Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir BASIC KNOWLEDGE 

Atom & Molecules 

(a)  The  samllest  particle  a  matter  that  takes  part in a chemical reaction and maintains its identity 
through  out  the  chemical  reaction  is  called  an  atom.  The  atom  of  all  gases of all except those of 
noble  gases,  cannot  exist  in free state. These exist in molecular form. The molecules of hydogen, 
nitrogen, oxygen and halogens are diatomic (H 
2 

, N 
2 

). Phosphorus molecule is tetratomic and that of sulphur is octa atomic. 

(b) The smallest paticle of matter that can exist in free state in nature, is known as a molecule. 
(c) Some molecules are composed of homoatomic atom, e.g., H 
2 

, O 
2 

, N 
2 

Cl 
2 

, O 
3 

etc., while the molecules 

of some compounds are made up of two or more hetroatomic atoms e.g., HCl, NaOH, HNO 
3 

, CaCO 
3 

, etc. 
(a) (b) (c) (d) The theory. Every Atoms The the The elements same atoms concepts atoms By 
matter cannot Its element represent important of of different is different put be composed 
forward further are the points identical elements masses elements subdivided. 
Prince John of are very of in Dalton as can Dalton’s differ all combining follows. minute 
combine respects. regarding from particles, each in Atomic atoms. 
simple the other called composition ratio in Theory 
their atoms to form properties Sir 
that of compounds. matter take and part are masses, known in The chemicel masses as while 
Dalton’s reactions. of the combining atoms atomic of 
(e) Atom can neither be created nor destroyed. 
Modern Concept : 
Many  of  the  concepts  of  Dalton’s  atomic  theory  cannot  be  explained.  Therefore,  foundation  of 
modern  atomic  theory  was  laid  down  by  the  end  of  nineteenth  century.  The  modern  theory  is 
substantiated  by  the  existence  of  isotopes,  radioactive  disintegration,  etc.  The  imnprotant  points 
of the modern atomic theory are as foilows. 
(a) An atom is mainly composed of three fundamental particles, viz. electron, proton and 
neutron. 
(b) Apart from the aforesaid three fundamental particles, many others have also been identified, 
viz. positron, 
meson, neutrino, antiproton, etc. 
(c)  Soddy  discovered  the  existence  of  isotopes,  which  were  atom  of  the  same  element  having 
different  masses.  For  example,  protium,  deuterium  and  tritium  are  atoms  of  hydrogen  having 
atomic masses 1, 2 and 3 a.m.u. respectively. 
(d) Atoms having same mass have different atomic numbers. These are known as isobars. For 
example,40 18 
Ar 
and 40 20 

Ca. 
(e) Atoms of elements combines to form molecules. 
(1) 
 
Reconstruct Cathode Rays (Discovery of Your Electron) 
Chemistry With Prince Sir 
Production of Cathode Rays 
(a) (b) (c) (d) The Cathode is If is Cathode particles. deviation tube. Cathode a cathode placed 
light salient By metal rays rays rays in Their in rays features its magnetic get travel produce path. 
pinwheel consits derivation deviated in of a of green field cathode straight is tiny Prince in 
towards placed depends electrical fluorescence particles ray line. in anode are This the on and 
having as path pole follows. indicates indicates magnetic on of of the momentum. cathode the 
walls that their fields. magnet the of rays, negatively the This formation which the glass proves 
Sir wheel has charged tube. of that been starts a shadow they nature. placed revolving. are when 
composed The near an direction This the opaque cathode proves of charged of object their that 
ray 
(e) Cathode rays produce incandescence in at thin metal foil. (f) Cathode rays effect the 
photographic plate. (g) Cathode rays ionize gasses proving that they are charged. (h) Cathode 
rays pernetrates across a thin metal foil. (i) Cathode rays produce X-rays when hit a piece of 
tungsten or any other metal having high melting point. 
Nature of Cathode Rays J.J. Thompson (1897) proved through 
experiments that. (a) Cathode rays are composed of ex tremely tiny negatively charged particles 
(electrons). (b) The ratio of negative charge (e) and mass (m) for cathode ray particle (electrons) 
is a constant. This ratio is independent of the material used in the preparation of the electrodes of 
the discharge tube or the gas filled in it. Thus, e/m of an electron is a universal constant. 
ch arg e on electron mass of electron 
= 
m e 
= 1.76 × 108 Coulomb/gm 
In addition to the above proofs, photoelectric effect, thermionic effect and emisson of beta 
particles from radioactive elements also confirm that electron is an essential constituent of 
matter. These 
negatively charged tiny particles discovered byThomson. It is denoted by e– or 
–1 

e0. 
(2) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Electron (e– or 
–1 

e0) (a) Electron is a fundamental particle of an atom, which is an essential constituent of every 
matter. 
(b) The value of 
m e 
was found to be 1.76 × 108 coulomb/gram byThomson. 
(c) R.A. Mullikencalculated the charge on an electron by his famous Oil Drop Experiment. The 
value 
came out to be 1.6012 × 10–19 coulomb or 4.803 × 10–10 e.s.u. (d) The value of e/m of an 
electron is known as itsspecific charge. With the help of this specific charge and the charge on 
the electron (determined by Mulliken), the mass of the electron could be calculated as follws. 
e e / m = 1.76 1.6012 × 
10 × 8 
coulomb 10 - 19 
coulomb 
/ gram 
= massof electron(m e ) = 9.1091 × 
10 - 
28 

gram 
(e) (f) Molar mass of electron is obtained Therefore gram molecular mass The mass By 
Mass of of an = 9.1091 electron electron × in in 10–28 Prince motion motion × on multiplying 
mass of electron is as follows. 6.023 × 1023= 5.483 is calculated with the (m) = Re st mass ⌈ │ 
│ ⌊ 1 
- ⎛ │ ⎝ of v c 
electron × help of 10–4g 
electron of the Sir 
following by Avogadro expression. 
number (6.023×1023). 
⎞│⎠
2 

⌉││⌋
where v is velocity of electron and c velocity of light. When v = c, the mass of the electron in 
motion becomes infinity. Therefore the mass of an electron increases with increases in its 
velocity due to which specific charge e/m on it decreases. (g) The physical and chemical 
properties of an element depend on the distribution of electrons in its outermost 
energy level. 

Anode Rays or Canal Rays : Discovery of proton 

Production of Cathode Rays 
(3) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Properties of Anode Rays (a) Positive rays travel in 
straight line. (b) Positive rays affect photographic plate. (c) Positive rays are deviated in the 
electron and magnetic fields. The direction of their deviation proves the 
presence pf positive charge on their particles. (d) Positive rays pass across a very thin sheet 
of metal. But their penetrating power is less than that of cathode 
rays. (e) Positive rays produce fluorescence and phosphorescence. 
Nature of Anode Rays Thomson and Wein studied the nature of 
positive rays and proved with the help of experiments that. (a) Positive rays are composed of 
positively charged particles. (b) (a) (b) (c) (d) The of different found gas. Proton The Proton 
Thomson charged the ratio credit By out gas is bears particle gases (e/m), a theough filled for 
fundamental and one the is Wein of in proton. 
different. unit discovery positive experiments the positive estimated discharge particle Prince 
The charge of charge. e/m that proton of the tube. (e) an value the value and atom. The goes 
maximum for mass of value toGoldstein. 
Proton It positive e/m is (m) an of value as for essential e/m rays 9.578 the of for is particles e/m 
not × the constituent 104 is a particles for Sir universal coulomb of particles positive of of every 
constant. positive per of rays positive gram matter. 
depends Thomson rays for rays obtained the on of positively the hydrogen and nature Wein from 
(e) The amount of positive charge (e) on proton is 1.602 × 10–19 coulomb or 4.8 × 10–10 e.s.u. 
(f) Mass of proton (m) = 1.6725 × 10–24 gram ; = 1.6775 × 10–17 kilogram 
= 1.6725 × 10–29gram ; = 1837 times that of electron = 1.00757 a.m.u. ; = Mass of hydrogen 
atom 
Mass of proton (m) a.m.u = 
1.6725 1.66 × 
10- × 
10 
24 
24 

= 1.00757 a.m.u. 
(g) Mass of proton (m) multiplied by Avogadro number (6.023 × 1023) gives molar mass of 
proton. Thus 
Gram molecular mass of proton = 1.6725 × 10–24 × 6.023 × 1023 = 1.008 (Approx) (h) 
Proton is present in the nucleus of an atom. (i) The number of electrons is equal to the number of 
protons in a neutral atom. (j) The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of protons 
present in the nucleus of that atom. (k) Proton is the nucleus of protium i.e. the common 
hydrogen atom. (i) Proton is ionized hydrogen atom, i.e. (H+) (m) Proton is obtained when the 
only one electron present in hydrogen atom is removed. Hydrogen atom 
consists of anly one electron and proton. 
(4) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Discovery of Neutron Penetrating rays are emitted 
on bombardingα-particles on the elements like beryllium, boron and aluminium. James 
Chadwick in 1932 studied the nature of these radiation and came to the conclusion that these rays 
are composed of very tiny electro neutral particles. The mass of these particles is almost equal to 
that of the hydrogen atom. This particle is called neutron and is denoted by the symbol, 
0 

n1. 

Neutron( 
0 

n1) (a) It is a fundamental particle of 

atom that is present in the nuclei of all atoms except hydrogen or protium. (b) It was discovered 
by James Chadwick in 1932. (c) It is an electro neutral particle, i.e. it does not have any positive 
or negative charge on it. (d) The mass of a neutron is almost equal to that of a proton. Actually it 
is a little bitheavier than proton. 
Its mass (m) is as fallows : Mass (m) of a neutron = 1.6748 × 10–24 gram = Approximately mass 
of a proton (e) (a) (b) (c) Neutron is relatively heavier out Positive equal electromagnetic Meson 
atom. Neutrino These to : that Yukawa :It : Pauling was are of an called radiations. discovered in 
electron. 1935 discovered meson Prince discovered It Thus by family. 
is neutral By 
particle. 
Other C.D. denoted of its the Andersonin mass three by Particles regarded e+. 
fundamental 1932. as of negligible. particles It Atom 
beards Sir of a It unit an merges atom. 
positive with charge an electron and its and mass emit is 
this particle. Different types of meson particles are possible in the 
this particles in 1927. They do not bear any charge, i.e. they are electro 
(d) Antiproton : Segrediscovered this paticle in 1956. It bears a unit negative charge and its mass 
is equal 
to that of a proton. 
Nuclear Charge and Atomic Number Positive charge on the nucleus of an 
atom is equal to the atomic number of that atom. A scientist named Mosley studied the frequency 
of X-rays emitted by showering high velocity electrons on a metal and established the following 
relationship. 
v = a (z – b) 
where v = frequency of X-rays z = atomic number or nuclear charge 
a and b are constants. Thus nuclear charge of an atom is equal to the atomic number of that 
atom. Sincc an atom is electron neutral, the number of positively charged proton in its nucleus is 
equal to the negatively charged electrons moving around the nucleus in the atom. Thus 
Atomic number = number of protons in the atom or number of electrons in the atom 
Atomic Weight or Mass Number 
The value of mass number of an atom (in amu) is always a whole number. Mass number of an 
atom is the sum of number of protons and number of neutrons present in that atom. 
Mass number = Number of protons (Z) + Number of neutrons (n) 
= Atomic number + Number of neutrons 
(5) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (a) The protons and neutrons present in the nucleus 
are known as nucleons. (b) The weight of electrons is neglected during calculation of the atomic 
weight, be because the mass of an 
electron is negligible in comparison to that of a proton or a neutron. (c) In the nucleus of 
anutral atom, the number of positively charged protons is equal to that of negatively 
charged electrons. (d) The number of protons present in an atom is called atomic number 
of that atom. (e) Kernel : The group of all the electrons except those of the outermost energy 
level, is called that kernel of 
that atom and the electrons present in the kernel are known as electron of the kernel. For 
example, if the electroinc configuration of an atom is 2, 6 then the number of kernel electrons is 
2. If the electronic configuration of an atom is 2, 8, 8, then the number of kernel electrons is 10. 
If the electronic configuration of an atom is 2, 8, 8, 8, then the number of kernel electrons is 18. 
Isotops (a) The atoms of the same element having 
same atomic number but different atomic weights, are called isotopes. (b) (c) Isotopes Hence 
Hydrogen By 
Proton Neutrons Atomic Proton their of has an atomic element weight have 8 
Prince O16 are same different. number For of example, protons oxygen but different has the 
number following of neutrons three isotopes. 
in their atoms. 
8 8 8 
O17 
8 

O18 Sir 
weights 16 the following three isotopes. 
1 

H1(Protium) 1 8 9 17 1 
D2 (Deuterium) 1 8 10 18 
1 

T3 (Tritium) 1 Neutrons 0 1 2 Atomic weights 1 2 3 

 Isobars (a) Isobars are the atoms of different 
elements having same atomic weight. (b) Isobars have different numbers of proton as well as 
neutrons. (c) The sum of number of protons and neutrons in isobars is same. For example 
Atomic weight of three elements 
18 

Ar40, 
19 

K40, and 
20 

Ca40 is 40. (i) Ar40 K40 Ca40 Protons 18 19 20 

Neutrons 22 21 20 
Isotones The atoms having same number of neutrons are called isoneutronic or isotones. For 
example 
14 

Si30 
15 
P31 
14 

S32 Protons 14 15 16 Neutrons 16 16 16 Atomic 

weight 30 31 32 
(6) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Isoelectronic The chemical species in which 
number of electrons is same are called isoelectronic. For example (a) Li+ Be+2 B+3 Electrons 2 
2 2 (b) Na+ Mg+2 Al+3 F– O–2 Electrons 10 10 10 10 10 (c) K+ Ca+2 Ar Electrons 18 18 18 
THOMSON’S MODEL OF AN ATOM (i) Atom is a very minute, spherical, electro neutral 
particle that consists of positively and negatively charged 
matter. (ii) The positively charged matter is uniformly distributed in the atom and the 
negatively charged electrons are embedded in it just as the seeds in water melon. Therefore, 
Thomson model of an atom is also called “water melon model”. (iii) Thomson’s model of an 
atom failed to explain the production of the atomic spectrum. 
RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF AN ATOM Ernest Rutherford in 1911 put 
forward the“nuclear model” of atom on the basis ofα particle scattering experiment. In this 
experiment, Rutherfordbombardedα - particles (Helium nuclei, He+2) on a thin gold foil and 
observed that most of theα -particles travelled straight without deviation in the direction of their 
path, some of them deviate form their path by different angles, while very few get rebounded 
after colliding with the foil. Rutherford gave the following nuclear model on the basis of the 
experiment. (i) Atom is a very m inute, spherical, electro neutral particle composed of the 
following two parts : 
(a) Positively charged nucleus and (b) a vast extranuclear space in which electrons are 
present. (ii) Whole of the positive charge and almost all the mass of atom is confined to a very 
mintue part at the center of the atom, called the nucleus of the atom. The radius of nucleus is 
about 10–13 to 10–12 cm (or10–15 to 10– 14 meter), while the radius of atom is in the order of 
10–8 cm. (iii) The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons present in 
the nucleus. That is way 
an atom is electroneutral. (iv) This model of an atom is also called “solar model” of 
“planetary model”. This is because, the movement of electrons around the nucleus in this model 
has been compared to that of planets moving around the sun in the solar system. 
DEMERITS OR RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OFANATOM (i) According to Clark 
Maxwell’s theory of electrodynamics, an electrically charged particle in motion continuously 
emits energy. This results in regular decrease in the energy of that particle. On the basis of this 
principle, it can be conciuded that an electron moving around the nucleus will contnuously emits 
the energy. This will result in decrease in the radius of the electron orbit, due to which the 
electron would ultimately fall into the nucleus. 
By 
Prince Sir 
(7) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (ii) Plunging of an electron into the nucleus would 
definitely mean destruction of the atom or end of the existence of the atom. But we know that it 
never happens. Atom is a stable system. Therefore Rutherford model failed in explaining the 
stability of an atomic system. (iii) If an electron moving around the nucleus continuously emits 
energy, then the atomic spectrum must be continuous, i.e. the spectrum should not have lines of 
definite frequency. However, the atomic spectrum is actually not continuous and possesses so 
many lines of definite frequency. Therefore, Rutherford model failed to explain the line spectrum 
of an atom. 
BOHR’S MODEL OF AN ATOM Neil Bohr in 1913 presented a quantum mechanical model of 
atom. (i) An electron moves around the nucleus in constant circular paths. 
(ii) Ou t of By 
the infinite possible Prince orbits electrons can revolve only in those Sir 
orbits in which the angular momentum 
(mvr) is integral multiple of 
2π h 
. This is called the condition of quantization. 
i.e. mvr = 
nh 2π 
, n ≠ 0, n = 1, 2, 3,............. 
(iii) The centrifugal force required for the circular motion of electron around the nucles is 
provided by the 
electrostatic force of attraction between the negatively charged elctron and positively charged 
nucles. 
m ν 
2 r = 
KZe r 
2 
2 
(8) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (iv) An electron when present in an orbit neither 
loses gains energy, these orbit are called stationary orbit. When electron jumps from lower to 
higher orbit it absorbs energy and when it jumps from higher to lower orbit it emitts energy. (v) 
The energy emitted or absorbed is equal to the difference in energies between the two energy 
levles. If the 
electron transits from n 
2 

to n 
1 

then energy absorbed or emitted is 

∆E = 
E n 2 - E n 
1 

=
hc λ 
= hv 

Radius of nth Bohr’s orbit 

According to Bohr’s hypothesis put the value of v inmvr = 
2π nh 
r 
=
n 2 h 
2 

4 π 
2 mZe 
2 

r = 
K 
2n z 
In the above expression h,π, m and e, all are constant. therefore 
2 
2 2 
or 
⎛│⎝K=4π
h 
me Note : Velocity (a) 1A By r = 10–10m α n Z 2 
⇒ r 1 r 2 = cons (b) Prince 1 tan nm t = 
0.529A 
⎞│⎠
r n = 0.529 Sir 
×
n Z 2 
Å 

= n 1 2 Zn 
2 of the electron = 10–9m 2 × 
Z 
2 

1 of Bohr’s orbt 
(c) 1 pm (picometer) = 10–12 m 
v = Z n 
× 2.188 × 
10 8 
cm/second 
Vα Z n ⇒ V 1 V 2 = Z 1 Z 2 × 
n n 
2 
1 

Time period = 
2 π 
r V 
= 1.51 +10-16 sec 
m 
3 
Z 
2 

T 
α m Z 2 3 ⇒ T 1 T 2 = n 1 3 n 3 2 × 

Z Z 
1 2 2 2 

Energy of Electron in Bohr’s nth orbit 

E n = E r = - Z n 2 2 × 2 π 
h 2 me 2 4 = - Z n 
2 2 

×
13.6eV 
For two different states 
E 1 E 2 = Z 1 2 nZ 
2 
2 × 

n 
2 
2 
2 
1 

Kinetic Energy (E 

K 

) Potential Energy (E 

P 

) 
K.E. = -E 
r 

= 
Z 
2 

n 
2 

× 13.6 eV P.E. = 2E 

n 

= -27.2× 
Z n 
2 2 

eV 
(9) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Total energy = Kinetic energy + potential energy 
E T = E K + 
E P (i) Total energy = –Kinetic energy 
(E 
T 

– – E 
K 

) (ii) (Potential energy = 2 × Total energy) (E 

P 

= 2E 
T 

). 

Quantization of electronic energy Levels 

Electronic ∆E Ans = 
atom By hc λ 
energy = h ν 
levels of Prince hydrogen atoms Ground state 

Sir 
in its lowest energy state or initial is said to be in ground state. This is the most stable of an atom. 
Excited State The states of higher energy than the ground 
state are said to be in excited state. Fcr example, the electron of hydrogen atom in ground state is 
present in n = 1 orbit. (a) Electron in n = 2 orbit is in first excited state (b) Electron in n = 3 orbit 
is in second excited state (c) Electron in n = 4 orbit is in third excited state This means that the 
energy of n + 1 orbit is in first excited state, of n + 2 orbit is in second excited state and of n + 3 
orbit is in third excited state, where n = the energy in ground state. 
Excitation Potential (a) The energy required to excite an electron from ground state to any 
excited state is known as excitation 
potential. (b) Excitation potential has a positive value. For example, I.E = E.P × charge. 
First excitation potential of hydrogen atom – E 
2 

– E 
1 

EP = 
ch IE 
arg e 
= 
e 
e ν 
= Volt. 
Second excitation potential of hydrogen atom = E 
3 

– E 
1 Third excitation potential of hydrogen atom 
– E 
4 

– E 
1 

Energy = charge × 
Potential 
(10) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Ionisation Energy or Ionisation Potential The 
energy required to remove an electron from the outermost orbit of a gaseous atom in ground state 
in called ionisation energy or ionisation potential. Its value is positive. 
I.E. = E ∞ 
-
E 
1 

Separation Energy or Binding Energy The energy required to separate an 

electron from any given state of an atom is known as separation energy. For example, the first 
separation energy, i.e. the energy required to remove an electron from the first excited state in 
hydrogen is + 3.4 eV. 
Spectral Evidence for Quantization in Bohr’s Theory (a) When an electron undergoes transition 
from lower to higher orbit, it absorbs energy and the spectrum 
obtained thereby is called absorption spectrum. (b) Whwn an electron undergoes transition 
from higher to lower orbit, there is emission of energy and the (c) (d) spectrum obtained A 
hydrogen atom The wave number n 
1 

By R = Rydberg ν = λ has of thereby constant, 

= spectrum only × Prince one is 2 called ⎛ │ ⎝ electron, can 2 1 absorption spectrum. 
yet a very large number of lines are visible in its spectrum. be find out using Rydberg’s 
equation. 
1 R Z 
1 n - 
n 
1 
2 
2 

⎞│⎠
Sir 
= Number of lower energy level n 
2 

= Number of higher energy level 

R = 
2 π 
2 me ch 
3 
4 

Value of R = 109677 em–1 ≅ 107 m–1. 

SPECTRUM 
Emission Spectrum and Absorption Spectrum When a beam of white light 
passes through a slit or an aperture and then falls on a prism, it gets spilt into many coloured 
bands. The image of colours so obtained is known as a spectrum. A spectrum is of mainly three 
types viz. (i) Emission spectrum (ii) Absorption spectrum 
(11) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (i) Emission Spectrum : 
When energy is provided to any substance, it starts emitting radiations. These radiations are 
passed through a spectroscope, they get split up into spectral lines producing emission spectrum. 
Normally a substance can be excited by any of the following ways. (a) By heating the substance 
at high temperture (b) By passing electric current through a discharge tube having gaseous 
substance at very low pressure. (c) By passing electric discharge through a metallic filament. 
Emission spectra are of the following two types. (i) Continuous spectrum (ii) Discontinuous 
spectrum 
Continuous Spectrum When sunlight or a glowing heat 
fluorescent analysed with the help of a spectroscope, the bands spectrum. 
of seven colours, which Prince are in a continuous By 
substance spectrum sequence. obtained like tungsten Such Sir 
on a a screen wire spectrum present is observed is in called an electric as a divided continuous 
bulb, into is 
Continuous Spectrum of white light 
Line spectrum or Atomic spectrum When atoms of a substance is excited, 
it emits radiations are analyzed with the help of a spectroscope, then many fine bright lines of 
specific colours in a sequence are seen in the spectrum, which is not continuous, i.e. there is dark 
zone in between any two lines. Such a spectrum is called a line spectrum or atomic spectrum. For 
example, neon single lamp, sodium vapour, mercury vapour lamp, etc. emit light of different 
colours anf they give specific line spectra. 
Absorption Spectrum When white light emitted by glowing heat 
fluorescent substance is passed through another substance lime sodium substance. This results in 
appearance of some black lines in the spectrum. These are present at those places where the line 
spectrum of the substance i.e. sodium vapour is formed. The spectrum so formed is known as 
absorption spectrum. 
(12) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Hydrogen Spectrum Hydrogen atom gives line 
spectrum. When hydrogen gas is filled at low pressure in a discharge tube and electric discharge 
is passed through it, a pink coloured is produced in the visible region due to the formation of 
hydrogen atoms. On studying this light with the help of a spectroscope, series of lines of various 
wavelengths are obtained in the spectrum. The frequency of spectral lines in the form of wave 
number can be calculated with the help of the following expression. 
n 

→ higher energy state R→ hydberg’s constant n→ lower R = 108677 cm–1 

2 
2 2 1 2 
2 

ν=λ
1 = Rz 
⌈│⌊n1-
n 
1 
⌉│⌋
ν or λ 1 = R 
×⎛│⎝n112-
n 
1 
2 

⎞
2 

│⎠
R = 10 m–1 
Z→ Atomic number. 
Series of Lines in Hydrogen Spectrum Lymen Series : When an 
electron or First energy Balmer Paschen For When second When with Series Series this, By 
Paschen an an energy electron n electron : 
1 

: = 1 level, level and undergoes undergoes n n the 1 2 = = spectrum 2, Prince 2, the 3, transition 
transition 4, spectrum 5, is 6, said 7, from from 8 is to .......... said belong a a higher higher to ∞. 
belong to energy Lymen energy to level Balmer series. 
level Sir 
(n 
(n 2 ), series. 2 e.g. ), e.g. 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, .....∞ 5,6, 7, to 8 ground .....∞ to state the 
falls from a higher energy level to thrid orbit (n = 3). It gives a spectrum that is associated 
series. For this n 
1 

= 3 and n 
2 

= 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ..... ∞. Brackett Series : 

When an electron falls from a higher energy level to fourth orbit (n = 4), the spectrum obtained is 
associated with Brackett Series. For this n 
1 

= 4 and n 
2 

= 5, 6, 7, 8 ..... ∞. Pfund Series : 

When an electron falls from a higher energy level to fifth orbit (n = 5), the spectrum obtained is 
associated with Pfund Series. For this n 
1 

= 5 and n 
2 

= 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ..... ∞. Humphry Series : 

When an electron falls from a higher energy level to sixth orbit (n = 6), Humphrey seriers of the 
spectrum obtained. For this n 
1 

= 6 and n 
2 

= 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ..... ∞. 

(13) 
 
Reconstruct Total number of sprectral lines 
Your Chemistry With Prince Sir 
If emitted 
an electron jumps from higher energy level n 
2 

to lower energy level n 

1 

than total number of spectral lines 

( n 2 - n 1 )( n 2 - n 1 
+
1 ) 2 
Drawbacks of Bohr’s Atomic Model (1) Bohr model cannot explain the elements having more 
than one electron. Only one-electron species, like 
hydrogen atom, He+1 ion, Li+2 ion, Be+3 ion, etc. can be explained with the help of Bohr 
model. (2) Bohr model can explain only circular orbits in the atom and not the elliptical ones. (3) 
Bohr model cannot explain splitting of spectral lines into finer lines in a magnetic field, which is 
known as 
Zeeman effect. 
(4) Bohr By 
model fails to explain Prince the splitting of spectral into finer lines Sir 
in an electric field, which is known 
as Stark effect. (5) Bohr model fails to explain Hiesenberg uncertainty principle and it cannot be 
applied for giving any basis 
to classification of elements and periodicity in their properties. (6) Bhor model cannot be 
used for explaining finer structure of spectrum and calculating intensity of spectral 
lines. 
The Wave Theory of Light Light, X-rays and radiation produced by 
a radioactive substance are some of the examples of radiation energy. In 1856 Clark Maxwell 
showed that energy of radiation is of wave nature, i.e. the energy is emitted in the form of a 
wave. Therefore, he called the emitted energy as electromagnetic wave or electromagnetic 
radiation. Since energy is a sort of wave, it is explained as were motion. Following are the salient 
features of this wave motion. 
Wave Lenght() The distance between any two successive 
crests (or troughs) is known as wavelenght. This is expressed asλ (Lambda). Its common units 
are as follows. Angstrom (A). Unit→ 1Å= 10-10m 1 nm 10–9m 1 pm(pico meter) = 10–12m 1 
fm (femto meter) 10–15m 
(14) 
 
Reconstruct Frequency(v) 
Your Chemistry With Prince Sir 
The number of vibrations produced in a unit time is called frequency. Here, the time is taken in 
seconds. The number of wavelengths passing forward in one second from a fixed point is called 
frequency. Unit :- Hertz (Hz) or sec-1 

Relation Between Frequency and Wavelength 

v = 
c λ 

Wave Number ( 
υ

) 
The reciprocal of wavelength is called wave number. It is represented by υ. 
υ = 
λ 1 
Therefore, the unit of wave number is cm–1 or m–1 
If series 4, Planck’s a 5 substance ........ By of The small n but Therefore Duel emits packet not in 
or Nature the or absorbs bundles, form Prince energy, of E of fractional called = 

Debroglie’s Matter hc 

λ it quanta. does = Quantum hv 
quantum not This do so energy number. 
continuously Theory 
could Sir 
be but any does of the but quantum it in the form numbers of discrete 1, 2, 3, 

(The Wave Nature of Electron) OR 

Concept * In 1924, a French physicist, Luis De Breoglie suggested that if the nature of light is 
both that of a particle 
and of a wave, then this dual behaviour should be true matter also. * According to De 
Broglie, the nature of an electron moving around the nucleus is like a wave the flows in 
circular orbits around the nucleus. * According to De Broglie, the wavelengthλ of an 
electron is inversely proportional to its momentum p. 

λ ∝ 1 p 
or λ = 
h p 
Here h = Planck’s constant for one electron. 
Formulae : K.E. q × ν 
λ = 
h p = m h ν 
= h 2m ( KE ) 
=
h 2qVm Where, KE = Kineitc energy of the particle, 
V = Potential difference for a gas molecule K.E = 
3 2 
mRT 
λ = 
150 ν 
Å 
V = Voltage through which electron is accelerated λ = 
h 2m 3 2 
KT 
= 
h 3mKT 
(15) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Quantum Mechanical Theory of Atom The dual 
nature (particle and wave) of electron led to the use of new system of mechanics called quantum 
mechanics. This system was first put forward by an Austrian physicist E. Schrodinger and a 
German physicist W. Heisenberg. The two fundamental principles of quantum nechanics are 
given below : (i) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principal and (ii) Schrodinger’s wave equation 
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle According to this principle, it is 
impossible to experimentally determine exactly both position and momentum of a minute 
particle like an electron at the same time. 
This principal can be depicted mathematically as follows. 
∆x × ∆p ≥ 
4π h 
h 4π Here∆x is uncertainty of position, ∆p is uncertainty of momentum andh is Planck’s constant 
Schrondinger’s Wave Equation Schrondinger regarded electron as 
having wave nature and put forward the following complex differential equation. 
2 2 2 2 
2 2 2 2 

or ∆x × m × ∆v ≥ 

By δ δ x ψ 
+ δ δ y 
Prince Sir 
ψ+δδ
zψ+
8 π h 
m 
(E – V) φ = 0 
Where m = Mass of electron, h = Planck constnat, 
E = Total energy of electron, v = Potential energy of electron, ψ = Wave function Note : 
Quantum Numbers Theset of numbers requried to determine the 
exact location of electron in an atom are called quantum numbers. Following are the four 
quantum numbers 
Principal Quantum Number (n) (a) Principal quantum number 
describes the size and energy of a shell or orbit. (b) An atoms has K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, etc. shell. 
(c) Each value of ‘n’ represents an energy shell. (d) In any orbit, the number of orbitals is given 
by n2 and number of electrons is given by 2n2. This is called 
Bhor-Bury rule. 

Azimuthal Quantum Number( 

i 
) (a) Azimutl al quantum 
number represents sub-shells in an atom. (b) Each value of ‘i’ represents a subshell. (c) Azimutl 
al quantum number determines the shape of an orbital. (d) The values of ‘i ’ ranges from -i to +i. 
(e) Values ofl 0 1 2 3 Sub shell s p d f 
(16) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (f) The number of orbitals in any sub shell = (2i +1) 
and the number of electrons is determined by the 
expression 2(2i +1). (g) i = 0 → s Sub-shell→ Spherical 
i = 1 → p Sub-shell→ Dumb-bell i = 2 → d Sub-shell→ Double dumb-bell i = 3 → f 
Sub-shell→ Complex (h) The order of enrgy of various sub-shells present in any shell is s < p < 
d < f < g ......... and so on. (i) The value of orbital angular momentum,μ i , of an electron can be 
determined with the help of azimuthal 
quantum number μ i 
l ( l + 1 ) 
×
2 
h 
π
Herei = Azimuthal quantum number and h = Planck’s constant 
Magnetic Quantum Number (m) (a) Magnetic quantum number 
describes the orientation of orbitals. (b) Each value of m represents an orbital. (c) The value of m 
ranges from –i to +i. (d) Total numberof orbitals present in a subshell = (2i+1) (i) For s sub-shell, 
l = 0. Thus, m 2 × 0 + 1 = 1 and therfore s sub-shell consists of only one orbital called s orbital. 
(ii) For p sub-shell, l = 1. Thus, m 2 × 1 + 1 = 3 and therfore p sub-shell consists of three orbitals 
called p 
x 

= 
(iii) d yz , , p d For y By z and 2, d d xz 
sub-shell, p 
and 
z 

orbitals. 
d 
x 2 - 
y l 2 

Prince Sir = 2. Thus, m 2 × 2 + 1 = 5 and therfore d sub-shell consists of five orbitals called d 
xy 

, orbitals. 
(i) For s sublevel, 1 = 0. Thus, for s orbital, the value of m is 0. 
(ii) For p sub-level, 1 = 1. Thus, the values of m for p orbitals are as follows. 
(iii) For d sub-level, 1 = 2. Thus, the values of m for d orbitals are as follows. 
(e) The total number of orbitals present in an energy shell = n2, where n is principal quantum 
number. 
Spin Quantum Number (s) (a) Spin quantum number gives 
information about the spin of an electron. (b) The value of s is 1/2 which depicts the direction of 
spin of the electron. 
(c) If the electron spins in clockwise direction, s is denoted by + 
1 2 
or a sign[↑]. Anticlockwise spin of the 
electron is denoted by s = – 
1 2 
or [↓]. 
(17) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (d) One orbital can accommodate only two 
electrons, with opposite spins. (e) The angular momentum of an electron is not only due its 
motion around the nucleus in an energy level but also due to its spin along its own axis. The 
angular momentum that arises due to spin of an electron along its with axis, the is help called of 
the spin following sngular momentum expression. 
and is depicted by the symbolμ 
s 

. The value ofμ 

s 

can be found out 

μ
s 

= 
s(s + 1) 
×
2 
h 
π
where ‘s’ is spin quantum number.. 
In this expression the value of s is always taken as 
1 2 
and not – 
1 2 
. 
WRITINGTHE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Aufbau Principle Aufbau is a German word 
that means to build up. Therefore, electrons are filled up in increasing order the (i) energies 
higher Accrding If value According numbers. 
two By of orbitals energy n. of to to The the 6s1 this Pauli and orbitals have electrons rule so 
axclusion on. 
same electrons i.e. and Prince are electrons value principle, Pauli’s filled are of first in are i 6s2 
a then no Exclusion first sub-shell filled two electrons (n filled electron in +i those according in ) 
Rule orbitals Principle are can ornitals first have of in Sir filled the lower n for + same which l 
in rule. 
energy that values value orbital and of of then all ‘n which the + in four the i ’ has is orbital 
quantum lowest. lower of 
n = 6 n = 6 l = 0 l = 0 m = 0 m = 0 
s = + 
1 2 
1 2 In the above illustrations, the respective values of n ,iand m are same but that of s is different. 
(ii) Pauli exclusion principle can be stated in other words as that“only two electrons can be 
accommodated 
in the same orbital only when their spin quantum numbers is different”. (iii) If the thrid 
electron enters in an orbital, the set of four quantum numbers becomes same for any two 
electron. (iv) According to this rule, for any two electrons, a set of maximum three 
quantum numbers can be same, but the fouth has to be different. For example, two electrons can 
have same (n,l and m) or (l, m or s) or (n, m or s) Example 1s1 and 1s2 
n = 1 n = 1 l = 0 l = 0 m = 0 m = 0 
s = + 
s = – 
1 2 
s = – 
1 2 (v) This rule does not apply for hydrogen atom because it contains one electron. 
(18) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Hund’s Rule of Maximum 
Multiplicity (a) Degenerate orbitals 
The orbitals having same energy are called degenerate orbitals. (b) s sub-shell consists of 
only one orbital. Thus, it cannot have orbital. (c) According to Hund’s rule, the degenerate 
orbitals get filled by electrons having parallel spin one by one to 
give an unpaired state. (d) According to tnis rule, pairing of electrons cannot occur untill 
all the orbitals have one unpaired electros. 
For example, C6 can possibly have the following two configurations of 2s2 2p2. 
(1) 
(2) 
(e) The following two conditions have to be fulfilled for Hund’s rule. 
(1) The orbitals should be degenerate (2) The member of electrons and the degenerate orbitals 
should be more then one (f) Hund’s rule is not applicable for H, He, Li and Be, because electrons 
in them go to s sub-shell, which does 
not have any degenerate orbital. (g) Hund’s rule is not applicable for B5 also, because 
there is only one electrons in p orbital. Therefour , this 
rule si applicable from C6 onwards. 
Increasing order of energy 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 
6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in s orbital 
is 2, that in p orbital is 6, that in d orbital is 10 and that in f orbital is 14. 
Exceptions to n + l Rule There are mainly two exceptions of n +l 
rule. (a) La57– 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 5d1 (b) Ac89– 1s2, 
2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6s2, 7s2, 6d1 
Due togreater stability of hafl-filled and full-filled orbitals, the configurations d5 ns1 and d10 
ns1 are written in place of n4 ns2 and d9 ns2 respectively. 
Stability of Half-filled and Fully-Filled orbitals The stability of half-filled 
orbitals (p3,d5and f 7) and fully-filled orbitals (p6,d10and f 14) is higher than that in other states. 
This is due the following reasons. (a) When a sub-shell is half-fully-filled, it means that the 
distribution of electrons is symmetrical in the orbitals 
of equal energy. Unsymmetrical distribution of electrons results in lower stability. (b) The 
electrons present in orbitals of equal energy in an atom can interchange their position, in this 
process energy is released, resulting stable system. The possibility of interchange of positions is 
highest in half - filled and fully-filled states. This provides greater stability to the system. (c) The 
exchange energy for helf-filled and fully-filled orbitals is maximum. As the number of electrons 
increases, electron start pairing resulting in spin coupling. The energy liberated in the process of 
coupling is called coupling energy. 

By 
Prince Sir 
(19) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (d) The spin of electrons in a fully-filled orbital are 
opposite to each other or antiparallel. The energy of the 
system decreses due to neutralization of opposite spins. So fully-filled orbitals are more stable. 
S.No. Orbit Orbital 1. If is depicted by n. It is depicted by m 2. Maximum number of electrons 
2n 
Maximum number of electrons 2 with 2 
opposite spin. 3. Path of electron around the 
nucleus is called orbit. 
Space around the nucleus where probability of finding an electrons is maximum. 
Orbital (a) The space around the nucleus where 
probability of finding an electron is maximum, is called an orbital. (b) An electron cloud is 
negatively charged and the nucleus is positively charged. Therefour, the probability of 
finding an electron is maximum around the nucleus. (c) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The probability of 
finding an electron is an orbital is 95% Only It The where The The is spherical size nodal 
number By one the increases s-orbital surface probability of in nodel shape is with is missing 
possible surfaces of and increase finding Prince thus inside in in the electron in an an electron the 
1s orbit orbit orbital value is is becausel= s-Orbital minimum, density equal of because n. There 
to is (n unform of 0 it –1) and is its is to vacant m 98%. 
in = all 0 Sir space for directions. it. 
between 1s orbital and 2s orbital, known as nodal surface. 
proximity with the nucleus. 
, 
p-Orbital (a) For p orbitals,l = 1 and m = – 1, 0, + 1. Thus, it can have three configurations, 
which are distributed in x, 
y and z axes. Therefore, there are three p-orbitals, which are dumbbell, shaped. (b) Each 
p-orbital has two lobes and the probability of finding electron inside these two lobes is equal. 
The plane perpendicualr to the axis two lobes and passing through the point where these two 
lobes join, is the nodal plane of -orbital, because the probability of finding electron in this plane 
is negligible or minimum. (c) The in xy, value yz and of xz nodal planes, planes respectively. 
for each of the p 
x 

, p 
y 
and p 
z 

orbitals is same and these nodal planes are present 

(d) The degenerated three p-orbitals orbitals. 
of a particualr orbit (p 
x 

, p 
y 

and p 
z 

) have equal energy and therefour these are called 

(20) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir 
d-Orbital (a) For d orbitals, l = 2 and m = –2, –1, 0, 
+1,+2. Therefore, (b) (c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) orbitals. 
Its The The shape five double orientations is like dumbbell a double of of d-orbitals dumbbell. 
d Prince xy orbital are as follows : 
there Sir 
are five orientations and thus five d- 
(v) The The The d 
present z 2 orbital double double double By 
on is its dumbbell dumbbell dumbbell composed middle part. of of of of d d 
d 
xz yz one x 2 orbital orbital - y 
2 dumbbell orbital are are are situated situated are situated and directed one between between 
between ring. on x The x and y x and and and dumbbell y axes. z z y axes. axes. axes. 
is situated on z axis and the ring is 
Shape of d Orbitals 
(21) 
 
Reconstruct f-orbitals 
Your Chemistry With Prince Sir 
(i) They have complex shapes, (ii) For these, l = 3 and m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1,+2, +3 (iii) These 
have seven orientations. 
Nodal planes : 
The surfaces where probability of finding an electron is zero is called nodal surface or nodal 
plane. There are two type of nodal planes radial nodes oe angualr nodes. Total number of nodes 
= (n-1) Angualr nodes = i Radial nodes = (n-i -1) 
BOOST YOUR BASICS Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 If the energy of an elecrton in hydrogen atom is given by 
expression, required to excite the elecrton from ground state to second orbit (A) Calculate knietic 
(A) Which 328 3.328 of energy kJ/mol the the × 10–10m following de-Broglie is 13.6 eV pair 
wave (B) (B) Prince : (1eV having 656 2.338 length = kJ/mol same 1.602 × 10–10m of the 
number × 10–19J) electron of (C) (C) orbitals in 984 3.328 the kJ/mol ground : (A) The N, 
correct By 
O (B) O, F answer is : 
Sir is : 
state –1312/n2kJ of hydrogen (D) 1312 mol–1, atom, kJ/mol 
then given the energy that its 
× 1010m (D) 2.338 × 10 m 
(C) Na, K (D) S, Cl 
(A) a, b, c (B) b, c, d (C) c, d, a (D) a, d, b 
Q.4 The speed of a proton is one hundredth of the speed of light in vacuum. What is its 
de-Broglie wavelength 
? Assume that one mole of protons has a mass equal to one gram [h = 6.626 × 10–27 erg sec] (A) 
13.31× 10–3m (B) 1.33 × 10–3m (C) 13.13 × 10–2m (D) 1.31× 10–2m 
Q.5 The ratio of ionization energy of H and Be+3 is : 
(A) 1 :1 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 1 : 9 (D) 1 : 16 
Q.6 Hydrogen spectrum consists of : 
(A) An intense line (B) Six series of lines (C) Three series of lines (D) Four series of lines 
Q.7 Which of the following salt has isoelectronic cation and anion : 
(A) KF (B) NaCl (C) SrCl (D) MgF 
2 
Q.8 Which set of quantum numbers is possible for the last electron of Mg– ion : 
(A) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = + 
1 2 
1 2 
(C) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 
(B) n = 2, l = 3, m = 0, s = + 
1 2 
(D) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 
1 2 
(22) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.9 If each E 1 
,E having 2 
and E 
same 3 
represent de Broglie respectively wavelength the then kinetic : 
energies of an electron, an alpha particle and a proton 
(A) E 
1 

> E 
3 

> E 
2 

(B) E 
2 

> E 
3 

> E 
1 

(C) E 
1 

> E 
2 

> E 
3 

(D) E 
1 

= E 
2 

= E 
3 

Q.10 The value of :[2p(energy) – 1s(energy)] for H-atom would be : 

(A) 10.2 eV (B) 13.6 eV (C) 3.4 eV (D) None of these 
Q.11 In hydrogen atom, If an electron jumps from n = 6 to n = 2, how many possible spectral 
lines are obtained: 
(A) 15 (B) 10 (C) 6 (D) 12 
Q.12 In order to have the same should be in the ratio : 
wavelength for the electron (mass m 
e 

) and the neutron (mass m 

n 

) their velocities 
(A) m 
n 

/m 
e 

(B) m 
e 

/ m 
n 

(C) m 
n 

× m 
e 

(D) one Q.13 A 

strong argument for particle nature of cathode rays is that they : 
(A) Produce fluoroscence (B) Travel through vaccumm Q.14 Q.15 (C) Ionisation 
monochomatic (A) The same Get 1 wavelength By element deflected energy is radiation : of by 
of K electric a hydrogen of (B) Prince photon & 2 magnetic field atom is 13.6 eV. energy 12.1 
eV. (D) Cast Hydrogen the number (C) 3 shadows. 
atoms in the ground state are excited by of spectral lines emitted by H atom will be: 
(D) 6 line Sir emitted by H like atom is 0.32 Ao . the wavelength of K 
b 

line is emitted by the 

(A) 0.18 Ao (B) 0.48 Ao (C) 0.27 Ao (D) 0.38 Ao 
Q.16 The in the wavelength H atom itself, of radiation the electron emitted jumps is from l 
o 

when fouth an orbit electron to second, in H atom wavelength jumps from of emitted 3rd orbit 
radiation to 2rd oribt. will be: If 
(A) 
16 25 
λ o 

(B) 
17 20 
λ o 

(C) 
27 20 
λ o 

(D) 
16 25 
λ
o 

Q.17  Hydrogen  (H),  deutenium  (D),  singly  ionised  helium(He+)  and  dubly  ionised  lithium 
(Li2+)  all  have  one  electron  around  the  nucles.  Consider  n  =  2  to  n  =  1  transition.  If  the 
wavelengths of emitted radiations are λ 
1 

, λ 
2 

, λ 
3 

and λ 
4 

: (A) λ 
1 

= λ 
2 

= 4λ 
3 
= 9λ 
4 

(B) 4λ 
1 

=2λ 
2 

= 2λ 
3 

= λ 
4 

(C) λ 
1 

= 2λ 
2 

= 
2 2 λ o = 3 2 λ o 
(D) λ 
1 

= λ 
2 

= 2λ 
3 

= 3λ 
4 

Q.18 Two paritcles of masses m and 2m have equal knietic energies. Their debroglie 
wavelengths are in the ratio 
of : 
(A) 1 :1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 2 : 1 
Q.19 The Bhor model of atom : 
(A) Assumes that angular momentoum of electron is quantized (B) Uses Einstien’s photoelectric 
equation (C) Predicts continuous emission spectra for atoms (D) Predicts the same emission 
spectra for all type of atoms 
(23) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.20 Which of the following transitions in H atom 
emit photons of highest frequencuy 
(A) 1 → 2 (B) 2 → 6 (C) 6 → 2 (D) 2 → 1 
Q.21 Light coming from a discharge tube filled with Hydrogen falls on the cathode of the 
photoelectric cell. The work fuction of the surface of cathode is 4 eV. Which one of the 
following values of anode voltage (in V) with respect to cathode will make the photo current 
zero ? (A) -4 (B) -6 (C) -8 (D) -10 
Q.22 When photons of energy hn fall on a photosensitive metallic surface (work function f) 
elctrons are emitted 
from the metal surface. It is possible to say that : (A) All ejected elctrons have same KE = hv - 
hv 
o (B) The ejected elctrons have a distribution of KE. the most energetic one having KE = hv - hv 
o (C) 
The most energetic electrons have KE = hv (D) The KE of ejected elctrons is hv 
o Q.23 In a photoelectric experiment, photons 
photoelectrons are just stopped by an Q.24 Q.25 The (A) Light illuminate be (A) If the : 8.5 1 
work By electron of : 2 eV two function a metal different is to whose acquire of frequencies, the 
metal (B) work (B) Prince a wavelength 5 1 function : eV sufrace 4 whose of electrode is : 
photons energy at have (C) a 5 potential eV energies 3.5 are eV incident of are Sir 
-3.5 1 and eV on 2.5 a with metal eV (D) respect respectively 1.5 surface. eV 
to metal. 
The successively liberated 
is 0.5 eV. The ratio of the max. speeds of the emitted elctrons (C) 1 : 2 (D) 1 : 1 
of 0.1 nm. what potential difference does it fall througt ? 
will 
(A) 150.5 eV (B) 110 eV (C) 200 eV (D) 516.6 eV 
Q.26 Anα particle of enegy 
1 2 
m 
α

v 
α
2 bombards a heavy nucleus of charge Ze. The distance of closest approach 
for theα particle will be proportional to : 
(A) v 
α

1 m 
1 v 
α

1 Ze Q.27 An energy of 24.6 eV is required to remove one of the electrons from a neutral He 
atom. The energy in eV 
required remove both the electrons from a neutral from a neutral He atom is (A) 38.2 (B) 49.2 eV 
(C) 51.8 eV (D) 79 Q.28 Imagine an atom made up of a proton and a hypothetical particle of 
double the mass of the electron but having the same charge as the elctron. The wavelength of the 
radiation that will be emitted when this particle jumps from first excited state to ground state is 
equal to 
(A) 
2 (B) 
a 

(C) 
4 

(D) 
2 3R 
(B) 
3R 1 
(C) 
2R 1 
(D) None 
Q.29 The longest wavelength in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum is 122 nm. the smallest 
wavelength in the 
infrared region of the hydrogen spectrum (to the nearest integer) is : (A) 802 nm (B) 823 nm (C) 
1882 nm (D) 1648 nm 
(24) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.30 Work function of a metal X equals ionisation 
energy of Li2- ion in second excited state. Work function of another metal Y equal ionisation 
energy of He ion with electron in n = 4. Now a photon of energy x falls on both the metals such 
that max. K.E. of photoelectrons emitted from metal X is half that of photoelctron emitted from 
metal Y. Then value of x ? (A) -0.875 eV (B) -1.75 eV (C) 2.72 eV (D) 2.38 eV 
Subjective Questions Q.1 Calculate the wavelength emitted during the transition of electron in 
between two levels of Li2+ ion whose 
sum is 4 and difference is 2. 
Q.2 Find the quantum number ‘n’ corresponding to the excited state of He- ion if on transition to 
the ground 
state that ion emits two photons in succession with wavelength 108.5 and 30.4 nm. 
Q.3 When certain metal was irradiated with light frequency 1.6 × 1016 Hz the photo electrons 
emitted had Q.4 twice the kinetic energy as did photo electrons emitted when frequency 1.0 × 
1016 Hz. Calculate threshold frequency (v) for Find (in m). the Find velocity the orbital (ms–1) 
angular of Prince electron momentum in first Bhor’s of 2p orbital orbit of of radius hydrogen the 
the a 
Sir 0 . Also same metal. 
atom find metal in was irradiated with light the de Broglie’s units of 
2π h 
. 
wavelenght 
Q.5  Two  hydrogen  atoms  collide  head  on  and  end  up  with  zero  kinetic  energy.  Each  atom  then 
emits  a  photon  of  wavelength  121.6  nm.  Which  transition  leads  to  this  wavelegth  ?  How  fast 
were the hydrogen atoms traveling before collision ? 
Q.6 Calculate the energy in kJ per mole of electronic charge accelerated by a potential of 1 volt. 
Q.7 (A) What is highest frequency photon that can be emitted from hydrogen atom? What is the 
wavelength 
of this photon? (B) Calculate the longest wavelength transition in the paschen series of 
He+ (C) Calculate the ratio of the wavelength of first and the ultimate line of Balmer series of 
Li2+ ? 
Q.8 The eyes of a certain member of the reptile family pass a visul signal to the brian when the 
visual receptors are strudck by photns of wavelength 859 nm. If a total energy of 3.15 × 10–14 J 
is requires to trip the signal, what is the minimum number of photon that must strike the receptor. 
Q.9 O 
2 

By 
undergoes photochemical dissociation into one normal oxygen atom and one oxygen atom 1.967 
eV more mol-1. energetic What is the than maximum normal. wavelength The dissociation 
effective of for O 2 photo into two chemical normal dissociation atom of axygen of O 2 
? 
requires 498 kJ 
Q.10 Uranium has at.no. 92 and atomic weight 238.029. Calculate the number of protons, 
neutrons and electrons 
in uranium atom. 
Q.11 Find energy of each of the photons which : 
(A) Correspond to light of frequency 3 × 1015 Hz (B) Have wavelength of 0.50 A. 
Q.12 H-atom is exposed to electromagnetic radiation of 1028 Ao and gives out induced 
radiations. Calculate 
the wavelength of induced radiations. [6563 Ao, 1216 Ao, 1026 Ao] 
(25) 
 
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.13 A certain dye absorbs 4530 Ao and fluoroses 
at 5080 Ao these being the wavelengths of maximum absorption that under given conditions 
47% of the absorbed energy is emitted. Calculate the ratio of number of quata emitted to the 
number absorbed. [0.527] 
Q.14 Calulate the threshold frequency of metal binding energy is 180.69 kJ mol-1 of electron. 
Q.15 What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide: J of 
energy ? 
Q.16 A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57 um. Calculate the 
rate of emission 
of quanta per second. 
Q.17 A dust particle having mass equial to 10–11 g, diameter 10–4 cm and velocity 10–4 cm 
sec–1. The error in 
measurement of velocity is 0.1%. Calculate uncertainty in its position. 
Q.18 Point out the following : (A) How many energy (B) How many orbitals Q.19 The 
dissociation energy nm. what fraction of radiant Q.20 of subshells Prince of H 
energy all 2 
is kinds 430.55 are will are possible be kJ/mol. possible converted in If n in H = n 2 into 3 is = 
level. 
exposed 3 K.E. level. 
Sir to radiant energy of wavelength 253.7 
Q.21 What (A) Given 3s By 
values below are are assigned the (B) sets 4P of z to quantum quantum numbers numbers (C) 
n. / m for : 
4d 
x 2 - 
x 

2 (D) 5d 
z2 

for given orbitals. Name these orbitals. (A) n = 3 (B) 

n = 5 (C) n = 4 (D) n = 2 (E) n = 4 l = 1 l = 2 l = 1 l = 0 l = 2 m = –1 m = 0 m = ±1 m = 0 m = ±2 
Q.22 What are the numbers of nodes present in : 
(A) ls (B) 2s (C) 2p (D) 3p orbitals 
Q.23 An atom of an element has 13 electrons. Its nucleus has 14 neutrons. Find out atomic no. 
and approcimate 
atomic weight. Indicate the arrangement of electrons and the electrovalency of the element. 
Q.24 A neutral atom of an element has 2K.8L.9M and 2N electrons. Find out the following : 
(A)  Atomic  no.  (B)  Total  no.  of  s-electrons  (C)  Total  no.  of  p-electrons  (D)  Total  no.  of 
d-electrons (E) Valency of element (F) No. of unpaired electrons. 
Q.25 Calculate total spin, magnetic moment for the atoms having at. no. 7. 24. 34and 36. 
Q.26 Find out the number of waves made by an electrons in one complete revolution in 3rd bohr 
orbit. [3] 
Q.27 Calculate the energy emitted when electrons of 1 g-atom of Hydrogen undergo transition 
giving the spectral 
lines of lowest energy in the visible region of its atomic spectra. [182.5 kJ] 
(26) 
 
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.28 The H atom in the ground state is excited by 
means of monochromatic light of wavelength x Ao. The resulting spectrum consist of 15 
different lines. Calculate the value of x. [938 Ao] 
Q.29  The eyes of a certain member of the raptile family pass a visual singal to the brain when the 
visual  recrptors  are  struck  by  photons  of  wavelength  850  nm. If a total energy of 3.15 × 10–14 J 
is  required  to  trip  the  signal.  What  is  the  minimum  number  of  photon  that  must  strike  the 
receptor. 
Q.30 A photon of 300 nm is absorbed by a gas and then re-emits two photons. One re-emitted 
photon has 
wavelength 496 nm. Calculate energy of other photon re-emitted out. 
Q.31 Calculate the wavelength of first line of Lyman series of ten times ionised sodium atom (Z 
= 11) and 
compare with the wavelength of first line of Balmer series of H atom. Shows that : (i) The sum 
of the energy for the transitions n = 3 to n = 2 and n = 2 to n = 1 is equal to the energy of 
transition for n – 3 to n – 1. (ii) Are wavelength and frequencies of the emitted spectrum 
are also additive in the same way as their 
Q.1 Q.2 A Later second be the A a group 6.1 hydrogen photoelectric two photoelectric By 
when energies times. times level of levels. the like For it the is same are atom plate this 
ionisation found plate. These ? photoelectric new is is that observed initially levels Prince gas 
potential the difference FACETHE De-Broglie have exposed to plate emit energies of the is of 
six to exposed energies H wavelength a wavelength atom. spectrum between CHALLENGE 
to of Detect a first spectrum – of of originating 0.85 the Lyman hydrogen the photoelectrons eV 
atom Sir 
of line and some from and gas and – 0.544 excited determine all unknown Blamer possible now 
eV to (including series ejected second H the transitions like work limit gas, has energy function 
both is decreased excited between found level. 
these of to 
to 
levels) (a) Find the atomic number of the atom. (b) Find the quantum number of the levels 
between which transition is traking place. (c) Calculate the largest wavelength emitted in these 
radiations. [Given h.c. = 1240 eV – nm] 
Q.3  Photoelectrons  are  emitted  when  400  nm  radiation  is  incident  on a surface of work function 
1.9  eV.  These  photoelectrons  pass  through  a  region  containingα -particles. A maximum energy 
electron  combines  with  anα  particle  to  from  He+  ion,  emittinf  a  single  photon  in  this  process. 
He+  ions  thus  formed  are  in  their  fourth  excited  state.  Calculate  the  energy  released  during 
combination of photon with theα particle. 
Q.4  Electrons  in  a  H  like  atom  (Z  =  3)  make  transition  from  4th  to 5th orbit and from 4th to 3th 
orbit.  The  resulting  radiations  are  incdent  on  a  metal plate and eject photoelctrons. The stopping 
potential  for  the  photoelectrons  ejected  by  shorter  wavelength  is  3.95  V.  Calculate  the  work 
function of the metal and the K.E. of the photoelectrons ejected by longer wavelength. 
Q.5 Find the spectral series to which the spectral line of H belong if its wave number is equal to 
the difference 
in wave numbers of wavelengths 500 nm and 400 nm which are the members of Balmer series. 
Q.6 1.8 energy g H 
level 2 
atoms and are 15% excited of atoms to radiations. in 2nd energy The study level the of spectra 
rest in ground indicates state. that JP 27% of H of is the 13.6 atoms eV.Calculate- are in 3rd 
(a) Number of atoms present in III and II energy level. (b) Total energy evolved when all the 
atoms return to ground state. 
(27) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.7 A hydrogen like atom is in higher excited state 
of quantum number ‘n’. This excited atom can make transition to the first excited state by 
succesively emitting 2 photons of energies 10.2 eV and 17 eV respectively. Alternatively the 
atom from the same excited state can make transition to the second excited state by successively 
emitting 2 photons of energy 4.25 eV and 5.95 eV respectively. Determine the value of n and Z. 
Q.8 Acollection of H-like atoms has some atoms in the lowest energy level ‘A’ and some atoms 
in a particular upper energy level ‘B’ and there are no atoms in any other energy level. The 
atoms of gas make transition to a higher energy level by absorbing mono chromatic light of 
photon of energy 2.55 eV. Subsequent the atoms emit radaition of six different wavelengths. 
Some of the emitted photons have energy 2.55 eV and some have more and some have less than 
2.55 eV. (i) Find the quantum number of intially excited level. (ii) Find the atomic number of 
gas. (iii) Find the ionisation energy for the gas atoms. (iv) Find the maximum and minimum 
energies of the emitted photons. 
More Q.1 Q.2 CHOOSE Which (A) (C) Which (A) (B) then s-orbital The n n one = = sets 
statements 3, 2, energies Correct l l of = = is quantum 2, 1, non-directional 
m m of are = = type the –3, 0, correct no. various s Prince Questions s = are = – : + 1/2 onsistent 
1/2 sub-level : 

YOUR FAVOURITES 
with the theory ? 
(B) n = (D) n = 4, 4, l l = = Sir 3, 3, m m = = –2, –3, s s = = – + 1/2 (C) Electrons By 
in motion behave as if they are in the waves 
same shell of H-atom are in order 1/2 
s > P > d > f. 
(D) An orbital can accomodate a maximum of two electrons with parallel spins. 
Q.3 Whenα -particles are sent through a thin metal foil most of them go straight through the foil 
because. 
(A)α-particles are much heavier than electrons (B)α -particles are positively charged (C) Most 
part of the atom is empty space (D)α-particles move with high velocity 
Q.4 Which of the following reflects the wave nature of light ? 
(A) Photoelectric effect (B) E = mc2 (C) Difeaction (D) Interference 
Q.5 The numbers electron of the in two a hydrogen states. Assume atom makes the Bhor a 
transition model to n 
be 1 
→ valid n 
2 

, where the time n 1 

period and n 2 
are of the the electron principle in quantum the inital state is eight times that in the final stte. The 
possible values of n 
1 

and n 
2 

are : (A) n 
1 

= 4, n 
2 

= 2 (B) n 
1 

= 8, n 
2 

= 2 (C) n 
1 

= 8, n 
2 

= 1 (D) n 
1 

= 6, n 
2 

= 3 
Q.6 Which of the following product in a hydrogen atom are independent of the principle 
quantum number n? 
The symbols have their usual meanings. (A) v 
n 

(B) E 
r 
(C) E 
n 

(D) v 
r 

Q.7 Which of the following statement/s is/ are wrong ? 

(A) If the value ofl = 0, the electron distribution is spherical (B) The shape of the orbital is given 
by distribution is spherical (C) Angular momentum of 1s, 2s & 3s electrons are equal (D) In an 
atom, all electrons travel with the same velocity 
(28) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.8 For the energy levels in an atom, which one of 
the following statement/s is/are correct ? 
(A) There are seven principle electron energy levels. (B) The second principle energy level can 
have four sub-energy levels and contain a maximum of eight electrons. (C)The M energy level 
can have a maximum of 32 electrons (D) The 4s sub-energy level is at a lower energy than the 3d 
sub-energy level 
Q.9 Many elements have non-integral atomic masses because? 
(A) They have isotopes (B) Their iosotopes have non-integral masses (C) Their iosotopes have 
different masses (D) The constituents, neutrons, protons and electrons combine to give fractional 
masses 
Q.10 Rutherford’sα-scattering experiment led to the following conclusions. Q.11 (A) (B) (C) 
(D) Which (A) (B) (C) (D) An s-orbital The Atom The The Electrons The orbital statement 
centre size electrons energies has is of largely in can non-directional 
of the motion the (s) of revolve accommodate nucleus the is atom empty (are) various behave 
Prince around has is space correct very positively as sub-levels a the small maximum if ? they 
nucleus as charged are compared in waves of the two nucleus same electrons to ae the in size 
orders with Sir of parallel the > atom Q.12 Which By 
concerning Bhor’s model are true ? 
spins p > d > f 
(A) Predicts that probability of electron near nucleus is more 
(B) Angular momentum of electron in H atom = 
2π nh 
(C) Introdues the idea of stationary states (D) Explains line spectrum of hydrogen 
Q.13 Heisenberg uncertainty is not valid for. 
(A) Moving electrons (B) Motor car (C) Stationary particles (D) All of the above 
Q.14 For the energy levals in an atom which one of the following statements is/are correct ? 
(A) There are seven principle electron energy levels (B) The second principle energy level can 
have 4 sub-energy levels and contain a maximum of 8 electrons (C) The M energy level can have 
a maximum of 32 electrons (D) The 4s sub-energy level is at a lower energy than the 3d 
sub-energy level 
Q.15 Whcih of the following statements are correct for an electron that has n = 4 and m = –2? 
(A) The electron may be in a d-orbital (B) The electron is in the fourth principle electronic shell 
(C) The electron may be in a p-orbital (D) The electron may have the spin quantum number = 
+1/2 
(29) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.16 Which of the following is the correct set of 
four quantum numbers for each of the electrons in the 3d sub- 
shell when it is fully occupied ? (A) n = 3, i = 2, m = 0, 1,2, –2 and s = ± 1/2, ±1/2, ± 1/2, ±1/2, 
and ±1/2 (B) n = 3, i = 1, m = 0, –1,2, –2 and s = ± 1/2, ±1/2, ± 1/2, ±1/2, and ±1/2 (C) n = 4, i = 
2, m = 0, 1, –1,2, –2 and s = ± 1/2, ±1/2, ±1/2, ±1/2, and ±1/2, (D) None is correct 

GO COMPRHENSIVE Passage-1 
Rutherford proposed the atomic after his most striking experiment onα-scattering leading to 
discovery of nucleus. Bhor later on modified the atomic model on the basis of planck’s quantum 
theory of light and 
proposed the concept of stationary circular orbits of quantised energy 
nh 2π 
. The collection of fine lines in 
line spectrum led sommerfeld to give the idea of elliptical orbits. He successfully explained the 
existence of 
subshells and their number in a shell. The angular momentum of subshells was proposed as 
Q.1 The energy The emission angular level momentum to of other. 
a spectral of Prince line electron in atomic in 2p spectra orbital is was : 
supposed to Sir 
be due to the jump of electron l ( l form + l ) 
. 
2 one h 
π
. 
Q.2 (A) 
The (A) 10–15 volume 2π 

By h 
(B) 
h 2π 
(C) 
h 2π 
(D) 
2π h 
occupied by the nucleus is about .......... times of volume of atom: 
(B) 1015 (C) 10–12 (D) 10–10 
Q.3 Non-directional orbital is : 
(A) 3s (B) 4f (C) 4d (D) 4p 
Passage-2 
The electrons in a poly-electronic atom are filled one by one in order of increasing energy level. 
The energy of subshells and orientation of orbitals depends upon the values of three quantum 
numbers (i.e.,n, l, and m respectively) derived from schrodingr wave equation. The different 
orbitals of a subshells however possess same energy level and are called degenerate orbitals but 
their energy level changes in presence of magnetic field and the orbitals are non-degenerate. A 
spectral line is noticed if an electron jumps from one level to other. The paramagnetic nature of 
element is due to the presence of unpaired electron. Q.1 Which in each pair is most stable ion: 
Cu+ or Cu2+ and Fe2+ or Fe3+ (A) Cu+, Fe3+ (B) Cu2+, Fe3+ (C) Cu2+, Fe2+ (D) Cu+, Fe2+ 
Q.2 The number of unpaired electrons in Cr atom is : 
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 6 
Q.3 The total magnetic moment of Ni2+ ion is: 
(A) 6 BM (B) 8 BM (C) 15 BM (D) 12 BM 
Q.4 The number of spherical and angular nodes in 2p orbitals are: 
(A) 1, 1 (B) 2, 1 (C) 1, 0 (D) 0, 1 
(30) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.5 The possible number of spectral lines when an 
electron can jump from 5th shell to 2nd shell is: 
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6 
Q.6 The correct order for energy levels in H-atom is: 
(A) 3s = 3p = 3d > 2s (B) 3d > 3p > 3s > 2s (C) 3d > 3p = 3s > 2s (D) 3d > 3p > 3s = 2s 
Q.7 Which elements has 18 electrons in its outer-most shell: 
(A) Cu (B) Pd (C) Cd (D) Tc (A) Rotation of the electron in clcok wise and anticlockwise 
direction respectively (B) Rotation of the electron in anticlockwisec and closk wise direction 
respectively (C) Magnetic moment of the electron pointing up an ddown respectively (D) Two 
quantum mechanical spin states which have no classical analogues 
Assertion & Reason Q.1 Q.2 The these (A) (B) (C) (D) A 
R A R :The :Spectral : :2p 2p questions By 
questions, If If If If orbitals orbitals first (A) (A) (A) (A) is is and ionization lines and given 
incorrect correct is are choose (B) (B) lower would degernrate below are are but energy in any 
but both both not Prince (R) energy consist (R) one be correct correct is orbitals. of seen is of 
incorrect. B than incorrect. them: of is for less and and two 2s. 2px than (R) (R) statements – is is 
2pz Be. 
not the transition correct the as correct Assertion reason reason Sir (A) for and (A). 
for Reason (A). 
(R); while answering 
Q.3 A :Spectral lines are never obtained when electron de-excites from dxy to dyz because they 
are degenrate. 
R :When ligands approach central metal ion, its d-orbitals split into two sets. 
Q.4 A: Nucliede 30 13 
Al is less stable than 40 20 
Ca 
R :Nuclides having odd number of protons and neutrons are generally unstable. 
Q.5 A : The 3p orbital has higher energy level than 3s He+ ion. 
R : The enrgy of an orbital depends uponn andl. 
Q.6 A :Specific charge ofα-particles is twice to that of proton. 
R : Specific charge is given by e/m. 
Q.7 A :d-orbitals are five fold non-degenerate in presence fo magnetic field. 
R : In presence of magnetic field, the energy of orbitas becomes aitogether different. 
Q.8 A : Electronmagnetic radiations will emitted for the transition of 3p to 2s orbital in H-atom. 
R :Both have same energy level and thus no transition. 
Q.9 A : 
24 

Cr has more paramagnetic nature than 

25 

Mn R :Cr has more number of unpaired electron than 

Mn 
Q.10 A : The possible number of electrons in a sub-shell is (4l+ 2). 
R :The possible number of orientations in a sub-shell is are (2l+ 1). 
(31) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.11 A :Aufbau rule is violted in writing electronic 
configuration of Pd 
R :Pd shows diamagnetic natture. 
Q.12 A : Hydrogen has one electrons in its orbit but it shows several spectral lines. 
R :There are many excited energy levels available for different H-atom when spectra of H 
2 

gas is studied. 
Q.13 A : For n = 3.1 may be 0.1 and 2; and m may 0:0. ±1 : and 0. ±1 and ±2. 
R :For each value of n there are 0 to (n –1) possible values ofl: and for each value ofl there are 0 
to ±1 value ofm. 
Match the following Q.14 Column -I Column -II 
A Aufbau principle P. ∆p.∆x ≥ 
4π h 
B. Pauli’s exculsion principle C. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Q.15 Q. R. D. Einstein’s 
equation Prince S. Maximum (n + 
hv = i 
hv ) Sir 
rule 
+ 
number 1 2 
mv2 
of electron is shell is 2n2 
(A) (C) A. B. (l, (l,a), By 
Column Electronic No. a), (2, (2, of b), (3, c), (4, d) d), (3, c), (4, b) -I configuration Mn4+ 
unpaired electrons in Fe2+ (B) (l, a), (2, b), (3, d), (4, c) (D) (l, b), (2, a), (3, d), (4, c) 
Column -II P. [Ar] 4s2 3d1 Q. 7 C. No. of electrons in Na (11) having m = 0 R. 4 D. Electronic 
configuration of Sc(21) S. [Ar] 4so 3d3 
Q.16 ‘l’ and ‘m’ are respectively the azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers 
Column -I Column -II A. Number of values of ‘l’ for an energy level P. 0, 1, 2,........... (n 
–1) B. Actual values of ‘l’ for a particular type of orbital Q. +l to –l through zero C. Number of 
values of ‘m’ for l = 2 R. 5 D. Actual values of ‘m’ for a particuiar type of orbitalS. n 
(A) (l,a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d) (B) (l, a), (2, b), (3, d), (4, c) (C) (l, a), (2, d), (3, c), (4, b) (D) (l, b), 
(2, a), (3, d), (4, c) 
Q.17 Column -I Column -II 
A. Change of photon energy into kinetic P. Characteristic X–rays 
energy of electrons B. Transition between two atomic energy Q. Photoelectric effect 
levels C. Mosley’s law R. Hydrogen spectrum D. Electron emission from a material S. 
β–decay 
(32) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.18 Column -I Column -II 
A. Radius of nth orbital P. Inversely probability to Z B. Energy of nth shell Q. Integral multiple 
of h/2π C. Angular momentum in lowest orbital R. Probability to n2 D. Velocity of electron in 
nth S. Inversely proportional to n 
Q.19 Column -I Column -II 
A. Orbital angular momentum in the P. Principle quantum number 
electron in a hydrogen-like atomic orbital B. A hydrogen-like one-electron wave Q. 
Azimuthal quantum number 
function obeying puuli principle integral multiple of h/2π C. Shape, size and orientation of 
hydrogen-likeR. Hydrogen spectrum 
atomic orbitals D. Probability density of electron at the S. Electron spin quantum number 
nucleus in hydrogen-like atom Q.20 A. B. C. D. E. F. By 
Column Angular Plank’s Aufbau De-Broglie Balmer Hund’s rule law principle series 
momentum -I equation Prince Column P. Q. R. S. T. -II 
Orientation of an electron in an orbital Photon Line spectrum in visible region mv r 
λ = 

Sir 
h mu U. Electronic configuration 
(33) 
 
Reconstruct FEEL THE HEAT 
Your Chemistry With Prince Sir 
Previous year IIT-JEE questions. Q.1 With what velocity should anα-particle travel towards the 
nucleus of a Cu atom so as to arrive at a 
distance 10-13 m . [JEE 1997] 
Q.2 A compound of Vanadium has magnetic moment of 1.73 BM work out electronic 
configuration of 
Vanadium Ion in the compound. [JEE 1997] 
Q.3 The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H atom is-13.6 eV . The possible energy 
value(s) of 
the excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is/are : (A) - 3.4 eV (B) - 4.2 eV (C) 
- 6.8 eV (D) + 6.8 eV [JEE 1998] 
Q.4 The (A) one number of nodal planes (B) two in a p 
x 

orbital is: 
(C) three (D) zero [JEE 2000] 
Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Calculate state The (A) (B) (C) (D) Rutherfords (A)β rotation magnetic two 
rotation quantum of - particles, atomic quantum the of of experiment moment energy numbers 
the the hydrogen. which mechanical electron electron required of +1/2 Prince impinged , the 
which The in in and electron anticlockwise clockwise spin to energy excite established –1/2 on 
states pointing a for for metal one and which the the litre and anticlockwise the electron foil 
dissociation up have of clockwise nuclear and and hydrogen no down get spin classical model 
absorbed. of represent: direction direction respectively. gas H Sir of – at analogue. H atom, 1 is 
respectively. atmp respectively. 436 used and KJ a mol–1. 
298K beam to of the 
first excited (B)γ (C) By 
Helium - rays, which atoms, impinged which impinged on a metal on a foil metal and foil ejected 
and got electron. 
scattered. 
[JEE 2001] 
:– 
(D) Helium nuclie, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered. [JEE 2002] 
Q.8 The magnetic moment of cobalt of the compund Hg[Co(SCN) 
4 

] is [Given : Co+2] (A) 3 (B) 8 (C) 

15 (D) 24 [JEE 2004] 
Q.9 The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of the first Bohr’s orbit of 
hydrogen atom? 
(A) He+ (n = 2) (B) Li2+ (n = 2) (C) Li2+ (n = 3) (D) Be3+ (n = 2) 
[JEE 2004] 
Q.10 Given in nth orbit. in hydrogenic Find the value atom of r n 
, U,v,x,y. V 
n 

, E, K 
n 

stand for radius, potential energy, total energy and kinetic [JEE 2006] 
energy 
V (A) U = 
(P) 1 n 
(B) 
n 

n K 
1 r 
∝ Ex (Q) –2 
(C) r 
(Z n 
∝ = Atomic Zy number) 
(R) –1 
(D) v = (Orbital angular momentum of electron (S) 0 
in its lowest energy ) 
(34) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.11 Match the entries inColumn I with the 
correctly related quantum number(s) inColumn II. Indicate 
your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS. 
[JEE 2008] 
Column I Column II (A) Orbital angular momentum of the (P) Principal quantum number 
electron in a hydrogen-like atomic orbital 
(B) A hydrogen-like one-electron wave (Q) Azimuthal quantum number 
function obeying Pauli principle 
(C) Shape, size and orientation of hydrogen (R) Magnetic quantum number 
like atomic orbitals 
(D) Probability density of electron at the nucleus (S) Electron spin quantum number 
in hydrogen-like atom 
Q.12 Metal φ(eV) The work photoelectric Li 2.4 function Na 2.3 effect K 2.2 Prince (φ) when 
of some Mg 3.7 light of metals Cu 4.8 300 Ag 4.3 nm is listed wavelength Fe 4.7 below. Pt 6.3 
The falls W 4.75 number Sir on the metal of metals is which will show \ 
[2010] By 

ANSWERS 
BOOST YOUR BASICS 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. B 
(35) 
 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. C 
15. C 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. D 21. D 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. 
A 
FACE THE CHALLENGE 1. Z = 2, φ = 4.2 eV 2. (a) 3; (b) 15, 12; (c) 154.06 nm 3. 3.38 eV 4. 
φ = 2.1 eV & K.E. = 0.75 eV 5. Brackett series 6. (a) 628.72 × 1021 atoms; (b) [823.5 kJ 7. [n = 
6, Z = 3] 8. Ans. (i) n = 4, (ii) z = 1, (iii) 13.6 eV, (iv) 12.75 eV, 0.66 eV 
CHOOSE YOUR FAVOURITES 1. A,B,D 2. B,C 3. A,C 4. A,B,C 7. A,B 8. A,C 9. A,C 10. 
A,B,C 13. B, C 14. GO COMPREHENSIVE 1. 1. B 2. A 3. A ASSERTION & REASON 1. 
C 2. A, A D Prince 15. 2. 3. B, D 16. C 
1. B 2.D 3.B 4.D B 4. C 5.D Sir 5. 11. 6.A C,D A, C 7.B 5. A 6. A,D 12. B, C, D 

7. A By 
8. D 9. A 10. A 6. D 11. A 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. A-S, B-R, C-Q, D-P 16. A-S, B-P, C-R, D-Q 
17. A-Q, B-P, S, C-Q, D-QR 18. A-P,R B-R C-Q D-S 19. A-Q B-S C-P, Q,R D-P,Q 20. A-S 
B-Q C-Q D-T E-R F-P 
FEEL THEHEAT 
Q.1 6.3 × 106 m/s Q.2 [Ar] 3d1 Q.3 A Q.4 A 
Q.5 97.819 KJ Q.6 D Q.7 D Q.8 C 
Q.9 D Q.10 (A) Q, (B) P, (C) R, (D) S 
Q.11 (A) Q,R (B) P, Q, R,S (C) P, Q, R (D) P, Q 12. 4 13. 
(36) 
 
By 
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir 

Prince Sir 
(37)