce water use. To design watering system that would be
economical and efficient as water management has a crucial importance. The
project presents a fully automated watering system which controlled and
monitored by using Raspberry Pi.
Sensor based Automatic Watering Management System
Most of the sensors needed for the system could be have been
cheaply produced using discrete components in conjunction with an analogue
to digital converter, but in this case, sensors in the watering system
incorporated in soil moisture and humidity sensors, its serial port output was
able to send data directly to the controller for processing.PIC controller would
be used in this work. A 16×4 LCD were connected to the microcontroller,
which displays the soil moistures level and switches were provided to set the
limits of humidity for switching the individual solenoid valves controlling the
water flow to the field. The humidity and temperature levels were transmitted
at regular time interval to the LCD through a serial port for data display and

43
analysis. The humidity sensors were constructed using aluminum sheets and
housed in easily available materials.
One of the main drawbacks with the old fashioned farming system that
were experienced by the farmers themselves was to do not accommodate for
changing environmental conditions. [32]
The aim of the study was to use the readily available material to
construct low cost sensors. Automation in the area of watering system can
lead to water regularly and automatically to the plants, crops, gardens with
much water requires. Productivity was improved due to regular and need
based watering schedule.
Microcontroller Automatic Plant Watering System
The main aim of this paper was to provide automatic watering to the
plants which helps in saving money and water. The entire system was
controlled using 8051 microcontroller which programmed as giving the
interrupt signal to the sprinkler. Temperature sensor and humidity sensor were
connected to internal ports of micro controller via comparator. Whenever there
was a change in temperature and humidity of the surroundings these sensors
senses the change in temperature and humidity and gives an interrupt signal
to the micro-controller and thus the sprinkler was activated.
Neither method targets plant roots with any significant degree of
precision. Automatic watering systems can be programmed to discharge more

44
precise amounts of water in a targeted area, which promotes water
conservation. [33]
The system provides with several benefits and can operate with less
manpower. The system supplies water only when the humidity in the soil goes
below the reference. Due to the direct transfer of water to the roots water
conservation takes place and also helps to maintain the moisture to soil ratio
at the root zone constant to some extent. Thus the system was efficient and
compatible to changing environment.
Automatic Watering System on Sensing Soil Moisture Content
This project on "Automatic Watering System on Sensing Soil Moisture
Content" was intended to create an automated watering mechanism which
turns the pumping motor ON and OFF on detecting the dampness content of
the earth. In the domain of gardening, utilization of appropriate means of
watering was significant. The benefit of employing these techniques was to
decrease human interference and still make certain appropriate watering. This
automated watering project brings into play an Arduino board ATmega328
micro-controller, was programmed to collect the input signal of changeable
dampness circumstances of the earth via dampness detecting system.
Water deficiency can be detrimental to plants before visible wilting
occurs. Slowed growth rate, lighter weight fruit follows slight water deficiency.
This problem can be perfectly rectified by using automatic micro controller

45
based watering system in which the watering would take place only when
[34]
there would be acute requirement of water.
The primary applications of the project were for gardeners and planters
who do not have enough time to water the plants. It also covers those
gardeners who were wasteful of water during watering. The project can be
extended to greenhouses where manual supervision was far and few in
between. The principle can be extended to create fully automated gardens.
Smart Greenhouse Watering System with Remote Monitoring
The main characteristics of modern greenhouse were to introduce
sensor technology, embedded technology, wired and wireless communication
technology in the design of greenhouse environment monitoring and control
system. Another aim of this project was to allow remote monitoring. Data of
watering time of plants would be kept in a MySQL/SQLite and Excel database
in the computer and sent to an online blog. The user does not need to be in
the greenhouse to monitor the watering of the plant. The user only needs to
monitor the database that stored in the blog to see if the plant was watered or
not. As the conclusion, the smart watering system would try to automate the
plant watering using moisture sensor, reduce water wastage, and increase
monitoring ability of the user to the greenhouse system.
The design improves the real-time performance of the user to the
greenhouse environment change, and was conducive to the realization of the

46
unattended goal, and promotes the development of the intelligent
greenhouse. [35]
One of the main aims of this project was to reduce water waste
produced from the greenhouse overhead sprinkler system. Furthermore,
water that seeps through the soil were also captured and sent to the source
(filtered if necessary) to be reused to water the plants. The paper gives the
system's overall design, describes the design of each module, writes
greenhouse environment remote monitoring software running on Android
phone, and adds intelligent monitoring expert system in the design. The
practical results show that the system was stable and reliable, and it has the
characteristics of monitoring convenient and good scalability.
Design, Inspection and Implementation of Automated Watering System
This paper was presented photovoltaic watering systems that were
powered by solar PV cell. The application of solar photovoltaic was largely
implemented in watering processes for cultivating crops. This was a green
way to generate electricity which provides electricity free of cost on an initial
investment. On the other hand the volume of impaired water resources has
risen up day after day in this modern world in order to watering plants,
industrial outflows and sewage effluent. Watering System was a well-
established procedure on many gardens on various levels all over the world.
In Bangladesh gardeners and agricultural sector was mostly dependent on

47
seasonal rain because of unavailability of grid power connection into pumping
mechanism and that has been a big challenge in Bangladeshi industry.
Nowadays the application of solar photovoltaic was largely
implemented in watering processes for cultivating crops. This was a green
way to generate electricity which provides electricity free of cost on an initial
investment. [36]
This research has aimed to design and implementation of a smart &
automated watering system which was powered by solar photovoltaic method.
According to the limitation of resources of fossil fuel and due to environmental
pollution a large number of countries and researchers were searched for
source of green energy. As a result different kinds of renewable energy
resources has found such as Solar, Wind, Geothermal and others. Solar PV
was the most cost effective of the mentioned renewable resources in this
modern world.
A Flexible Plant based Watering Control for Greenhouse Crops
The project sought to minimize water use, improve water use efficiency
and improve crop productivity for greenhouse crops. A flexible plant based
automated watering system was designed and implemented for a tomato crop
in a greenhouse at the Biological Science Department, University of
Zimbabwe. The system used stem heat balance sap flow gauges to measure
the transpiration rate and the information was sent to a computer program via
a K8000 Velleman interface card. The computer program used this

48
information to calculate the daily crop water requirements and time to replace
the lost water for the greenhouse crops. The performance of the automated
system was evaluated by comparison of the leaf temperatures and amount of
water used against an existing scheduling technique in which the crop water
requirements were calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation.
Agriculture was one of the mainstays of the Zimbabwean economy and
accounts for 20% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Horticultural Promotion
Council of Zimbabwe, 2000). The country has experienced phenomenal
growth in horticultural exports over the past two decades and in 1999 alone, it
trebled by volume and increased five-fold by value (Horticultural Promotion
Council of Zimbabwe, 2000). [37]
This project seeks to design and implement a flexible plant based
watering control with a more precise schedule using plant based responses
as the indicator for determining the timing and amount of water for plants. To
implement and compare this watering system with traditionally existing
methods that was based on meteorological variables.
Arduino Based Smart Watering System using Internet of Things
Nowadays water scarcity was a big concern for planting. Humidity
sensor was used to find the soil humidity and based on this microcontroller
drives the solenoid valve. Watering status was updated to the server or local
host using Personal Computer. Java platform was used here for getting
information via serial communication from microcontroller and to update in the

49
server. In addition for better cropping system, fertilizers required for the crops,
best crops to cultivate for the particular climatic and soil conditions were
updated to server at regular basis by monitoring soil PH level, Temperature
level of the field area etc., By using PC host, crop was continuously
monitored. Also LCD was used to display the PH, temperature and moisture
level. This would improve the cultivation method and leads to better
productivity.
Former method was an isolated watering system where the farmer
does not updated with the watering status and later lags in smart utilization of
water due to user command without considering the condition of soil. From
that ever growing requirement of the population, modern techniques were
introduced to control the system. [38]
This project conclude that watering process was done better than
before to yield the proper production done before and usage of water level
was limited how much that system needed only. Due to the regular updates
to the server planters can get proper knowledge to the system can work
perfectly for indefinite time period, even in certain abnormal circumstances
and increase the production rate also. It would also reduce the human factor,
energy, and power. Due to server updates gardeners can know about plant
field nature and everything at anywhere. It can use android device as a scope
to access data instead of computer (PC) and very clearly.

50
Small Scale Watering using Comparative Performance Indicators on
some Selected Plants
As part of the development community’s fascination with the field of
appropriate technologies, and range of technologies, techniques and
practices have been developed over the years on behalf of smallholders.
However, many, if not most, technologies have not been successful in
performance, application, dissemination or adoption. Development agencies
have tried to encourage planters to adopt bush pumps, rope and washer
pumps, rower pumps, treadle pumps, pitcher pot systems, drag-hose
sprinklers, hydraulic ram pumps, micro-watering systems, windmills, water
harvesting techniques and a host of other technologies with mixed success.
State run plants, which include automatic watering systems, were reiterated
as major components of efforts to develop the countries at planters sector.
One particularly pressing resource management challenge was to improve the
performance of small-scale watering systems with the use of IWMI’s indicator.
The indicators used were output per cropped area, output per command area,
output per watering diverted, output per water consumed, relative water
supply, water delivery capacity, financial self-sufficiency and gross return on
investment. These systems would play an important role in providing food for
the countries growing population.
According to Jorge watering system fall in two broad categories: those
in which the principal management responsibility was exercised by
government agencies with the planters playing a subsidiary role, and those in

51
which most management activities were carried out and decision made by the
planters themselves with the government providing periodic technical or
logistical support. [39]
The study attempted to introduce the concept of comparative
performance indicators with some process indicators such as application,
storage and distribution efficiencies as a tool to evaluate the performance of
small-scale watering system. These can be considered as a starting point to
evaluate the performance of small-scale watering systems in plants and tried
to demonstrate the application of the method developed.
Water Conservation in Watering Plants: Trends and Challenges in the
face of Emerging Demands
This report relies on findings from several national surveys and
current literature to assess water resource use and conservation measures
within the U.S watering plants sector. U.S planter’s accounts for 80-90 percent
of Nations consumptive water use (water lost to the environment by
evaporation, crop transpiration, or incorporation into products) sustainability of
watering plants would depend partly on whether producers adopt more
efficient watering production systems that integrate improved on plants water
management practices with efficient plants watering applications systems.
A recent study, based on a review of 37,099 projects in the National
River Restoration Science Synthesis database, reported that the number of

[40]
restoration projects has increased exponentially since 1990.

52
The population and economic growth, changing social values about
the importance of water quality and the environment. These trends were
playing greater pressure on existing water allocations, heightening the
importance of water management and conservation for the sustainability of
watering plant production.
Related Local Studies
The related local studies chapter indicates the ideas relevant to the
present to the present subject relating to the other studies and briefly
discussed to provide the foundation of the proposed subject project.
References were taken from published and unpublished reading materials
such as books, journals, magazines, case studies and other which back up
and justify the operational feasibility of the proposed study. In order to develop
new method and procedures, careful review of literature and studies must be
done for the development of the project, Automated Watering of Plants with
SMS Alert.
Local Studies
A local studies an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It
used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. A strong conceptual
study captures something real and does in a way that easy to remember and
apply.

53
Automatic Soil Moisture Sensor Watering System with Water Level
Indicator
This study focused solely in constructing a watering system with a
device that would determine the moisture condition of the soil and would
trigger the watering system to operate. The drip hose would automatically
release adequate amount of water if the moisture sensor detects that the soil
was already dry and lacks water. The project can automatically determine if
the soil-moisture was below the minimum allowable limit, ensures plants were
not affected by moisture stress at critical growing times, decreases human
intervention, would be using a microcontroller to control the right amount of
water to release based on the moisture content of the soil, uses a solar panel
as the power source of the system, can simply determine the water level
condition of the water tank by water level indicator.
Using an Automatic soil watering system with water indicator can be an
important instrument in conservation of water consumption which can reduce
the excessive use of water in gardening purposes. [41]
The study explained the capability of the device. The Automatic Soil
moisture Sensor Watering System with water level indicator was the device
that would provide the needed water when the soil moisture sensor detects if
the soil. The study was obtained to operate the automatic watering system,
given the scheduling process that was provided by the RTC, the amount of
suitable water(based on range of its soil moisture) needed to deliver for the

54
plants was being controlled so there was no excess water , which mainly
contributes to conservation of water.
Watering Development in the Philippines
This study presents the current status of watering development and
analyzes the technical performance of existing system. The Department of
Agriculture not has been able to fully exercise its role as the lead agency in
agricultural development.
This study focused on the problems and issues on the development of
watering. The study discussed the problem and issues of the government in
watering development. [42]
The watering was very essential in the agency especially to the
farmers who really need it. The watering development was necessary to the
growth of harvesting in one particular place.
Portable Water Level Monitoring System via SMS
Nowadays, technology was evidently booming in the face of the earth.
One of the well known applications of technology was the mobile technology
or the so-called gadgets. Through text messaging, information could easily
send and retrieve. The Portable Water Level Monitoring System via SMS
monitors the level of water and gives an advisory to the people.

55
The main purpose of the project was to warn people of the water level
of the river. There were three levels of warning. These were the minor level,
moderate level, and the major level. [43]
When the water level reaches the minor level sensor, the device would
send SMS which has this message. “The water level starts to become higher”.
When the water level reaches the moderate level sensor, the device would
send SMS which has this message “Warning! The water level reached the
moderate level.” When the water level reaches the major level sensor, “Alert!
The water level reaches the critical level”.
Scale Effects on Water Use Efficiency and Productivity: A Case Study
from UPRIIS, Philippines
UPRIIS was owned and operated by the National Watering
Administration (NIA) of the Philippines with the main purpose of providing
watering water to rice fields. The food security of Asia depends largely on the
irrigated rice production system, which was a major user of fresh water. This
study present result on water use in a rice-based surface watering system in
the Philippines from farmer’s field to watering system level.
This study focuses on watering rice systems in the Philippines, where
watering rice accounts for 61% of the 3.4 million ha of rice production area .”[44]
The study explained the water productivity on rice field. The results of
the study were influenced by the sizes and locations of the spatial units which
were established based on the existing road network and accessibility.

56
Development of SMS Controlled Microcontroller Based Automated
Watering System
In the Philippines, Agriculture plays an important role to its economy.
Starting in 2007, SM Foundation launched what it calls “Kabalikat sa
Kabuhayan Farmers Training Program. This research study developed the
use of SMS technology in improving the watering system that was controlled
by a microcontroller. This research method got positive results from the
farmers regarding the use of Automation and SMS in the watering system.
This study made use of Gizduino as the microcontroller, a homemade soil
moisture sensor and solenoid valves for automation and a GSM Module for
the SMS.
The researcher explained the thesis entitled “Development of SMS
Controlled Microcontroller Based Automated Watering System was a system
that can be controlled manually, automatically and wirelessly via SMS and at
the same time can generate feedbacks via LCD Display and Text Message.[45]
The proposed system lessened the manual labor, increased the crops
productivity, saved time and water consumption, the said system was
beneficial to farmers and garden hobbyists.
Automated Watering System Using Thermoelectric Generator as Soil
Moisture Detector
This study shows the design and fabrication of a Thermo-electric
generator (TEG) and the implementation of an automated watering system

57
using this TEG as a soil moisture detector. Being able to obtain the soil
moisture level from the TEG’s output, a microcontroller was used to automate
the watering system. The watering system adapts to the soil area’s condition it
waters based from the moisture it detects via the TEG. The water
consumption of the soil was controlled by the automated watering system
based on the soil’s condition and promotes water conservation compared to
that of the water consumption of manual watering system. It also optimizes
plant growth in that it waters it to the correct moisture level at the right time.
Manual watering systems do not promote water conservation that result to too
much water or too small amount of water in the soil thus poor plant growth.
Automated watering systems were capable of determining and maintaining
the right amount water for the soil
The researcher was able to implement a design on an automated
watering system that uses a thermoelectric generator as a soil moisture
sensor that uses the temperature difference between the air and the soil as a
basis for watering. The researcher was able to successfully prove that soil
temperature has a direct relationship with soil moisture or water content. [46]
The researcher has studied and formulated when to and when not to
water given certain conditions: the air temperature high and the soil dry, the
air temperature high but the soil wet, the air temperature low and the soil wet,
and the air temperature low but the soil dry. The researcher has analyzed the
gathered data and has deduced also that watering generally depends on
available soil moisture and water content. The group has connected watering

58
to available soil moisture, and the group has related watering with the
buffered voltages of each thermocouple for both wet-dry and dry-dry soil
conditions. For the wet-dry soil condition, an increase in the sum of the
buffered voltages indicates an increase in the deviation of the dry soil from the
optimal water level need for watering; while a decrease in the sum indicates
the soil need not be watered. In a dry-dry soil condition, an increase in the
individual buffered voltages of each TEG indicates the soil was becoming
more wet and approaching the optimal moisture level, neglecting the need for
watering. The individual buffered voltage was dependent on the direct voltage
from the thermo couple, and the direct voltage was dependent on the
temperature difference between the air and the soil. The researcher has been
concluded that any change in the temperature of the soil implies a direct
change in the voltage from the thermocouple; thus, proving an objective of the
study which was to detect soil moisture content using the voltage generated
by the thermoelectric generator as basis for distinction.
Remote Automatic Water Meter Reading System using Global System for
Mobile Communications
Water meter was a device used to measure the volume of water
consumed by either a residential or a commercial establishment. An analog
meter was usually installed within the area of the consumer and readings from
the odometer were read on a monthly basis by hired personnel from the water
company. Manual reading of the water meter was a tedious job and
throughout the years this method tends to show noticeable disadvantages.

59
This study aims to develop an automatic water meter reading system
that would enhance the Analog water meter data collection by utilizing
wireless technology using GSM module system for data transmission to
increase the range of data transmission. It consists of the hardware and the
software design. The hardware involves the analog meter, the GSM module,
the differential pressure sensor, and a desktop or a laptop. While the software
was developed in order to receive and to store data transmitted from the GSM
module into the database and output graphically .[57]
T-test would be used to conduct and to verify if the readings from the
design were comparable to the actual volume measured from the analog
meter. This study focuses on implementing a GSM based system for the
automatic water meter reading in the Philippines. This would determine if
there was a significant difference between analog water meter and the
proposed system in data collection. Weather conditions and security issues
regarding the GSM module would not be taken into account. Also, the network
problem due to its provider was not included on the study. On the first
experiment the sensor reading was gathered and the data on the table
showed that the sensor reading was accepted using t test. Then, the sensor
reading was equivalent to the actual measured volume of water. On the
second experiment, the data transmission of the GSM devices automatic
water meter was successful. On the third experiment, the data gathered
achieve that the relationship of analog water meter and its corresponding DP
sensor reading was directly proportional. The development of automatic water

60
meter reading system utilized wireless technology using GSM module system
for data transmission was proven.
PhilRice Develops cheaper Watering for small-scale farms
Watering System was a method that involves water delivery through a
pipe distribution network consisting of a main pipe, sub main, manifold and
lateral pipes. The water was emitted through small outlets of drippers or
emitters into the soil to be irrigated. However, the system was costly for
ordinary farmers and also encounters problems when it was used in sub-
surface watering.
Dr. Ricardo Orge lead researcher, said the technology was a farmer-
friendly system that has a simple do- it-yourself design which would
significantly reduce farmer expenses on watering.
As a cheaper, cost – efficient alternative to watering system, the study
uses a water distribution system similar to watering system. However, it was
equipped with emitters that make use of the capillary principle to deliver water
through a wick.[48]
Initial results of the study showed that despite changes on ambient air
temperature the water discharge rate (WDR) of the system was not affected.
Under 36-75 C, the WDR was consistent at 32 ml/hr. Orge also added that the
distance between water level and the tip of the wick also did not affect the

61
WDR.Orge said that further testing would be conducted on the harness its full
potential.
Philippine Watering Development: Overview, Determinants, and Policy
Issues
Watering has historically been a major factor for increasing rice
productivity in the Philippines. Watering raises the productivity of land directly
by providing sufficient water supply to raise yield per hectare per crop and by
allowing a second crop to be grown during the dry season when yields were
potentially higher. It also increases yields indirectly by raising the profitability
of modem rice varieties and fertilizer use because watering in the Philippines
has been predominantly the gravity watering type which typically require
collective investment, operation, and maintenance watering has been a key
policy instrument for achieving government's goals with respect to the rice
sector.
Recover at least partial construction costs from farmers subject to
ability to pay. This statement was vague with respect to farmers' obligation
with respect to capital cost, and the policy does not link cost recovery to
distribution of benefit. [49]
The purpose of this paper was top critical policy issues in watering
development confronting the Philippine government. Watering has been a
relatively well-studied topic in the country by the universities, (both local and

62
foreign), international research agencies (IRRI, •IFPRI, IIMI) and the World
Bank and Asian Development Bank.
These studies have typically focused either narrowly on a specific
policy issue or treated separately, this paper adopts an integrated framework
as suggested by Roumasset, for analyzing policy decision with respect to
project selection, design and construction, operation and maintenance, cost
recovery and administration. Moreover, watering policy was viewed from the
context of alternative public investments in general, and considers sector and
macroeconomic policies affecting agriculture.
An Automated Watering System Based on Soil Electrical Conductivity
A watering system automatically governed watering in accordance with
water consumption of the substrate-plant system. Data acquisition was
performed by an electronic circuit, which processed data and then sent the
data to the microcontroller.
The pic16f84 functioned as a controller, which decided when and how
much water to apply, hence the pumps ran and stopped according to the
[50]
watering strategy defined by the Microcontroller.
Once defined, the microcontroller utilized the data and controlled the
relays connected to the pumps. Soil moisture content was monitored by only
one sensor installed in a representative pot throughout the experiment. The
automated system maintained the soil moisture level at the desired for the full
treatment and took over watering events. The performance of the automated

63
system can be increased as the time in the software was adjusted according
to full watering application.
Local Literature
Local literature was a thesis topic from the native literature. References
were taken from published and unpublished reading materials such as books,
journals, magazines that can help the development of the device. It was
written in one’s own native language.
The “Gulayan sa Paaralan” (School Vegetable Garden) in Response to
Sustainable Development
Administrative Order NO.11, Section 1 of the Department of
Agriculture(DA) deputizes DepEd as one of the agencies to implement the
“Gulayan ng Masa” as a potential family farm program that empowers the
poor living in the rural areas with high hunger and malnutrition incidence by
enhancing the capability to produce the own food through adoption of
integrated backyard gardening.
The demands of the growing population have done much damage to
the environment in the quest for food; volumes of waste contribute to
environmental risk.[51]
The “Gulayan sa Paaralan” was a modest replication of the gulayan ng
masa” served as one of the best practices of TES created a vital contribution
for its feeding program. Pre- reflective awareness in responding to
government mandates like sustainable development, hunger and malnutrition

64
and other environmental challenges was valuable piece for proximal
impression led the TES-GP’s creation.
‘Bahay Kubo’ veggies thrive in school gardens
The Research was about the plan of IIRR (International Institute of
Rural Reconstruction) of creating crop museums across 27 Cavite public
elementary schools to reintroduce new generations to the ‘Bahay Kubo’
vegetables.
According to the IIRR project coordinator Maria Cristhy Jesua Tacugue
the Filipinos were forgetting was that the local plants were better suited,
Those plants were hardly, tough, disease-resistant and sustainable.
Gonsalves has said that the food and nutrition research institute came up with
a list of the Top 25 vegetables many years afgo. Except for carrot, all were
indigenous, with higher nutritional and fiber contribution.
The IIRR decided it would help ensure that at least seven out of 10
plants in school gardens participating in Gulayan sa Paaralan would, at any
given time, be indigenous. I’ve been working with gardens for 25 years in the
Philippines and sustainability has been the big issue. One time, it there and
then another time, its not, [52]
The IIRR introduced bio-intensive gardening to help ensure the
sustainability of Gulayan. Only small parcel was planted and the school
produces its own fertilizer.

65
10 Features of a Philippine Farm of the Future
The article was all about the futuristic view on the Philippine farm.
Technology nowadays had a very high contribution on economy. These ten
features surely would contribute a lot on development of Philippine
Agriculture. These ten features were (1) multiple crops (2) water harvesting
(3) renewable energy (4) high-tech sensing equipment (5) own weather
station (6) connected to apps (7) Farming Machines (8) Right Rice Varieties
(9) Makes the most of extreme conditions. (10) Natural Pesticide and
Fertilizers.
The demo farms aim to prepare farmers for two possible future
scenarios: high-tech, mechanized farming to make Philippine rice competitive
in the world market, and natural farming for a world where fuel has become
scarce and expensive. [53]
The proponents found out that renewable energy and high tech
sensing equipments have a large part in the development of the economy and
agriculture and it was helpful on developing this research. Renewable energy
was very helpful for the conservation of energy and it became the basis of the
researcher in doing this project.
New Watering Technique can Ease Drought Effects for Rice Farmers
The closing down of the Angat Damn Central Luzon brought a huge
effect on the lives of the rice farmers in the province. This event emphasize
the value of the water saving watering techniques even in an environment that
typically receives ample rainfall over the entire year to cut water demand in

66
irrigated rice without affecting yield. Rice farmers for about 27, 000 was cut off
due to the decreasing level at Angat Dam which brought attention again to the
conservation of water even for growing of rice.
El Nino conditions were predicted to evolve over the coming months,
which would mean shorter periods of rain and less rainfall even in the coming
rainy seasons” said. “Water shortage in Angat-Maasim River Watering System
(AMRIS), of which Angat Dam was the main water source, was anticipated as
water available for watering has gradually decreased over recent years and
[54]
the Philippines has been Experiencing a really dry season this year.
Based on the article IRRI (International Rice Research Institute)
developed a technique which water use in producing rice can be cut down by
as much as 25%. This technique was called AWD or Alternate wetting and
drying. The AWD technology makes use of the cycle of draining and
reflooding of rice paddies, keeping an optimum water level at any particular
time. The AWD was applicable to larger watering schemes like the ARMIS, but
it was also just as lower water consumption translates right away into savings
on fuel cost higher net income. AWD also helps reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
A Model Case of Intelligent Data Management and Decision Supporting
System of Monitoring Green Leafy Vegetables
SMART farming was an important undertaking as increasing demand in
agricultural industries in the Philippines was notable. Smart farming in the
country could empower local farmers with the decision tools and technologies

67
needed for the livelihood. However, this technology was not yet available in
the country. For sustainable agriculture in midst of climate change, monitoring
of plant health and detecting its diseases was critical. The need to effectively
grow a plant and increase its productivity should be given emphasis. In
addressing these concerns, monitoring and grading the plant at its growth and
at the time of its harvest was necessary. The purpose of this paper was to
provide a model of monitoring the plants and suggest solutions to the farmers
for healthy yield and productivity. In this work, the proponent proposed a
model to be used in monitoring the identified vegetables during farming. The
model for grading vegetables was divided into three complex phases: a)
design and development of a plant disease detection system using machine
vision, b) design and development of an artificial intelligent system in
vegetable grading, and c) notification to the farmer of plant grade and status.
Two vegetables have been selected. The images were to be interpreted
numerically and it would be classified in linguistics. This paper would
demonstrate effective algorithms for vegetable monitoring and grading.
Practical implementation of fuzzy logic would be done using MATLAB. For this
purpose, Sugeno-style of fuzzy inference system would be used.
Crops were being affected by uneven climatic conditions leading to
decrease agricultural yield, which affects local and global agricultural
economy. [55]
This research was purely a modeling a framework for intelligent data
management and decision supporting system of monitoring green leafy
vegetables using digital image analysis. The established framework and

68
methodologies must be expedited to a real working system. It was assessed
that smart/intelligent system was possible in Philippine setting and it was
believed that the proponent’s framework would address issues on farming
system in the country. Thus, it was highly recommended to conduct more
comprehensive and rigid studies on this course and discipline. The proponent
of this study would be working on a larger system that comprises the complex
phases discussed on the previous sections. The tool would be assessed and
evaluated as well in terms of its accuracy, reliability and effectiveness. Once
the testing and evaluation phase was accomplished, then it would be
implemented.
Agricultural Water Management Systems in the Philippines: Current
Status and Policy Direction
This article tells that the Philippines focus on Agricultural management
dwells on improving flood control, dam operations, planning database,
steward’s capability, watering performance. The government efforts to adapt
to climate change and to achieve rice self-sufficiency, in fact, make policies
and programs on agricultural management evolve more responsive to
necessity. To achieve higher irrigated area, cropping intensity and crop yield,
The National Watering Administration adopts measures that improve water
adequacy, distribution, conservation, monitoring and stewardship.
In this article, the following were elaborated: Watering development
status, Watering development status, Operation modality reversal, Rice self-
sufficiency thrust and vital performance indicators.

69
It was stated that the Water Management Systems needs an
Adaptation of Climate Change, Agency rationalization initiative and Water
allocation competition and must conduct an Alleviation techniques like
Parcellary map upgrading, Hydrometeorological data monitoring, Diversified
cropping promotion, Disaster Impact assessment, Water Resource
Governance, Flood forecasting-warning systems, flood retarding facilities and

.[56]
Reservoir hydrology re-analysis
Enhancement of Agricultural water management and utilization was
happening in two fronts, National Development Level and Watering
development sector. This comes about the integrated goals of achieving rice-
self sufficiency, averting force majeure devastation, and confronting
diminishing plain water supply for watering.
New Watering Technique can ease drought effects for rice farmers
The closing down of the Angat Damn Central Luzon brought a huge
effect on the lives of the rice farmers in the province. This event emphasize
the value of the water saving watering techniques even in an environment that
typically receives ample rainfall over the entire year to cut water demand in
irrigated rice without affecting yield. Rice farmers for about 27, 000 was cut off
due to the decreasing level at Angat Dam which brought attention again to the
conservation of water even for growing of rice.
El Nino conditions were predicted to evolve over the coming months,
which would mean shorter periods of rain and less rainfall even in the coming
rainy seasons” said Reinner Wassman, head of IRRI’s climate change

70
research. “Water shortage in Angat-Maasim River Watering System (AMRIS),
of which Angat Dam was the main water source, was anticipated as water
available for watering has gradually decreased over recent years and the
Philippines has been Experiencing a really dry season this year .[57]
IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) developed a technique
which water use in producing rice can be cut down by as much as 25%. This
technique was called AWD or Alternate wetting and drying. The AWD
technology makes use of the cycle of draining and reflooding of rice paddies,
keeping an optimum water level at any particular time. The AWD was
applicable to larger watering schemes like the ARMIS, but it was also just as
lower water consumption translates right away into savings on fuel cost higher
net income. AWD also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
A Farmer-guided Soil Classification System for the Philippine
The Centre for Research and Information Exchange in Ecologically
Sound Agriculture (ILEIA) and the International Soil Reference and
Information Centre (ISRIC) have enunciated a project on farmer-based soil
classification (ethnopedology) in the Philippines, in close collaboration with
the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), Manila. Two pilot areas,
comprising the administrative units barangays of Rajal Centro 1600 ha and
Triala 450 ha, in the broad alluvial plain of Nueva Ecija in Central Luzon were
used to initiate the process for developing a farmer-based soil and land use
classification, and to compare and integrate the results of this work with the
results of a classical soil survey by BSWM staff. The project provided the soil

71
and natural resource scientists with a unique experience in working directly
with the local communities with particular focus on comparing and integrating
classical methodologies of soil survey with local knowledge of soils and the
agricultural potential. Farmers clearly related micro-topographic variations
within the plots, as related to differences in drainage, soil texture and flooding,
to the agricultural potential of the soils. The entire exercise brought forth a
methodology which integrates elements of indigenous knowledge with those
of the formal scientific survey, the results of which may later be up-scaled to
soils of similar agro-ecological zones at the national level .[58]
On the whole, this participatory project lay the foundation for the
exchange of indigenous knowledge and practices of safe farming through
mapping of soil and farm resources. In view of the uniformity of the study
areas, in terms of the biophysical, cultural and socio-economic conditions, it
was recommended to expand and test the system for farmer-based soil
classification to other, more heterogeneous and agro-ecologically
representative regions in the Philippines. From a land use perspective, the
study showed the need for in-depth agro-ecological and economic studies at
farm level as well as at a higher level of aggregation, such as the district.
Water availability for watering during the dry season at Barangay Triala forms
an important constraint. During the dry season, the growing of less-water
demanding crops than irrigated rice should be stimulated. More efficient water
distribution techniques need to be developed. Human-induced changes in soil
properties should be monitored at (farmer's) experimental plots to address the
observed decline in production capacity of these intensively cultivated soils,

72
induced by excessive use of acidifying fertilizers. Farmers appeared
particularly interested in collaborative, on-farm experiments aimed at
assessing the agronomic and economic viability of substituting part of the
currently used inorganic fertilizers with organic fertilizer.
Philippine Agriculture Saddled by Poor Watering System
Agriculture plays a big role in the Philippine economy and attainment of
inclusive growth. Watering was an important component of the agricultural
system. It raises land productivity by providing sufficient water to crops to
increase yield and ensure the stability of production, even under extreme
weather conditions.
Despite receiving the bulk of major public investments year after year,
the country’s national watering systems have always performed below
expectations. This poor performance has been attributed by Philippine
Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) consultants Dr. Cristina David and
Dr. Arlene Inocencio to overly optimistic technical and economic assumptions,
inadequate water supply, inappropriate designs, and difficulties in operation
and maintenance. These problems have been documented since the 1980’s
[59]
and were still present over 20 years later.
Several component studies under an evaluation project commissioned
by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and the
Department of Budget and Management (DBM) to the PIDS exposed the
large gap between design assumptions and the operational realities, which
resulted in the chronic underperformance of national watering systems. A very

73
disturbing pattern in performance were the generally declining trends in all
indicators, such as the ratio of service area, firmed up service area, and
irrigated area to design area, the cropping intensity, and the watering service
fee collection rate.
Technology Transfer Strategies and Experiences on Urban and Peri-
Urban Agriculture
The article was all about the transfer of strategies from rural to urban
and peri urban agriculture. In the Philippines, as early as 1983, UA has been
charted as one of the major undertakings of Don Severino Agricultural College
now Cavite State University. However, it was only in 1995 when the College of
Agriculture (CA), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) gave
attention to the concept. As a consequence, UPLB – CA in cooperation with
the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development (PCARRD), sponsored a symposium – workshop
on UA on June 1, 1995.
Urban Agriculture has been simply defined as farming in the cities and
other highly urbanized areas (Duldulao, 2001) Considering various
dimensions, UA was located within (intra-urban) or on the fringe (peri-urban)
of a town, a city or a metropolis, and grows or raises, processes and
distributes a diversity of food and non-food products, (re-) uses largely human
and material resources, products and services found in and around that urban
area, and in turn, supplies human and material resources, products and
services largely to hat urban area [60]

74
Based on the foregoing discussions, the technology transfer strategies
and experiences of the various stakeholders of urban and peri-urban
agriculture prevailed with the staunch support of the agencies and
government units involved in the venture. The political would of those who
promote the program dictates the level of success in the implementation of
the urban and peri-urban agriculture projects/programs. While dissemination
through the tri-media reaches a huge number of clientele, the strategies that
involve groups and individuals were the best option for eventual adoption of
the technologies being promoted.
Synthesis of the Study
The proponents made some research regarding to what field of studies
might be needed to give guidance to have an appropriate idea to the problem.
It provides some information that may support the study that focuses on the
idea for how a device can be done accordingly to the needs of the
organization. One of the similarities of the study from the studies and literature
gathered was the main purpose which was the automation of the watering
process.
The importance of studying related study was to get better the present
study and use it as a reference to current study to make a proposal much
better than before. The study differs from many aspects such as the use of
Arduino rather than Raspberry Pi. The latter was more expensive than the
hardware components used in developing this project.

75
The proposed device, Automated Watering plants with SMS Alert was
used in watering the gardens instantly. Which each farmer who were currently
used the system would be notify or receive text advisory.
Chapter III
Technical Background
In this chapter, Technical background of hardware and software
requirements researched by the proponents relevant to the proposed study

76
which development of automated watering plants with SMS alert. The
proponents researched the hardware requirements used in the development
of automated plants sprinkling and the description, specification of each
component.
The proponents use this advantage to develop an automated watering
device that would help to easily water the plants using technology. It also uses
Arduino and soil moisture sensor that able to make this device interactive and
easy to use.
Hardware Requirements
The Hardware requirements were often used as a guideline of the
components that need to make own device or technologies. The design
project required Arduino Uno and the design project needed also a GSM
module, Soil Moisture Sensor, 9v battery and a relay.
Table 3.1
The Hardware Requirements
Quantity Component Description Specification

(pcs.)

77
Arduino a open-source -ATmega328P

project that -5V Operating
created microcontroller- Voltage
1 based kits for building -14 Digital I/O
digital devices and Pins
interactive objects that -6 PWM Digital
can sense and control I/O Pins and
physical devices. etc.
GSM (Global System -PBC size

for Mobile 71.4mm X
Communications, a 66.0mm X
standard developed by 1.6mm
the European
1
Telecommunication -Indicator PWR,
Standards Institute to Status LED, Net
describe the protocols LED
for second-generation
digital cellular networks -Power Supply
used by mobile phones. 5v
Soil moisture Extreme low

sensors measure the cost with
volumetric water volume pricing.
content in soil. Since the Consumes less
direct gravimetric than 7mA for
measurement of free very low power
soil moisture requires operation.
1
removing, drying, and Measures
weighting of a sample, volumetric
soil moisture sensors water content or
measure the volumetric gravimetric
water content indirectly water content
by using some other Output Voltage
property of the soil. was
proportional to
moisture level.
Quantity Components Description Specification
(pcs.)

78
AC/DC power
adapter was
1 AC adapter, AC/DC designed to
adapter a type of accept a certain
external power supply, AC input and
often enclosed in a case convert it to a
similar to an AC plug. particular DC
output.
-Powers a stack
The Step down power of Bricks with
supply module The 5V
chief issue with the -Can power
design was that cannot motors of driver
use electrolytic caps Bricks (e.g. DC
1
and thus must source Brick)
uF-range film caps rated -Input voltage
at the AC RMS voltage 6V to 27V DC
which were not -Additional
especially compact. output voltage
5V
-Valve type 2
way normally
closed
Water Solenoid w/ -Action Direct
sensor rod it Control lift Diagram
the flow of a liquid using -Coil power
1 the computer or 20W
microcontroller. -Electrical
Connection DIN
-Service Air,
Gas, Liquid,
Vacuum

(pcs.)

79
Jump Wire Single, twisted

an electrical wire or pair and Triple
group of cable with a jumper wire for
connector or pin at use with Krone
each end which style IDC
normally used to blocks. This
1 interconnect the version was
components of manufactured
a breadboard or other to BT
prototype or test Specification
circuit, internally or CW1109, with
with other equipment 0.5mm solid
or components, conductors
without soldering. and PVC
insulation.
Relay module work This allows

on electromagnetism, combining the
When the Relay coil processing
energized it acts like a power of the
magnet and changes Arduino to
the position of a devices that
1 switch. use higher
current and
voltage.
Breadboard
Breadboard a consists of a
construction base perforated
for prototyping block of plastic
of electronics. with
Originally it was numerous tin
1 literally a bread board, plated phosph
a polished piece of or
wood used for slicing bronze or nick
bread. el silver alloy
spring clips
under the
perforations.
Software Requirements

80
The software requirements was often used as a guideline of the system
that need to make the device or program execute.
Table 3.2
The Software Requirements

(pcs.)
Arduino IDE Arduino IDE

contains a text Version
editor for writing 1.6.2. The
code, a message Library
area, a text Manager
console, a toolbar allows users
with buttons for to
1 common functions automatically
and a series of download
menus. It and install
connects to the libraries
Arduino and needed in
Genuino hardware the projects,
to upload with an easy
programs and to use
communicate. graphic
interface.
Chapter IV
Design and Methodology

81
In this chapter, Design and Methodology the proponents research the
project design and how this system works. How to compute the respondents
of the study and the requirements needs to follow and would be used in
developing automated watering plants.
Project Design
The proponents applied in this study, the descriptive method of
research. Descriptive method of research was a fact-finding study with
adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings. It simply describe w/
emphasis what actually exists such as current condition, practices, situations,
it describes the status of the system. In this method, the proponents were able
to gather at the necessary findings and present it through narrative.
The hardware design includes Arduino, GSM Module, Power-up
Button, Soil Moisture Sensor and Water Solenoid Valve in gathering and
analysis, software design specification.
Respondents of the Study
The proposed study was to develop the Irrigation system with
Microcontroller and Arduino GSM Module. Interviews and survey
questionnaires were conducted and presented to the people who were
engaged in agricultural activities.

82
As means to determine the advantageous impact of the proposed
system to the people who used this Irrigation System with Microcontroller and
Arduino GSM Module.
Sampling Technique
To evaluate the acceptability and reliability of the system, the
proponents used questionnaires that served as the main source of data. The
questionnaires used because it was an appropriate method in getting
response from other people.
Data Gathering Procedure
The acceptability of the project was evaluated in terms of its
functionality reliability, usability, and efficiency. The proponents also used
Ardiuno and GSM module sense the moisture of the soil to irrigate
automatically. The instrument that the researcher used was the questionnaire.
The researcher also thinks some possibility regarding the SMS notification, as
far as the capacity of the proponents, must meet the expectation of the
Agriculture.
Interview
The interview supports the collection of data through consulting the
agriculture personnel, the one who irrigates the farm, plant and etc. and the
people who were related to the irrigation of farm. The proponents asked the
community about the subject matter in connection with the study.

83
Observation
Observation refers to the analysis of the collected information gathered
by the respondents with regards to the development of the study. The result of
the gathered information was dependent on the respondents and other
resources materials. Survey served as an important role in building from this.
The proponents gained ideas about the user’s behavior and the activities
done in the community.
Research
Research refers to the posses of searching and finding some important
information of data on which the proponents took place. The proponents
research the information to the agricultural and compared it to information that
gathered through internet. It summarize that the existing process irrigation
needs to improve and make some changes.
Questionnaire
A questionnaire was a research consisting of a series of question and
other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The
proponents hand out the questionnaire to the community personnel about
existing process. After retrieving the questionnaire, the data were tabulated
and treated statistically.

84
Analysis
Analysis was the process on which the data gathered would be
observed and experiment to produce a result. The proponents come up with
an analysis of data based on the questionnaires and answers gathered that
the community needs more efficient and accurate news update and other
activities involve the community.
Validation and Distribution of the Instruments Used
The data gathered on the result of survey were validated by the
respondent’s signature. This was an order to verify the cogency and
qualification of the proposed system in end-user’s needs. As for the
distribution of the data, a survey questionnaire was presented in a column
from so as to provide the respondents with an ease in understanding and
answering each question specifically inquired.
Data Encoding and formulation of the Solution
The proponents came up with a formulation of the data with the used of
the instruments and technique used such as likert scale implementation,
mean, frequency, percentage and chi-square test of goodness fit.
The proponents also programmed the Ardiuno to make the irrigation
effective annd used GSM module to receive a notification using Cell phone.

85
Evaluation of the Data and Result
The proponents utilize an interview for this research study. The
interview would help a lot to learn from the respondents and the researcher’s
perception of the system requirements.
Tools and Instruments
Tools and Instruments was determined by the nature of the tools and
the instruments. The proponents list all the tools and instruments method
used in the study to gather more information and the data with the following
were the tools used.
Statistical tools
Statistical tools refers to the tools that has been used throughout the
observation and interpretation of data gathered.
The proponents used statistical tools such as frequency, mean,
percentage, likert Scale Interpretation and Chi-Square Test of Goodness-of-
Fit.
Frequency
Frequency was a record on how often a value of a variable in a certain
question occurs. It was the number of times that the event occurs in a study.
The formula of getting the frequency was shown below:
F = ΣF/N

86
where,
F= the relative frequency of each class interval
ΣF = sum of the frequency of class interval
N = the sample size
Mean
The average of a population set. It was found by multiplying the
population means to its appropriate frequency and add the entire product then
divide the sum of all the frequency by the number of all frequencies. The
formula was:
X= Σfx/ N
where,
X = mean
F = number of frequency
X= rate given by the respondents
N = No. of all frequencies
Percentage
The statistical method used to determine the percentage of the
respondents that was conducted given by this percentage formula,
P = f/ N x 100

87
where,
P = percentage
F = frequency of each rating scale
N = number of respondents
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
The Test of Goodness-of-fit (Error: Reference source not found) was
used in determining the number of objects or responses, which fell in different
categories for a single qualitative variable and in knowing if the sample under
observation and analysis was drawn from a population with some specified
distribution of the observed and expected frequencies, divided by the
expected frequency.
The formula employed in the said test statistic was,
Error: Reference source not found= Error:
Reference source not found
width = c-1 and an Error: Reference source not found
where,
Error: Reference source not found = Computed Chi-
square value
O = Observed Frequency

88
E = Expected Frequency
Error: Reference source not found = Degrees of freedom
c = total number of columns
α
= level of significance
Likert Scale
A scale commonly used in a survey to measure the respondent’s
responses through questionnaire with a set of statements or questions about
the main topic, and also to measure the positive and negative response of the
respondents to the topic. The respondents would provide the responses
through checking the circular shape before the numerical representation of
numbers, where in the 5 as strongly agree, 4 as agree, 3 as neither agree nor
disagree, 2 as disagree and 1 as strongly disagree.
Design Studies of the Development Process
The Design study of the development process was done as a
sequence of activities that were conducted to be able to develop something
and to be able to produce specific output. Development was about the
establishment of the proposed project together with the basic and the logical
structures of the proposed projects. This were of the research illustrates and

89
discuss about how the developers have done and accomplished the proposed
design.
A. Building the Layout
Step 1
A box was made from any kind of woods. The picture below was the
frame of the box. The plywood served as the surface of the box.
Figure 4.1Building Layout Step 1
Step 2
A piece wood was fastened on the side of the box that served as the base
of the device. A hole was made below the piece of wood that served as the
outlet of the soil moisture sensor.

90
Figure 4.2 Building Layout Step 2
Step 3
The sprinkler was placed on the middle of the box. The sprinkler was
connected to a PVC pipe that was connected to the water solenoid valve.

91
Step 4
The soil was set on the prototype. Plug the device and the water pump.

92
Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Automated
People use Watering Plants
Induction of with SMS Alert
Pumps to Water Manual Watering
for Bonifacio
the Plants. of Plants
Memorial
School
Figure 4.5 Manual Process

93
I. System Analysis
A.Prototype
I.User Requirements II. System Design

A. Functional A. system
Requirements Development life cycle
B. Non-Functional 1.Phase 1
requirements (System information
C. Design Requirements
Objectives 2. Phase 2
(Analysis and Design )
II. Preliminary Logical design
Interview and study Physical design
3. Phase 3
III. Review of related (Implementation and
literature Unit testing Development of Automated
4. Phase 4 Watering Plants with SMS
IV. Knowledge (Integration and testing) alert for Bonifacio Memorial
Requirements 5. Phase 5 (Device Elementary School
A.Fundamental operation)
computer operation B. Process Models Acceptable Rating
B. Programming 1. Flowchart “Very Good”
skills 2. VTOC, HIPO
C. Arduino and IPO Criteria for System
D. System C. Data models Evaluation
Development technique 1. DFD Cost-Effectiveness
2. ERD Design
V. Software Functionality
requirements III. System Maintainability
A. Arduino Development Reliability
Schedule of Activities Safety
VI. Hardware (Gantt Chart) Usability
requirements A. Interface Design
Arduino B. Program Coding
Soil moisture sensor D. Billing of Materials
GSM Module E. Cost benefit
Step down power Analysis
supply moisture
Testing and
Evaluating

94
Figure 4.6 Proposed System
START
Check the moisture level.
Does the
The soil does not need soil need
water.
water?
Send SMS that notify the user if the

soil was too much dry or wet.
Start the watering of plants.
Send SMS If Finished
END

95
Figure 4.7 Flow Chart
The moisture Sensor would

sense if the soil was dry or
wet. If the soil was wet,
nothing would happen.

96
If the soil was dry, it will send

message to the user.
“The Valve was On’
and Automatically waters the

plant.
Figure 4.9 Story Board
Chapter V
Results and Discussion
In this chapter, the proponents conducted a survey about the
demographic profile of the respondents such as School Maintenance, BMES
Teachers, Administration Staff and IT Personnel’s in BMS such as the Age
Bracket, Gender, Performance of the device, and Software Evaluation; Cost -

97
Effectiveness, Design, Functionality, Maintainability, Reliability, Safety, and
Usability.
1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents
1.1 Age Brackets
Table 5.1
The Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Age Bracket
Age Bracket Frequency Percentage Rank

(f) (%)
18 – 28 14 47% 1st
29 – 38 10 33% 2nd
39 – Above 6 20% 3rd
Total No. of Respondents (N) 30 100%
Table 5.1 shows the demographic profile of respondents in terms of
age bracket. Out of 30 respondents, age bracket 18-28 got the highest
frequency of 14 or 47% in rank 1, while the 38-above got the lowest frequency
of 6 or 20% in rank 3.
1.2 Gender
Table 5.2
The Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage Rank
Male 16 53% 2nd
Female 14 47% 1st

98
Total No. of 30 100%
Respondents
(N)
Table 5.2 present the demographic profile of the respondents in terms
of gender, there were of 30 respondents, the frequency of male got the
highest frequency of 16 or 53% in rank 1 while the female got the lowest
frequency of 14 or 47% in rank 2.
2. Problem Encountered
2.1 Performance of the Device
Table 5.3
Problem Encountered in the Performance of the Device
Response Frequency Percentage Rank
Excellent 1 3% 4th
Very Good 10 33% 2nd

99
Good 14 47% 1st
Satisfactory 5 17% 3rd
Fair 0 0%
Respondents (N)
As demonstrated from the Table 5.3, out of 30 respondents, the
frequency of response “Good” in 14 or 47% in rank 1, the frequency of
response “Very Good” was 10 or 33% and in rank 2, the frequency of
response “Satisfactory” in 3 or 17% and in rank 3 and the frequency of
response “Excellent” in 1 or 3% and in rank 4.
3. Testing and Evaluation of the Project Development
3.1 In Terms of Cost-effectiveness
Table 5.4
Proposed Project Development in terms of Cost-effectiveness
Verbal Frequency Percentage Rank Mean Chi- Square
Interpretation
Excellent 1 3% 3rd 3.53 65.50
Very Good 15 50% 1st
Good 14 47% 2nd
Satisfactory 0 0%

100
Fair 0 0%
Respondents
(N)
Verbal Interpretation Very Good
As reflected in the Table 5.8, out of 30 respondents, 15 or 50% of the
respondents rated “Very Good” in rank 1, 14 or 47% of the respondents rated
“Good” in rank 2 and 1 or 3% of respondents rated “Excellent” in rank 3. The
computed mean was 30 and the verbal interpretation in the project’s cost-
effectiveness classified as “Very Good”.
The above table further illustrates that the most observations, which
were under the rating scale of 1 for "Very Good" covered half of the total
percentage (50%) preceded by (47%) rating for "Good", (3%) rating for
"Excellent", with a total consolidation of 100%. The overall average response
or the computed mean for the ungrouped data hit 3.53, rounded off to rating
scale which means that the majority of the respondents evaluate the system's
Cost – Effectiveness as "Very Good" cover the three sub queries: The ability
of the device to lessen the water, The ability of the device to conserve water,
The device have a great benefit for water consumption.
Through the test statistic used, the obtained computed value chi-
square was 65.50 this value was greater than the critical value of 3.53

101
provided 4 degrees of freedom and 0.05 level of significance. In case, the
rejection region was the H0 therefore, the proponents concluded that there
was a significant difference in the evaluations of the system. The average
number of respondents who said "Very Good" was significantly higher than
the rest of the sample.
3.2 In Terms of Design
Table 5.5
Proposed Project Development in terms of Design
Verbal Frequency Percentage Rank Mean Chi-
Interpretation Square
Excellent 1 3% 4th
Very Good 8 27% 2nd
Good 16 53% 1st

3.16 46.50
Fair 0 0%
Respondents
(N)
Verbal Interpretation Good

102
As shown in the Table 5.8, out of 30 respondents, 16 or 53% of the
respondents rated “Good” in rank 1, 8 or 27% of the respondents rated “Very
Good” in rank 2, 5 or 17% of respondents rated “Satisfactory” in rank 3 and 1
or 3% of respondents rated “Excellent” in rank 4. The computed mean was 30
and the verbal interpretation in the system’s reliability classified as “Good”.
were under the rating scale of 1 for "Good" covered half of the total
percentage (53%) preceded by (27%) rating for "Very Good", (17%) rating for
"Satisfactory", and (3%), "Excellent", with a total consolidation of 100%. The
overall average response or the computed mean for the ungrouped data hit
3.16, rounded off to rating scale which means that the majority of the
respondents evaluate the project's design as "Good" cover the three sub
queries: The ability of the design to understand the function, The ability of the
design to understand its function, the easiness of the design to know how it
operates and the ability of the design to show how it works.
square was 46.50 this value was greater than the critical value of 3.16
provided 4 degrees of freedom and 0.05 level of significance. In case, the
rejection region was the H0 therefore, the proponents concluded that there
was a significant difference in the evaluations of the project. The average
number of respondents who said "Good" was significantly higher than the rest
of the sample.

103
3.3 In Terms of Functionality
Table 5.6
Proposed Project Development in terms of Functionality
Excellent 2 7% 3rd
Very Good 8 27% 2nd
Good 10 33% 1st
Satisfactory 10 33% 1st

3.1 38.50
Fair 0 0%
Respondents
(N)
As observed in the Table 5.4, from the 30 respondents, 10 or 33% of
the respondents rated “Good” and “Satisfactory were tied which in rank 1,

104
while 8 or 27% of the respondents rated “Very Good” which in rank 2. The
computed mean was 30 and the verbal interpretation in the project’s
functionality classified as “Good” and “Satisfactory”
were under the rating scale of 1 for "Good" covered one third of the total
percentage (33%) tied with "Satisfactory" with a rating (33%), (27%) rating for
"Very Good" and (7%) rating for "Excellent". with a total consolidation of
100%. The overall average response or the computed mean for the
ungrouped data hit 3.1, rounded off to rating scale which means that the
majority of the respondents evaluate the project's functionality as "Good" and
“Satisfactory” it cover the three sub queries: The ability of the device to have
an accurate output, the ability of the device to send SMS to the user and the
ability of the device to sense the moisture of the soil.
square was 27 this value was greater than the critical value of 3.1 provided 4
degrees of freedom and 38.50 level of significance. In case, the rejection
region was the H0 therefore, the proponents concluded that there was a
significant difference in the evaluations of the project. The average number of
respondents who said "satisfactory" and “Good” was significantly higher than
the rest of the sample.

105
3.4 In Terms of Maintainability
Table 5.7
Proposed Project in terms of Maintainability
Interpretation
Excellent 2 7% 4th
Very Good 7 23% 2nd
Good 15 50% 1st

3.20 23.50
Fair 0 0%
Respondents
(N)
As stated in the Table 5.5, in the 30 respondents, 15 or 50% of the
Good” in rank 2, and 6 or 20% of the respondents rated “Satisfactory” in rank

106
3 tied with the satisfactory. The computed mean was 30 and the verbal
interpretation in the project’s maintainability classified as “Good”.
"Satisfactory", and (7%) "Excellent" with a total consolidation of 100%. The
respondents evaluate the project's maintainability as "Good" cover the three
sub queries: The ability of the device to show how it works, the ability of the
device to maintain the process of the devices, the easiness manipulating the
device maintenance.
respondents who said "Good" was significantly higher than the rest of the
sample.

107
3.5 In Terms of Reliability
Table 5.8
Proposed Project Development in terms of Reliability
Interpretation
Excellent 2 7% 4th
Very Good 9 30% 2nd
Good 12 40% 1st

3.00 33.75
Fair 0 0%
Respondents
(N)
As described in the Table 5.6, in the 30 respondents, 12 or 40% of the
Good” in rank 2, and 7 or 23% of respondents rated “Satisfactory” in rank 3.
The computed mean was 30 and the verbal interpretation in the project’s
reliability classified as “Good”.

108
"Satisfactory", and a none (0%), "Fair", with a total consolidation of 100%. The
respondents evaluate the project's reliability as "Good" cover the three sub
queries: The correctness of the device regarding how it works, the reliability
on the notification sent by the device towards user, The correctness of the
device in the user.
sample.

109
3.6 In Terms of Safety
Table 5.9
Proposed Project Development in terms of Safety
Interpretation
Excellent 2 7% 4th
Very Good 7 23% 2nd
Good 17 57% 1st

3.2 53.50
Fair 0 0%
Respondents
(N)
As reflected in the Table 5.8, out of 30 respondents, 17 or 57% of the
Good” in rank 2, 4 or 13% of respondents rated “Satisfactory” in rank 3 and 2
or 7% of respondents rated “Excellent” in rank 4. The computed mean was 30
and the verbal interpretation in the project’s reliability classified as “Good”.

110
"Satisfactory", and (7%), "Excellent", with a total consolidation of 100%. The
respondents evaluate the project’s safety as "Good" cover the three sub
queries: The safety of the device to the maintenance, The safety of the device
to the plants, The safety of the device to the environment.
square was 53.50 this value was greater than the critical value of 3.2 provided
4 degrees of freedom and 0.05 level of significance. In case, the rejection
respondents who said "satisfactory" was significantly higher than the rest of
the sample.
3.7 In Terms of Usability
Table 5.10

111
Software Evaluation for the Proposed System in terms of Usability
Excellent 1 4% 3rd
Very Good 7 23% 2nd
Good 15 50% 1st
Satisfactory 7 23% 2nd

3.30 41
Fair 0 0%
Respondents
(N)
As depicted in the Table 5.7, out of 30 respondents, 15 or 50% of the
Good” and “Satisfactory were tied in rank 2, and 1 or 40% of respondents
rated “Excellent” in rank 3. The computed mean was 30 and the verbal
interpretation in the project’s Usability classified as “Good”.
percentage (50%) preceded by (23%) rating for "Very Good" tied with (23%)
rating for "Satisfactory", and (4%), "Excellent", with a total consolidation of
100%. The overall average response or the computed mean for the
ungrouped data hit 3.30, rounded off to rating scale which means that the

112
majority of the respondents evaluate the project 's usability as "Good" cover
the three sub queries: The usability of the SMS features in sending
notifications, The usability of the soil moisture sensor to sense when the soil
need to water, The usability of the device to the user.
degrees of freedom and 41 level of significance. In case, the rejection region
was the H0 therefore, the proponents concluded that there was a significant
difference in the evaluations of the project. The average number of
sample.
3. Summary of the Respondents Evaluation Criteria
Table 5.11
Summary Rate of Proposed Project Development in terms of Criteria

113
Criteria Mean Chi-Square Verbal
Interpretation
Cost 3.53 65.50 Very Good
-effectiveness
Design 3.16 46.50 Good
Functionality 3.1 38.50 Good
Maintainability 3.20 23.50 Good
Reliability 3.00 33.75 Good
Safety 3.2 53.50 Good
Usability 3.30 41 Good
Average Mean 3.21 43.32 Good
As shown in the table. The evaluation criteria in terms of Cost-
effectiveness has a mean of 3.53 and the chi-square has 65.50 with a verbal
interpretation of “Very Good”, Design has a mean of 3.16 and the chi-square
has 46.50 with a verbal interpretation of “Good”, Functionality has a mean of
3.10 and the chi-square has 38.50 with a verbal interpretation of “Good”,
Maintainability has a mean of 3.20 and the chi-square has 23.50 with a verbal
interpretation of “Good”, Reliability has a mean of 3.00 and the chi-square has
33.75 with a verbal interpretation of “Good”, Safety has a mean of 3.20 and
the chi-square has 53.50 with a verbal interpretation of “Good”. Usability has a
mean of 3.30 and the chi-square has 41 with a verbal interpretation of “Good”.
The overall average of the respondent’s evaluation in terms of criteria was
3.21 for the mean and 43.32 for the chi-square with an overall verbal
interpretation of “Good”.

114
Chapter VI
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter includes the summary, conclusion and recommendation of
the study through the surveys conducted by the proponents in the research
locale and computed through the Mean, Frequency, Likert’s scale and Chi-
Square Test. Alongside of the result procured, thereby, the profound
evaluations of the proposed project were held according to the criteria of the

115
systems Cost - Effectiveness, Design, Functionality, Maintainability, Reliability,
Safety, and Usability.
Summary of Findings
The development of Automated Watering of Plants with SMS alert was
developed for the gardeners or the authorize person in the field of planting.
The study aims to easily water the plants that would notify the user.
The proponents used the description method of research in gathering
the needed data for effectiveness of the study.
The proponents used Cost - Effectiveness, Design, Functionality,
Maintainability, Reliability, Safety, and Usability. as criteria in evaluating the
proposed system Likert’s scale method was used for mean and verbal
interpretation.
The proponents considered this study an innovation way of notifying
and monitoring the users
Based on the survey conducted to the respondents of the research
locale, the following results were gathered, summarized, analyzed and
interpreted by the proponents towards the profound and based evaluation of
the proposed automated watering plants with SMS alert.
A. Profile of the Respondents
1. Age Bracket

116
It was shown in the summarization of survey data that 14 or
47% of the respondents fall under the age bracket of 18-28 years
old; 10 or 33% was from 29-38 years old; 6 or 20% from 29-Above
years old notice that the biggest percentage, 47% which ranged
from 18-28 years old signifies that the majority of the randomly
chosen respondents were came from IT Personnel where in 14 out
of 30 respondents were from the said entity. Thus, the proposed
project was tested and evaluated by the most important entity,
which considered the cornerstone of the entire study.
2. Gender
Based on the survey data collection from 30 respondents, 16
or equivalent to 53% was male and the rest 14 or equivalent to 47%
was female. It interprets that male were the dominant respondents
of the study. However, it does not accurately assume that the said
gender occupies the bigger number in the entire population.
B. Feasibility Assessment of the Proposed Study – Developing
Automated Watering Plants with SMS Alert, based on the following
Criteria:
1. Cost - effectiveness
The assessment of the proposed project in relation to the
Cost - effectiveness was interested to the following: The ability of
the device to lessen the water, the ability of the device to conserve

117
water, the device has a great benefit for water consumption.
According to the finding the Cost - effectiveness showed that the
most observations which were under the rating scale of 50% or
“Very Good” covered half of the total percentage 100%. It was
preceded by 47% rating for “Good”, 3% rating for “Satisfactory”,
with a total of consolidation of 100%. The mean of cost-
effectiveness was 3.53 and 66.50 for chi-square.
2. Design
Design was interested to the following: The ability of the design to
understand the function, the easiness of the design to know how it
operates, the ability of the design to show how it. According to the
finding the Design showed that the most observations which were
under the rating scale of 53% or “Good” covered half of the total
percentage 100%. It was preceded by 27% rating for “Very Good”,
17% rating for “Satisfactory”, 3% for “Excellent” with a total of
consolidation of 100%. The mean of cost- effectiveness was 3.16
and 46.50 for chi-square.
3. Functionality
Functionality was interested to the following: The ability of the
device to have an accurate output, the ability of the device to send

118
SMS to the user and the ability of the device to sense the moisture
of the soil. According to the finding the functionality showed that the
most observations which were under the rating scale of 33% or
“Good” covered half of the total percentage 100%. It was preceded
by 33% rating for “Good” and “Satisfactory”, 8% rating for “Very
Good” and 7% for “Excellent” with a total of consolidation of 100%.
The mean of cost- effectiveness was 3.1 and 38.50 for chi-square.
4. Maintainability
Maintainability was interested to the following: The ability of the
device to show how it works, the ability of the device to maintain the
process of the devices, the easiness manipulating the device
maintenance. According to the finding the Maintainability showed
that the most observations which were under the rating scale of 50
or “Good” covered half of the total percentage 100%. It was
preceded by 23% rating for “Very Good”, 20% rating for
“Satisfactory”, 7% for “Excellent” with a total of consolidation of
100%. The mean of cost- effectiveness was 3.20 and 23.50 for chi-
square.
5. Reliability
Reliability was interested to the following: The correctness of the

119
device regarding how it works, the reliability on the notification sent
by the device towards user, the correctness of the device in the
user. According to the finding the reliability showed that the most
observations which were under the rating scale of 40% or “Good”
covered half of the total percentage 100%. It was preceded by 30%
rating for “Very Good”, 7% rating for “Satisfactory”, 2% for
“Excellent” with a total of consolidation of 100%. The mean of cost-
effectiveness was 3.00 and 33.75 for chi-square.
6. Safety
Portability was interested to the following: The safety of the device
to the maintenance, the safety of the device to the plants, the safety
of the device to the environment. According to the finding the
functionality showed that the most observations which were under
the rating scale of 57% or “Good” covered half of the total
percentage 100%. It was preceded by 23% rating for “Very Good”,
13% rating for “Satisfactory”, 7%% for “Excellent” with a total of
consolidation of 100%. The mean of cost- effectiveness was 3.2
and 53.50 for chi-square.
7. Usability
Usability was interested to the following: The usability of the SMS

120
features in sending notifications, The usability of the soil moisture
sensor to sense when the soil need to water, The usability of the
device to the user. According to the finding the Usability showed
that the most observations which were under the rating scale of
50% or “Good” covered half of the total percentage 100%. It was
preceded by 23% rating for “Excellent”, 23% rating for
“Satisfactory”, 40% for “Excellent” with a total of consolidation of
100%. The mean of cost- effectiveness was 3.30 and 41 for chi-
square.
Conclusion
The design project of automated plants sprinkling water with SMS alert
would help the farmers to water the plants without any supervision. In using
the manual process it takes time to water the plants and cannot determine
whether the soil needs water or not. Now with the use of proposed design
project, the user can be informed using SMS and can save effort to check the
plants every time. In accordance with these accomplishments, the design
project has met the set of objectives.
The study includes automated watering plants with SMS alert to water
plants with the use of soil moisture sensor detects if the soil was dry. The
Arduino Uno was program to water the plants automatically and the GSM
module was used to send SMS to the user. The Automatic plant watering

121
device using arduino and soil moisture sensor automatically provides water on
plants and keeps updated by sending message to cell phones through SMS
via GSM module.
Soil moisture sensor checks the soil moisture level and if moisture level
was low the arduino switches on the device would automatically off when
project finds enough moisture in the soil. Whenever the device switched on or
off a message would send to the user via GSM module. The project was
completely automated and very useful in school gardens, farms and home.
The development of the study was obtained to operate the automatic watering
process needed by the plants so there no excess water which mainly
contributes to conservation of water.
Recommendations
The following were the recommendation to improve the project:
1. The proposed project should be implemented to develop the current
process in watering of plants and notifying the users through mobile
phone.
2. The proposed project should be used as an automated plant watering
system with the use of arduino and soil moisture sensor.
3. The study recommends the device as reference by other users who
were planning to conduct a study related in the working automation and
other agricultural activities.

122
4. The study be recommending the users to use the proposed project to
automatically watered the plants with the use of arduino and automatic
soil moisture sensor.
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128
Appendix A
129
Approval Letter

130

131
Appendix B
Cover Letter

132

133
Appendix C
Certificate of Acceptance

134

135
Appendix D
Certificate of Evaluation

136

137
Appendix E
Grammarian’s Certificate

138
Cecilia P. Abaricia, DT
Thesis Adviser
College of Computer Science Department
Asian Institute of Computer Studies
Dear Prof. Abaricia:
This was to certify the edited manuscript entitled “Developing Automated

Watering Plants with SMS Alert”. My Degree in Computer Science and my
job experience qualifies me in editing the paper. Attached was my curriculum
vitae which indicates my qualification and contact details. It was my pleasure
reading the manuscript of the advises.
Thank you very much
Sincerely yours.
Louie M. Visaya
Languange Editor

139
Louie M. Visaya
2563-B M. Natividad St.
Sta. Cruz, Manila
Tel. No.: 09273714872
Email: eldritch555@yahoo.com
WORK EXPERIENCES
Customer Service Representative Oct 2006 – present Sykes Asia Inc
- receives inbound calls and provide answers to clients by identifying problems; researching
answers; guiding customers through corrective steps;
- deliver service and support to end-users using and operating automated call distribution
phone software, via remote connection;
- interacts with customers to provide and process information in response to inquiries,

concerns, and requests about products and services;
- gathers customer’s information and determine the issue by evaluating and analyzing the
symptoms;
- follow standard processes and procedures;
- identify and escalate priority issues per customer specifications;
- follow up and make scheduled call backs to customers where necessary.

140
Manager/Owner Jun 2002 – Jun 2006 eYoL@pEg.PcServices

Lagro, Quezon City
- installing and configuring computer systems;
- monitoring and maintaining computer systems and networks;
- troubleshooting system and network problems and diagnosing and solving

hardware/software faults;
- finding solutions to problems, be it through creating a desktop short cut or fixing a major
fault on the operating system;
- replacing parts as required;
- running network applications to support system and users;
- conducting electrical safety checks on computer equipment;
- being involved in computer sales and support and, where appropriate, maintaining contact
with clients.
Programmer/Encoder Nov 2001 – Dec 2002 Asia-Insider

Banker’s Village II,Caloocan City
- analyzing problems and making recommendations;
- defining software, hardware and network requirements;
- troubleshooting system and network problems and diagnosing and solving

hardware/software faults;
- replacing parts as required;
- installing and configuring computer systems;
- monitoring and maintaining computer systems and networks.

141
Type Reader/Encoder Feb 1997 – Feb 1998 Innodata Processing Corporation

Makati, Metro Manila
Full-Time Missionary Oct 1994 – Oct 1996 Philippines Cebu Mission

The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints
Formatter/Proofreader Nov 1992 – Sep 1994 Innodata Processing Corporation
Makati, Metro Manila
Caretaker 1991 – 1992 The Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-day Saints
Sta. Mesa Chapel
CIVIL SERVICE GRADE
Civil Service Sub-Professional 85.63 18 June 2000
EDUCATION
B.S. Computer Science 1997 – 2001 STI College Recto
Recto, Manila
B.S. Electrical Engineering 1989 – 1991 University of Santo Tomas
– 2nd Year

142
Secondary 1985 – 1989 Holy Trinity Academy
Sampaloc, Manila
Primary 1979 – 1985 P. Burgos Elem. School
Sta. Mesa, Manila
TRAININGS / SEMINARS
Hacking: How to Prevent It Feb 2000 University of Santo Tomas
Network and Internet Security Oct 1999 Philippine International Convention Center
Why Surf The Net? Aug 1998 STI College Recto
The Future of IT Professionals Jan 1998 STI College Recto
SKILLS/KNOWLEDGE:
Computer literate (MS Office, Visual Basic 6.0, Windows 7, Networking, Internet Security,
Hardware Troubleshooting, Software Development), guitar playing

143
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : June 14, 1972
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Latter-day Saint
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Married
Language/Dialect : English, Filipino and Ilocano
CHARACTER REFERENCES
1. Mr. JR Rolan Llamas Supervisor Cell. No. 09209649773

fMCI-TNT
Sykes Asia
2. Ms. Charito Chua Corporate Treasurer/ Cell. No. 09328706275/

Member of the Board 2095154
Professional Microfinance
Alliance, Inc.

144
Appendix F
Preliminary Interview

145
1. What was the watering process?
Answer: Just simply using manual watering or using hose connected to
the faucet.
2. What was the schedule of the watering process?
Answer: The schedule of watering process was done every morning.
3. Who was the responsible person in the watering process
Answer: The responsible person in watering was the school
maintenance.
4. How can monitor the watering process?
Answer: We can monitor the watering by simply asking the school
maintenance if the plants were already watered.
5. What was the assurance if the plants acquired enough water?
Answer: We cannot assure if the plants acquired enough water as long
as we know that the plants was being watered every day.

146
Appendix G
Relevant Source Codes

147
#include "SIM900.h"
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "sms.h"
#include <TimerOne.h>
SMSGSM sms;
int numdata;
boolean started=false;
char smsbuffer[160];
char n[20];
int SolValve = 12;
int Setvalue = 500;
int ValveOn = 0;
int ValveOff = 0;
void setup()
Timer1.initialize(500000);
Timer1.attachInterrupt( timerIsr );
pinMode(SolValve,OUTPUT);
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
//Serial connection.
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("GSM Shield testing.");
if (gsm.begin(2400)) {
Serial.println("\nstatus=READY");
started=true;

148
} else Serial.println("\nstatus=IDLE");
if(started) {
//Enable this two lines if you want to send an SMS.
// if (sms.SendSMS("09771512537", "Arduino SMS"))
// Serial.println("\nSMS sent OK");
};
void timerIsr()
digitalWrite( 13, digitalRead( 13 ) ^ 1 );
void smssending(){
if (digitalRead(SolValve)){
Serial.print("ValveOn = ");
Serial.println(ValveOn);
delay(200);
ValveOff = 1;
if(ValveOn == 1){
if (sms.SendSMS("09354170568", "Valve was on"))
Serial.println("\nSMS sent OK");
ValveOn = 0;

149
else{ Serial.print("ValveOff = ");
Serial.println(ValveOff);
delay(200);
ValveOn = 1;
if(ValveOff == 1){
if (sms.SendSMS("09354170568", "Valve was off"))
Serial.println("\nSMS sent OK");
ValveOff = 0;
void loop()
int SoilVal = analogRead(A0);
if(SoilVal < Setvalue )
{digitalWrite(SolValve,LOW);}
else
{digitalWrite(SolValve,HIGH);}
smssending();
};

150
Appendix H
Evaluation Tools

151
Appendix I
User’s Guide

152
1. Place the soil moisture sensor on the desired place in soil.
Figure I.1 Soil Moisture Sensor
2. Set the sprinkler to the desired place. Make sure that the connection of the
sprinkler to the solenoid valve was okay.

153
Figure I.2 Sprinkler
3. Put the water pump in water supply
Figure I.3 Water pump
4. Make sure that the connection of the water pump to the solenoid valve was
okay.
Figure I.4 Solenoid Valve

154
5. Connect the Ac adaptor to the outlet to start the device.
Figure I.5 Ac adaptor
6. Plug the water pump to begin the watering of plants.
Figure I.6 Watering Plants

155
7. Make sure that the sim card have enough load to send SMS to the user.
Figure I.7 Sending SMS

156
Appendix J
Market Analysis

157
Table J.1 Market Analysis
Specification Description Amount
Arduino Uno The Arduino Uno was a 1000.00 Php

microcontroller board
based on the ATmega328
(datasheet).
Soil Moisture Sensor Soil moisture sensors 350.00 Php

measure the volumetric
water content in soil.
Breadboad A board for making an 150.00 Php

experimental model of an
electric circuit.
Jumper Wire Short wire used to 150.00 Php

complete an electric circuit
or bypass a break in a
circuit
Relay A relay was an electrically 500.00 Php

operated switch.
Adaptor (AC/DC Power A device for connecting 250.00 Php

pieces of equipment that
Supply ) cannot be connected
directly.
GSM Module Used to establish 2,225.00 Php

communication between a
computer and a GSM-
GPRS system.
Sim Card A subscriber identity 40.00 Php

module was a smart card
that stores data for GSM
cellular telephone
subscribers.
Sprinkler A device for irrigation of 400.00 Php

lawns or crops.
PVC Pipe A tubular section, or 100.00 Php

hollow cylinder, made

158
of plastic.
Hose A hose was a flexible 40.00 Php
hollow tube designed to
carry fluids from one
location to another.
Total Amount 5,205.00
Maintainance Cost:
Maintainance Cost = Total Cost * .20
=(5,205.00)(.20)
Maintenance Cost = Php 1,041.00
Development Cost:
Profit = Total Cost * .50 – Maintenance Cost
= 5,205.00 * .50 – 1,041.00
= 1,561.5 – 1,041.00
=Php 520.50
Development Cost = Total Cost + (Total Cost * .30)
= 5,205.00 + 1,561.50
Development Cost = Php 6,766.50

159
Appendix K
Environmental Analysis

160
Components Toxic Non-toxic
Arduino Uno X
GSM Module X
Soil Moisture Sensor X
AC Adaptor X
Jumper Wire X
Relay Module X
Step down power supply X
module
Solenoid Valve X
Environmental Analysis
Environmental analysis was a strategic tool. It was a process to identify
all the external and internal elements, which can affect the organization’s
performance. The analysis entails assessing the level of threat or opportunity
the factors might present. These evaluations were later translated into the
decision-making process. The analysis helps align strategies with the firm’s
environment.
Table K.1 Environmental Analysis

161
Appendix L
Legal Implications

162
A decree instituting a water code, thereby revising and consolidating the
laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation,
development, conservation and protection of water resources
WHEREAS, Article XIV, Section 8 of the New Constitution of the Philippines
provides, inter alia, that all waters of the Philippines belong to the State;
WHEREAS, existing water legislations are piece-meal and inadequate to
cope with increasing scarcity of water and changing patterns of water use;
WHEREAS, there was a need for a Water Code based on rational concepts or
integrated and multipurpose management of water resources and sufficiently
flexible to adequately meet future developments;
WHEREAS, water was vital to national development and it has become
increasingly necessary for government to intervene actively in improving the
management of water resources;
CONTROL OF WATERS
Article 53. To promote the best interest and the coordinated protection of
flood plain lands, the Secretary of Public Works, Transportation and
Communications may declare flood control areas and promulgate guidelines
for governing flood plain management plans in these areas.
Article 54. In declared flood control areas, rules and regulations may be
promulgated to prohibit or control activities that may damage or cause

163
deterioration or lakes and dikes, obstruct the flow of water, change the natural
flow of the river, increase flood losses or aggravate flood problems.
Article 55. The government may construct necessary flood control structures
in declared flood control areas, and for this purpose it shall have a legal
easement as wide as may be needed along and adjacent to the river bank
and outside of the bed or channel of the river.
Article 56. River beds, sand bars and tidal flats may not be cultivated except
upon prior permission from the Secretary of the Department of Public Works,
Transportation and Communication and such permission shall not be granted
where such cultivation obstructs the flow of water or increase flood levels so
as to cause damage to other areas.
Article 57. Any person may erect levees or revetments to protect his property
from flood, encroachment by the river or change in the course of the river,
provided that such constructions does not cause damage to the property of
another.
Article 59. Rivers, lakes and lagoons may, upon the recommendation of the
Philippines Coast Guard, be declared navigable either in whole or in part.
Article 60. The rafting of logs and other objects on rivers and lakes which are
flotable may be controlled or prohibited during designated season of the year
with due regard to the needs of irrigation and domestic water supply and other
uses of water.

164
Article 61. The impounding of water in ponds or reservoirs may be prohibited
by the Council upon consultation with the Department of Health if it was
dangerous to public health, or it may order that such pond or reservoir be
drained if such was necessary for the protection of public health.
CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WATERS AND WATERSHEDS
AND RELATED LAND RESOURCES
Article 66. After due notice and hearing when warranted by circumstances,
minimum stream flows for rivers and streams, and minimum water levels for
lakes may be established by the Council under such conditions as may be
necessary for the protection of the environment, control of pollution,
navigation, prevention of salt damage, and general public use.
Article 67. Any watershed or any area of land adjacent to any surface water
or overlying any ground water may declared by the Department of Natural
Resources as protected area Rules and regulations may be promulgated by
such Department to prohibit or control such activities by the owners or
occupants thereof within the protected area which may damage or cause the
deterioration of the surface water or ground water or interfere with the
investigation, use, control, protection, management or administration of such
waters.

165
Article 68. It shall be the duty of any person in control of a well to prevent the
water from flowing on the surface of the land, or into any surface water, or any
porous stratum under neath the surface without being beneficially used.
Article 69. It shall be the duty of any person in control of a well containing
water with minerals or other substances injurious to man, animals, agriculture,
and vegetation to prevent such waters from flowing on the surface of the land
or into any surface water or into any other aquifer or porous stratum.
Article 70. No person shall utilize an existing well or pond or spread waters
for recharging substerranean or ground water supplies without prior
permission of the Council.
Article 71. To promote better water conservation and usage for irrigation
purposes, the merger of irrigation associations and the appropriation of waters
by associations instead of by individuals shall be encouraged.
No water permit shall be granted to an individual when his water requirement
can be supplied through an irrigation association.
Article 72. In the consideration of a proposed water resource project, due
regard shall be given to ecological changes resulting from the construction of
the project in order to balance the needs of development and the protection of
the environment.
Article 73. The conservation of fish and wildlife shall receive proper
consideration and shall be coordinated with other features of water resources

166
development programs to insure that fish and wildlife values receive equal
attention with other project purposes.
Article 74. Swamps and marshes which are owned by the State and which
primary value for waterfowl propagation or other wildlife purposes may be
reserved and protected from drainage operation and development.
Article 75. No person shall, without prior permission from the National
Pollution Control Commission, build any works that may produce dangerous
or noxious substances or perform any act which may result in the introduction
of sewage, industrial waste, or any pollutant into any source of water supply.
Water pollution was the impairment of the quality of water beyond a certain
standard. This standard may vary according to the use of the water and shall
be set by the National Pollution Control Commission.
Article 76. The establishment of cemeteries and waste disposal areas that
may affect the source of a water supply or a reservoir for domestic or
municipal use shall be subject to the rules and regulations promulgated by the
Department of Health.
Article 77. Tailings from mining operations and sediments from placer mining
shall not be dumped into rivers and waterways without prior permission from
the Council upon recommendation by the National Pollution Control
Commission.

167
Article 78. The application of agricultural fertiliers and pesticides may be
prohibited or regulated by the National Pollution Control Commission in the
areas where such application may cause pollution of a source of water supply.
Promulgating the Plant Quarantine Law of 1978, thereby revising and
consolidating existing plant quarantine laws to further improve and
strengthen the plant quarantine service of the bureau of plant industry.
WHEREAS, economic losses due to injury on agricultural crops
brought about by plant pests have become increasingly significant;
WHEREAS, the prevention of introduction, incursion, establishment
and subsequent spread of plant pests by regulating the international and
domestic movements of plants and plant products, was considered more
practical and economical than any other method of plant pest control;
WHEREAS, modern means of transportation and handling of imports
and exports have favored the expeditious and extensive movements of plants
and plant products, thereby, increasing the risk of plant pest introduction
and/or incursion;
WHEREAS, plant quarantine was basically and essentially a
preventive measure, it being the actual frontline defense against the
introduction or incursion into the country of plant pests which are destructive.

168
WHEREAS, some of the provisions of Act No. 3027 dated March 8,
1922, entitled, "an act to protect the agricultural industries of the Philippine
islands from injurious plant pests and diseases existing in foreign countries
and further to regulate the domestic movement of the plant materials in order
to minimize the injury from pests and diseases already introduced" and act no.
3767, dated november 26, 1930, entitled "an act regulating the importation,
bringing or introduction into the philippine islands of living animals, such as
insects, birds, crustaceans, bats, mollusks, reptiles, mammals, and other
animals, not falling within the scope of the term 'domestic animals' as
provided and defined in section four of act numbered thirty-six hundred and
thirty-nine, in order to protect the agricultural industries of this country and for
other purposes" are no longer relevant and applicable to the protection of
plant industries of this country, and therefore, require urgent and immediate
modification.
WHEREAS, the Plant Quarantine rules and regulations of the
Philippines must be compatible with those of other countries and with the
provisions of the Food and Agriculture Organization - International Plant
Protection Convention of the United Nations to which the Philippines was a
signatory;
WHEREAS, the attainment of the foregoing objectives require the
necessary improvement and strengthening of the Plant Quarantine Services

169
of the Bureau of Plant Industry by providing adequate laws; regulations;
resources and facilities; and incentives to Plant Quarantine Officers.
SEC. 3. Importation of plants and plant products. — The importation and/or
introduction into the Philippines of plants, plant products, soil, packing
materials of plant origin capable of harboring and are a source of medium of
infection/infestation of plant pests, was hereby restricted subject to such
quarantine orders, rules and regulations as may be promulgated, from time to
time, by the Director with the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture.
SEC. 5. Commodities in transit. — Commodities mentioned under Section 3
and 4 of this Decree, as well as, food provisions of plant origin and plant
ornaments on board carriers, that are in transit shall be required of a
clearance from the Plant Quarantine Officers assigned at the port concerned.
SEC. 6. Exportation of plants and plant products. — The Director and/or
Plant Quarantine Officers shall cause the inspection and phytosanitary
certification of all plants, plant products and other related materials capable of
harboring plant pests, if the importing country so requires.
SEC. 7. Inspection of plants/plants products, potential animal pests, and
other materials.— The Director shall cause the appropriate inspection, of the
commodities mentioned in Sections 3, 4 5 and 6 and to apply the necessary
plant quarantine measures in order to attain the objectives of this Decree.

170
WATER CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Implementing Rules and Regulations
Pursuant to the Water Code of the Philippines (the “Water Code”)
vesting upon the National Water Resources Board (the NWRB) the
administration and enforcement of the provisions thereof, the following rules
and regulations are hereby promulgated:
RULE I
APPROPRIATION AND UTILIZATION OF WATERS
1. Use of water for irrigation was the utilization of water for producing
agricultural crops.
2. Use of water for industrial purposes was the utilization of water in
factories, industrial plants and mines including the use of water as an
ingredient of a finished product.
Water Permit for Irrigation Use
1. Proof of land ownership of, legal title to, or right to use, the property
on which the water source was situated;
2. Certificate of Registration from relevant agencies i.e Department of
Trade and Industry (DTI), Cooperative and Development Authority
(CDA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) with Articles of
Incorporation (for Corporation or Association) including Corporate

171
Secretary’s Certification on present capital structure stating the
citizenship and the number of shares of each stockholder;
3. Vicinity Map/Location Plan with scale 1:50,000 showing the exact
location of the point of diversion;
4. General layout of the system, including delineation of area
indicating hectarage for which water would be used and adjoining
lands and the corresponding owners duly indicated relative to the
point of diversion;
5. Well Drilling Data (in case of existing groundwater source);
6. Environmental Compliance Certificate (for projects considered as
Environmentally Critical Projects or projects located in
Environmentally Critical Areas) or Certificate of Non-Coverage from
DENR -Regional Office; and Such other documents that may be
required by the Board.
General Information About 35 U.S.C. 161 Plant Patents
This publication provides a basic and understandable overview of plant
patents. It would help prospective plant patent applicants to:
 Identify what types of plants were patentable under the provisions of 35
U.S.C. 161.
 Present the legal requirements for attaining a plant patent in terms
which can be understood by attorneys, plant breeders, growers and
gardeners.
 Present the formal requirements of an application for plant patents.

172
 Assist in gathering and organizing sufficient information for preparation
of a plant patent application.
 Summarize the typical steps which were performed by the Patent and
Trademark Office.
 Indicate where further information can be attained.
Patent for Electronic Household Plant Watering Device
A compact electronic device automatically waters household plants by
collecting ambient air moisture. The device utilizes the Peltier effect to
condense atmospheric moisture which was used in a controlled manner to
supply water to a plant. The device includes a thermoelectric module, a
microcontroller, a micro-fan, a moisture sensitive probe and an external power
supply.
Technological Field
The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for
watering plants and, more specifically, to automatic plant watering devices.
Background of the Invention
Cultivated plants have long been used in the home, office and other
buildings in order to beautify the surroundings. More recently, a number of
health benefits have been attributed to the presence of household plants.
Generally, all household plants must be periodically watered in order to

173
maintain plant growth. The frequency of watering which was required varies
with the plant, the soil characteristics and the environment. It was known that
one of the principal causes of plant death was due to an improper watering
regime resulting from inadequate or excessive watering.
European patent number 87-074115/11 describes a plant cover roofing
which collects water and supplies it to underlying plants in a controlled
manner. U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,261, entitled, "MOISTURE SENSITIVE SELF-
WATERING PLANTER" discloses a moisture sensitive self-watering planter
having a control valve that controls the flow of water to the plant. The control
valve was actuated in response to a decrease in the weight of the soil as the
soil loses moisture. U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,437, entitled "MOISTURE SENSITIVE
IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM," discloses a similar weight-based control
system for actuating a water valve. None of these prior art patents discloses
an automatic plant watering device as provided by the present invention.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention was based in part on the fact that a
thermoelectric module (Peltier principle) can be cooled beyond the dew point
and can collect moisture from ambient air. Therefore ambient air moisture can
be used as a direct water source for household plants.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a self-watering device for
household plants comprising at least one thermoelectric module to allow
condensation of moisture from the air.

174
In another aspect a microcontroller was provided which permits overall
control of the system. In one embodiment, the microcontroller has a timer to
ensure that adequate soil moisture was attained within a reasonable time
period.
In another aspect of the present invention a probe was provided which
continuously measures soil water content and controls a main override switch
for the thermoelectric module, shutting off the power to the device and the
micro-fan once the desired level of soil moisture was attained.
In one aspect, the present invention allows the collected moisture to be
automatically regulated on a continuous basis by controlling the operation of
the thermoelectric module with a microcontroller in conjunction with a soil
moisture probe, thereby ensuring optimal plant growth with little or no
maintenance.
In another aspect, the microcontroller produces a warning signal which
indicates that additional (external) water should be added.
Thus, it was an object of the present invention to eliminate or
substantially reduce the need for periodic watering of a potted plant.
It was a further object of the present invention to ensure that the level
of soil moisture in a household plant was adequate and was continuously
monitored and regulated.

175
Appendix M
Gantt Chart

176
Table M.1 Gantt Chart

177
Appendix N
Progress Report

178
Progress Report
Introduction
Progress of the proposed project: Development of Automated Watering
Plants with SMS alert. Hereby, the assignment development and
accomplishment schedules of the tasks reflected on the Gantt chart were
promptly described towards the project developments progress evaluation.
TASK 1.
Searching for Subject Company
INCLUSIVE DATES: 6-7-16 to 7-5-16
DESCRIPTION:
For (9) days the proponents ventured searching for a prospective
company. The proponents decided to look for a company near Bagong Barrio,
Caloocan. It was quite a challenging task going around along Bagong Barrio
for finding such companies. Fortunately, the proponents were able to catch
one, a school, in Bagong Barrio, Caloocan making it the subject company for
this project. The name of the school was Bonifacio Memorial School. The
home study program offered by the school was the watering plants.

179
TASK 2:
Conducting the Initial Interview
DESCRIPTON:
In this period, the proponents have conducted an initial interview with
the key informant of the research project, Mr. Luisito Cleto. Principal at BMS.
Necessary inquiries were asked and tackled upon towards getting to know the
background of the school and the existing problem or problems being
encountered by the said entity which the development of the project can
address and alleviate.
TASK 3:
Analyzing the Existing Problem
INCLUSIE DATES: 7-12-16 to 8-11-16
DESCRIPTION:
Upon being cognizant that the school’s Watering Plants has been
encountering inconvenience in giving information about the watering of plants
used in the program, the proponents came up with the idea of developing an
automated watering plant that can help the school in watering of the plants.

180
TASK 4:
Documenting the Study
DESCRIPTION:
Aimed at more than (7) seven months, the proponents were on scheme
documenting this study. All the necessary documents were prepared
consequently from the preliminaries, through chapters and appendices with
relevant attachments. The documentation of this study was intended to
discuss all the necessary information as regards to the project development
and as such, to serve as reference for the future researchers that pursuit of
conducting same-natured studies.
TASK 5:
Developing the Project
DESCRIPTION:
Intended for more than six (6) months, the proponents engineered the
proposed project. The ideas and concepts formed from the analysis of the
problem were applied to use in project development and thus the following
stages of project development were worked out with the requirements stage,

181
design stage, implementing and unit testing stage, integration and project
testing stage and cooperation stage. All this stages derived were functional
student portal project.
TASK 6:
Testing and Evaluating the Project
DESCRIPTION:
Subsequently the proposed project was developed rolled it down to the
subject company (BMS). On the last day of the above period, a survey was
permitted and fascinated to the teachers, students and alone IT personnel in
SJAB. Thirty (30) respondents were considered in the pursuit.
TASK 7:
Analyzing the Survey Results
DESCRIPTION:
The data gathered from the conducted survey were analyzed by the
proponents for the study’s statistical treatment. Each respondents rating was
carefully tabulated in order to derive a credible and unbiased findings or
result. The Likert’s Scale method was towards the rating scheme of the
respondents.

182
TASK 8:
Operating the Proposed Project
DESCRIPTION:
The final task in the entire study of the proponents was to operate the
project. The fully-developed project was presented to the faculty of AICS’s
Computer Science Department for further recommendations and
disparagements. Necessary revisions were accomplished in this period.

183
Appendix O
Computation for
Statistical Treatment

184
Cost – Effectiveness of the Proposed Project Development
I. Computation of Frequency
Formula:
ni ni
fi = N = n
i i
where,
fi = the average frequency of an event
ni = the number of observed event(s)
N = the total number of events
Solution:
Excellent:
f = (1)/1
f=1
Very Good:
f= (15)/1
f= 15
Good:

185
f = (14)/1
f= 14
Satisfactory:
f = (0)/1
f= 0
Fair:
f= (0)/1
f= 0
Excellent Very Good Good Satisfactory Fair Total
1 15 14 0 0 30
II. Computation of Percentage
Formula:
fi
P= x 100
N
where,
P = the percentage value
fi = the observed frequency of an event
N = the total number of events/sample

186
Solution:
Excellent:
P = (1/30) * 100
P=3%
Very Good:
P = (15/30) * 100
P = 57%
Good:
P = (14/30) * 100
P = 47%
Satisfactory:
P = (0/30) * 100
P = 0%
Fair:
P = (0/20) * 100
P=0%

187
3% 57% 47% 0% 0% 100%
III. Computation of Mean
Formula:
X 
x
n
where:
X = mean of the ungrouped data
 x = sum of the observed frequencies
N = total number of observation in the sample
Solution:
X  (1  15  14) / 5  6
Category Items Actual Observation Per Respondents

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 5 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4
Cost 2 4 5 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3
-Effectiveness
3 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3
Category Items Actual Observation Per Respondents Mean

No. per
row

188
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 4 5 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3.83
Cost- 2 3 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3.53
Effectiveness
3 3 5 3 4 2 4 3 4 3 3 3.43
IV. Computation of Chi - Square
Formula:
(O  E ) 2

2
x E
, with df = c-1
where,
X 2 = computed Chi - Square value
O = observed frequency
E = expected frequency
df = degrees of freedom
C = total number of columns
 = level of significance
H0 There was no significant difference in the evaluations respondents in
terms of the overall Cost - Effectiveness feature of the proposed development
of automated watering plants with SMS alert.

189
H1 There was a significant difference in the respondents in terms of the
overall Cost - Effectiveness feature of the proposed development of
automated watering plants with SMS alert.
Level of Significance α = 0.05
Rejection Region : Reject Ho if X2 Computed  X2 Table
Computation:
X2 = [(1-4)2 /4]+ [(15-4)2/4]+[(14-4)2/4]+[(0-4)2/4]+[(0-4)2/4] = 2.25+ 30.25 + 25 +
4 .00 +4.00 = 65.50
O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
1 4 -3 9 2.25
15 4 11 121 30.25
14 4 10 100 25
0 4 4 16 4
0 4 4 16 4
X2 Computed 65.50
Statistical Decision Reject Ho since the computed value of Chi- Square
(65.50) was greater than the critical or tabular value (23.50) at 0.05 level of
significance with 4 degrees of freedom.
X2 Computed > X2 Table

190
Interpretation /Conclusion: In this case, the proponents concluded that
there was a significant difference in the evaluations of the respondents in
terms of the overall Cost – Effectiveness feature of the proposed development
of automated watering plants with SMS alert. The ability of the system to send
SMS to the users to provide information and ability to manage and to keep
existing user accounts and information have possessed significant rating
difference.
Design of the Proposed Project Development
Formula:
ni ni
fi = N = n
i i
where,
Solution:
Excellent:
f = (1)/1
f= 1
Very Good:

191
f= (8)/1
f= 8
Good:
f = (16)/1
f= 16
Satisfactory:
f = (5)/1
f= 5
Fair:
f= (0)/1
f= 0
1 8 16 5 0 30
Formula:
fi
P= x 100
N
where,

192
Solution:
Excellent:
P = (1/30) * 100
P = 3%
Very Good:
P = (8/30) * 100
P = 27%
Good:
P = (16/30) * 100
P = 53%
Satisfactory:
P = (5/30) * 100
P = 17%
Fair:
P = (0/30) * 100

193
P=0%
3% 27% 53% 17% 0% 100%
Formula:
X 
x
n
where:
Solution:
X  (1  8  16  5) / 5  6

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 5 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 2 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 2

194
Design 3 4 5 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 3

No. per
row
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 2 3.16
Design 2 3 5 3 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 3.23
3 3 4 4 4 2 3 2 3 3 2 3
Formula:
(O  E ) 2

2
x E
, with df = c-1
where,

195
terms of the overall design feature of the proposed development of automated
watering plants with SMS alert.
overall design feature of the proposed development of automated watering
plants with SMS alert.
Rejection Region: Reject Ho if X2 Computed  X2 Table
Computation:
X2 = [(1-4)2/4]+ [(8-4)2/4]+[(16-4)2/4]+[(5-4)2/4]+[(0-4)2/4] = 2.25+ 4 + 36 + 0 .25
+ 4.00 = 46.50
O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
1 4 -3 9 2.25
8 4 4 16 4
16 4 12 144 36
5 4 1 1 0.25
0 4 4 16 4
X2 Computed 46.50

196
terms of the overall design feature of the proposed development of automated
watering plants with SMS alert. The ability of the system to send SMS to the
users to provide information and ability to manage and to keep existing user
accounts and information have possessed significant rating difference.
Functionality of the Proposed Project Development
Formula:
ni ni
fi = N = n
i i
where,

197
Solution:
Excellent:
f = (2)/1
f= 2
Very Good:
f= (8)/1
f= 8
Good:
f = (10)/1
f= 10
Satisfactory:
f = (10)/1
f= 10
Fair:
f= (0)/1
f= 0

198
2 8 10 10 0 30
Formula:
fi
P= x 100
N
where,
Solution:
Excellent:
P = (2/30) * 100
P= 6.67%
Very Good:
P = (8/30) * 100
P= 26.67%

199
Good:
P = (10/30) * 100
P= 33.33%
Satisfactory:
P = (10/30) * 100
P= 33.33%
Fair:
P = (0/20) * 100
P= 0 %
6.67% 26.67% 33.33% 33.33% 0% 100%
Formula:
X 
x
n
where:

200
n= total number of observation in the sample
Solution:
X  ( 2  8  10  10) / 5  6

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 5 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 3 2
2 5 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3
Functionality
3 4 4 4 5 4 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 4 2 2 2

No. per
row
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 2 5 2 4 2 4 2 3 2 2 3.03
2 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 3 4.56
Functionality
3 3 5 2 5 2 5 2 4 4 2 3.16
Formula:
(O  E ) 2

2
x E
, with df = c-1
where,

201
Ho There was no significant difference in the evaluations respondents in
terms of the overall functionality feature of the proposed development of
overall functionality feature of the proposed development of automated
Level of Significance  = 0.05
Computation:
X2 = [(2-4)2/4]+ [(8-4)2/4]+[(10-4)2/4]+[(10-4)2/4]+[(0-4)2/4] = 1.00 + 4.00 + 9.00
+ 9.00 + 4.00 = 27.00
O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2E
2 4 -2 4 1
8 4 4 16 4
10 4 6 36 9

202
10 4 6 36 9
0 4 4 16 4
X2 Computed 27
(27) was greater than the critical or tabular value (9.49) at 0.05 level of
terms of the overall functionality feature of the proposed development of
automated watering plants with SMS alert. The ability of the project to send
difference.
Maintainability of the Proposed Project Development
Formula:
ni ni
fi = N = n
i i

203
where,
Solution:
Excellent:
f = (2)/1
f= 2
Very Good:
f= (7)/1
f=7
Good:
f = (15)/1
f=15
Satisfactory:
f = (6)/1
f= 6
Fair:

204
f= (0)/1
f= 0
2 7 15 6 0 30
Formula:
fi
P= x 100
N
where,
Solution:
Excellent:
P = (2/30) * 100
P= 6.67 %
Very Good:

205
P = (7/30) * 100
P= 23.33%
Good:
P = (15/30) * 100
P= 50%
Satisfactory:
P = (6/30) * 100
P= 20%
Fair:
P = (0/57) * 100
P= 0 %
6.67% 23.33 % 50% 20% 0% 100%
Formula:
X 
x
n

206
where:
Solution:
X  ( 2  7  15  6) / 5  6

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 5 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3
Maintainability 2 5 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 3 2 3 2
3 5 3 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 2

No. per
row
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 2 5 3 4 2 2 3 4 3 3 3.3
Maintainability 2 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 2 2 3.1
3 3 5 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 2 3.06
Formula:
(O  E ) 2

2
x E
, with df = c-1

207
Where,
terms of the overall maintainability feature of the proposed development of
overall maintainability feature of the proposed development of automated
Computation:
X2 = [(2-4)2/4]+ [(7-4)2/4]+[(15-4)2/4]+[(6-4)2/4]+[(0-4)2/4] = 1.00+ 2.25 + 30.25 +
1.00 + 4.00 = 38.50

208
2 4 -2 4 1.00
7 4 3 9 2.25
15 4 11 121 30.25
6 4 2 4 1.00
0 4 -4 16 4.00
X2 Computed 38.50
terms of the overall maintainability feature of the proposed development of
difference.

209
Reliability of the Proposed Project Development
Formula:
ni ni
fi = N = n
i i
where,
Solution:
Excellent:
f = (2)/1
f= 2
Very Good:
f= (9)/1
f= 9
Good:

210
f = (12)/1
f= 12
Satisfactory:
f = (7)/1
f= 7
Fair:
f= (0)/1
f= 0
2 9 12 7 0 30
Formula:
fi
P= x 100
N
where,

211
Solution:
Excellent:
P = (2/30) * 100
P= 6.67 %
Very Good:
P = (9/30) * 100
P= 30%
Good:
P = (12/30) * 100
P= 40%
Satisfactory:
P = (7/30) * 100
P= 23.33%
Fair:
P = (0/30) * 100
P= 0 %

212
6.67% 30% 40% 23.33% 0 100%
Formula:
X 
x
n
where:
Solution:
X  ( 2  9  12  7) / 5  6

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 2
Reliability 2 4 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 3 4 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2

No. per
row

213
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 3 5 2 4 2 2 2 4 3 2 3.13
Reliability 2 3 3 3 4 2 5 3 5 2 3 3.33
3 2 5 2 3 2 2 2 5 3 2 2.8
Formula:
(O  E ) 2

2
x E
, with df = c-1
Where,
terms of the overall reliability feature of the proposed development of

214
overall reliability feature of the proposed development of automated watering
Computation:
X2 = [(2-4)2/4]+ [(9-4)2/4]+[(12-4)2/4]+[(7-4)2/4]+[(0-4)2/4] = 1 + 6.25 + 20.25+
2.25 + 4.00 = 33.75
2 4 -2 4 1
9 4 5 25 6.25
12 4 9 81 20.25
7 4 3 9 2.25
0 4 4 16 4
X2 Compute 33.75

215
terms of the overall reliability feature of the proposed development of
difference.
Safety of the Proposed Project Development
Formula:
ni ni
fi = N = n
i i
where,
Solution:
Excellent:
f = (2)/1
f= 2

216
Very Good:
f= (7)/1
f= 7
Good:
f = (17)/1
f= 17
Satisfactory:
f = (4)/1
f= 4
Fair:
f= (0)/1
f= 0
2 7 17 4 0 30
Formula:

217
fi
P= x 100
N
where,
Solution:
Excellent:
P = (2/30) * 100
P = 7%
Very Good:
P = (7/30) * 100
P =23%
Good:
P = (17/30) * 100
P = 57%
Satisfactory:
P = (4/30) * 100

218
P = 13%
Fair:
P = (0/20) * 100
P= 0 %
7% 23% 57% 13% 0% 100%
Formula:
X 
x
n
where,
Solution:
X  ( 2  7  17  4) / 5  6

219

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 5 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 4 2 2
Safety 2 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 3
3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2

No. per
row
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 3 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3.03
Safety 2 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3.6
3 3 4 3 3 2 4 2 4 2 3 3.06
Formula:
(O  E ) 2

2
x E
, with df = c-1
where

220
terms of the overall safety feature of the proposed development of automated
overall safety feature of the proposed development of automated watering
Rejection Region : Reject Ho if X2 Computed  X2 Table
Computation:
X2 = [(2-4)2/4]+ [(7-4)2/4]+[(17-4)2/4]+[(4-4)2/4]+[(0-4)2/4] = 1+ 2.25 + 42.25 + 4 .
00 +4.00 = 53.50
O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
2 4 -2 4 1
7 4 3 9 2.25
17 4 13 169 42.25
4 4 4 16 4
0 4 4 16 4
X2 Computed 53.50

221
terms of the overall safety feature of the proposed development of automated
watering plants with SMS alert. The ability of the project to send SMS to the
users to provide information and ability to manage and to keep existing user
accounts and information have possessed significant rating difference.
Usability of the Proposed Project Development
Formula:
ni ni
fi = N = n
i i
where,
Solution:

222
Excellent:
f = (1)/1
f= 1
Very Good:
f= (7)/1
f= 7
Good:
f = (15)/1
f= 15
Satisfactory:
f = (7)/1
f= 7
Fair:
f= (0)/1
f= 0
1 7 15 7 0 30

223
Formula:
fi
P= x 100
N
where,
Solution:
Excellent:
P = (1/30) * 100
P= 3.33%
Very Good:
P = (7/30) * 100
P= 23.33%
Good:
P = (15/30) * 100

224
P= 50%
Satisfactory:
P = (7/30) * 100
P= 23.33%
Fair:
P = (0/20) * 100
P= 0 %
3.33% 23.33% 50% 23.33% 0% 100%
Formula:
X 
x
n
where:

225
Solution:
X  (1  7  15  7  / 5  6

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3
Usability 2 4 4 4 5 3 3 4 5 4 2 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 2
3 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 2 2

No. per
row
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 3 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3.4
Usability 2 3 4 2 3 2 4 2 4 3 2 3.16
3 2 4 3 4 3 2 3 5 4 2 3.2
Formula:
(O  E ) 2

2
x E
, with df = c-1
where,

226
terms of the overall usability feature of the proposed development of
overall usability feature of the proposed development of automated watering
Computation:
X2 = [(1-4)2/4]+ [(7-4)2/4]+[(15-4)2/4]+[(7-4)2/4]+[(0-4)2/4] = 2.25 + 2.25 + 30.25
+ 2.25 + 4.00 = 41
1 4 -3 9 2.25
7 4 3 9 2.25
15 4 11 121 30.25
7 4 3 9 2.25
0 4 -4 16 4
X2 Computed 41

227
(41) was greater than the critical or tabular value (9.49) at 0.05 level of
terms of the overall usability feature of the proposed development of
automated watering plants with SMS alert. The ability of the device to send
existing user counts and information have possessed significant rating
difference.

228
Appendix P
Curriculum Vitae

229
Christine Joy A. Almonte

Blk J-16 L-17 Brgy. Sta Cruz II, Dasmariñas city,Cavite
Philippines, 4114
Mobile No.: (+63)9351111300
Email Add: clumssiemee@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES
To secure a position where I can efficiently contribute my skills and abilities to the growth of
the organization and build my professional career.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Full Name: Christine Joy A. Almonte

Age: 20
Date of Birth: October 20, 1996
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Baptist
Language Spoken: English and Filipino
Computer Skills: Computer Literate
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
June 2013-March 2015 Asian Institute of Computer Studies

Dasmariñas, Cavite
2 year Computer Science

230
June 2015-Present Asian Institute of Computer Studies

Caloocan City
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
On the Job Training November 2014 – April 2015
Land Bank of the Philippines- Dasmariñas,Cavite
Cavite Lending Center
On the Job Training November 2016 – January 2017
Municipal of Caloocan City Caloocan city
Office of the Vice Mayor
SEMINARS & TRAINING ATTENDED
 Java Programming Course

Asian Institute of Computer Studies June 2014 – October 2014
 Unix Essentials featuring Solaris 10 Operating System
Asian Institute of Computer Studies November 2014 – March2015
 Oracle9i: Database Administration Fundamentals 1
 Oracle Database 10g : Introduction to SQL
Asian Institute of Computer Studies October 2014 – March 2015
 CCNA Routing and Switching: Introduction to Networks
 CCNA Routing and Switching: Routing and Switching Essentials
 CCNA Routing and Switching: Connecting Networks
 CCNA Routing and Switching: Scaling Networks
Asian Institute of Computer StudiesOctober 2014 – March 2015
REFERENCES
Bia Payabyab 0905-7663684
Yamaha Customer service support

231
Rina Jean Ombid 09397198900
OB. Montessori Center INC Science laboratory

assistant/ custodian
CHRISTILLE PAGALAN ARCEGA

#186 Sampaloc St. Libtong, Meycauayan City, Bulacan
Contact # 09303097053
E-mail add: christillearcega@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVES
A position that will enable me to share my capabilities and skills for the success of the
business and to gain more knowledge and experience about the business world.
Date of Birth : December 24, 1994
Place of Birth : Valenzuela City
Age : 22
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
SKILLS : Knowledgeable in basic MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint,

Access, Java, Oracle, Cisco Networking, Accounting and Visual Basic

232
Tertiary
2015 - up to present College Degree in Computer Science
410 D N 1 bldg. Edsa corner, Caloocan City
Tertiary
2011 - 2013 College Degree in Computer Science
2 yrs Computer Science
Ibayo, Marilao, Bulacan
Secondary
2007 – 2011 Vicente P. Trinidad National High School

Punturin, Valenzuela, City
Primary
2001 – 2007 Cabotonan Elementary School
Cabotonan, Lagonoy, Camarines Sur
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
November 3, 2012 – January 21, 2013 Accounting Staff/Encoder
On the Job Training(OJT) Known Industries
Malhacan Meycauayan City, Bulacan
November 17, 2016 – January 24, 2017 Vice Mayor’s Office
On the Job Training Municipal of Caloocan
REFERENCES

233
Mrs. Edna Getuaban
Head admin. Of Asian Institute of Computer studies
044-815-3959
Mr. William Pablo
Accounting Staff of Greenwich Balagtas
(0933) 1271542
CLAUDINE A. LONOZA
628 B. Urutia St. Malanday Valenzuela City
Philippines, 1300
Mobile No.: (+63)935-4170568
Email Add: lonozaclaudine@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES
Seeking a fulfilling position that offers growth opportunities and allows me to utilize my
leadership skills and experience.
Full Name: Claudine Aguilar Lonoza

Age: 19
Date of Birth: January 22, 1998
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language Spoken: English and Filipino
Computer Skills: Computer Literate
June 2013-March 2015 Asian Institute of Computer Studies Marilao,bulacan

nd
2 year Computer Science
June 2015-Present Asian Institute of Computer Studies Caloocan City


234
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
Marketing April 2016 – June 2016

F.S Dulalia Realty Incorporation Quezon city
HR-Personnel (On the Job Training) October 2014 – December 2015

Indo Phil Group of Companies Lambakin, Marilao, bulacan
City health office(Special Program for Employment of Students) April 2013 – May 2013
City Government of Valenzuela Malanday, Valenzuela city
Municipal of Caloocan City November 2016 – January 2017

Vice Mayor Office Caloocan City
 Java Programming Course

 Unix Essentials featuring Solaris 10 Operating System
Asian Institute of Computer Studies November 2014 – March2015
 Oracle9i: Database Administration Fundamentals 1
 Oracle Database 10g : Introduction to SQL
 CCNA Routing and Switching: Introduction to Networks
 CCNA Routing and Switching: Routing and Switching Essentials
 CCNA Routing and Switching: Connecting Networks
 CCNA Routing and Switching: Scaling Networks
Asian Institute of Computer StudiesOctober 2014 – March 2015
 Philippine National Red Cross
Basic Life Support Adult Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training for Lay Rescuers
Dalandanan National High School April 06, 2011
 Philippine National Red Cross
First Aid Training
Dalandanan National High School April 04-05, 2011
REFERENCES
Daniel C. Caneso 0935-596-8017

235
Concentrix technical support
Victoria Libao 0917-743-2341

Baby Care Learning Center Teacher
MICHELLE JOY S. MAGNO

B4 L12 Augustine Grove Villas, Dasmariñas City, Cavite
Mobile Phone: (0926)9724471/ (0919)8334145
Email address: michellejoymagno28@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVES
Willing to be trained and be able to work, in which I have the

opportunity to assist in relization of its goal while at the same
time being exposed to an environment where my skills and
capabilities will be fully utilized. With that, my capabilities will
uplift and creating a more qualified person suited for my desire
job.
Age : 28 y/o
Date of Birth : Nov. 28, 1988
Height : 5’2”
Weight : 60 kgs.
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic

236
Tertiary:
2013 - 2017
Asian Institute of Computer Studies – Caloocan Branch
410 D AND 1 BLDG,. Edsa, Caloocan City
General Electronics (2005 – 2006)

Hotel and Restaurant Services (2007)
Computer Literacy (2007 – 2008)
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
Tayuman, Tondo Manila
Secondary:
Rafael B. Lacson Memorial High School
Talisay City, Negros Occidental
2001 – 2005
Primary:
Tayabas Elementary School
Talisay City, Negros Occidental
1995 – 2001
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
Position: Production Operator

Company: JAE Philippines, Inc.
Gateway Business Park, Javalera Gen. Trias, Cavite, Phil.
Inclusive date: April 28, 2010 – May 24, 2013
Position: Cashier
Company: Mercantile Stores Group, Inc.
SM Dasmariñas, Cavite
Governor’s Drive, Brgy. Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas, Cavite
Inclusive date: February 26, 2009 – July 20, 2009
Cabin Stewarding Course”

CSM Training Center Inc.
Suite 5A G/F Midland Plaza Hotel, Ermita Manila
June 12 – 22, 2007
REFERENCES
Mr. Aerob C. Robles

237
AICS Dasmariñas Instructor

Mobile Phone: (0910)7364242 / (0935)5108220
Mrs. Joyce Ann D. Samante

AICS Dasmariñas Instructor
Mobile Phone: (0949)3437077
Ms. Juliet Andrea B. Pascual

Hotel Frendy Manila Officer-in-Charge
Tel. No.: (632) 526-4211 to 44 (632) 526-4219 to 20

238

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ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES

410 D and I Bldg, Edsa Corner, Caloocan City

and easier endeavor. Nowadays, people witnessed a shift in the role

technology playing in society and may continue to play for generations to

use various technologies to accomplish specific task in lives. As the world

life. Technology helps people to lessen work in different fields of Industry.

When social development raised to its peak, the importance of technology

technology, many automatic devices had been introduced in watering of

the students, teachers as well as the school maintenance of Bonifacio

Memorial Elementary School in monitoring the soil humidity and minimized

the work in watering plants.

often associated with important subsequent changes and may affect

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

agriculture and water resources. When people keep on wasting water

especially in watering of plants, these practices has a negative impact when

the phenomenon occurs.

The proponents proposed the Automated Watering Plants with SMS

Alert to the Bonifacio Memorial Elementary School. This project would be a

good investment for Bonifacio Memorial Elementary School. Automatic

such as electrical resistance, the electric constant or interaction with neutrons,

GSM network which connects and inserted into mobile phone.

would be possible to users to use SMS to monitor directly the conditions of

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

conditions in accordance with the water needs of plants.

The project aimed to help the school maintenance to monitor the

schedule for watering plants was maintained. Automation of watering of plants

also give additional knowledge and provide a better technology.

an automated watering device for Bonifacio Memorial Elementary School

automated sprinkling device. The proponents used Arduino to automate the

consuming and must be done on timely bases.

The proponents developed Automated Plant Watering Device by

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

require any human support to perform the operations permanently.

Purpose and Description

A primary purpose of the development of automated watering device

conservation and time management was substantial for gardeners. The

other important tasks.

An automated watering device was an improvement project worth

needs without over watering or under watering. An automated watering

demand, controlling and maintaining the watering system. These systems

use of water while promoting environmentalism.

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Objectives of the Study

The proponents aimed to develop an Automated Watering Plants with

1. To develop an automated watering of plants with SMS alert to

water the plants without supervision.

2. To integrate the concept of control system for automatic

watering of plants using Arduino Uno and SMS alert through

3. To test and evaluate the efficiency of the developed device with

the following criteria:

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Scope and Delimitations

Automated watering of plants with SMS alert for Bonifacio Memorial

to the Arduino GSM module capable of sending SMS.

for notifying the user.

plant growth such as light and humidity.

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Review of Related Literature

proposed project. References were taken from published and unpublished

studies must be done for the development of the system.

A Conceptual literature defines as an analytical tool with several

variations and contexts. It was used to make conceptual distinctions and