Table of Contents
Notice to Exam Candidales ............................. xiii
Int.roduclion ........................................................X\'
Chapter 1:Tree Biology
Objectives ..............................................................2
KeyTenns ...................... ........................................2
l•utoduction ............................................. ...............3
Tree J-\oatonly.........................................................3
Tree Physiology ............. ........................................9
Tropical Trees and Palms ..•.....•..•.••.••.•••.....•.•...•..• l4
Workbook ..............•.....•....••..•.......•.........•.••....•.••.. 16
Other Sources of lnfonnation .............................. I 9
Chapter 2: Tree Identification
Objec1ivcs ..•...•...••..•...•..•.•••.•••.•.....•.•.....•.••......••..•22
Key Tenns ........................................................... 22
lotroduction ......................................................... 23
Plant Classification.............................................. 23
Plant Nomenclature............................................. 24
Basic 10 Principles ............................................. 2S
Palms ................................................................... 29
Using a Key.... .......................................... 29
Workbook ............................................... 30
Other Sources of [nfonnation ........... .................. 33
Chapter 3: Soil Science
Objectives .... ............ ............................................36
Key Tenns .. ...............................36
lntroduc1ion ................................ .37
Physic.al Propenies. ................................. 37
Chemical Properties .................................40
Biological Propenies.......... .................................42
Soil MoislUre and Plant Growth ..........................43
Urban Soils ................ ... ......................................45
Soil hnJ)tovement .................................................46
Workbook ............................................................ .48
Other Sources or lnfonntnion ..............................S 1
Chapter 4: Water Management
Objec1ives .......................•....••.........•...•.......•.•.•....54
KeyTenns...... .. ............................ ...............S4
lntroduction ........................................... ...............SS
Trees and Water.... ............................ %
Irrigation .............................................................$7
Water Conservation ............................ .SS
flooding .................................................61
Drainage. .........................................62
Workbook ...................................... .....................64
Other Sources of lnfonnatio11..............................66
Chapter 5: Tree Nutrition and Fertilization
Objeclivcs ........................ .......................68
Key Tenns ....................... ............ .................68
Introduction ............................. ...............69
Tree Requirements ............................... ...............69
Fertilizer ................................................ ...............70
Soila.nd Plan1 Uplake....•......•.......... .....•...............74
Analysis and Prescrip1ion ....................................76
Workbook .............................•..•...•... ...... ...•..•••......77
Other Sour<:cs of lnfonnation ....................... .......79
Chapter 6: Tree Selection
Objeclivcs ...............................•.......•........•..••..••..•82
Key Tenns .................................•.......••...•••.....••••••82
lntroduction ..........................................................$3
Ma1ching Tre<: and Si1e ................. .......................83
Selecting Trees at the Nursery ...................... .......89
Workbook ............................................................•91
Other Sources oflnfonnation .... ..... ........ ...........93
Chapter 7: Installation and Establishment
Objwivcs. ........ .....................................%
Key Tenns ................. .............................%
lnlroduction . .......................... .............. ...............97
Plam $elec1ion ................. ... ....................97
Planting Techniques .......... ........ ............ ... 100
Transplanting .............. ................... 102
Early Care ................... ................... ..................• 105
Plamin.g Specific~uio1lS ......... 110
Workbook ................. ........................................ 111
Other Som·ecs of lnformatiOJ\ ............................ l13
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 8: Pruning
Objec1ives .................................................. 116
KeyTemls .............. .. ................................. 116
Introduction .................................................. 117
l)runing Objectivcs ............................................. l l7
Branch Attachment. ............................................ I IS
Pn.IJlin.g Culs....................................................... l 19
S1rucmral Pruning .............................................. 122
Pmning Mamre Trees......................................... 123
Pruning Me1hods (Types) ................................... l23
Pni1ling Palms .................................................... 126
Specialty Ptuning ............................................... l26
\Vound Dtess·ings ............................................... 127
P'nl1ling Tools ..................................................... 127
1'inlins ................................................................ I2S
Plan1 Grow1h Rcgulalors .................................... I2S
Workbook ........................................................... 129
Other Sources of lnfonnation ............................ l32
Chapter 9: Tree Support and Lightning
Protection
Objec1ives .......................................................... 134
Key Tcnns .......................................................... 134
Tree Support Sys1ems .....•................•........•....•.• 135
ln~toduction ................................................... l35
S1a1ic Cable Syslems..................................... I3S
Dynamic S11ppon. Systems ............................ l4 1
Bracing .......................................................... l4 1
Guying .................. ......................................... l42
Propping ...................... ....................... 143
lnspeccion and Maintenance ......................... 144
Lightning Protection Systems ............................ l44
lntroduction ............... ....... ............................. l44
Lightning and Trees .. .................................... 14$
Candidates for ProtectiOil .............................. l45
lightning Protection Systems ....................... I4S
lnspec•.ion and Maintenance ......................... 146
Workbook ........................................................... l47
Other Sources of lnfonnatiOil ............................ I49
Chapter 10: Diagnosis and Pla nt Disorders
Objec1ivcs .......................................................... 152
KeyTcnns .......................................................... l52
huroduction ........................................................ l53
General Diagnosis Principles ............................. I 53
Tree S~ress .......................................................... IS7
i-\biotic Oisorders ............................................... l$9
Biotic Disordei'S ................................................. 165
X ~OJO»bp~~~tl.lt~M~If'oorl·
The n u·ca• of"Exo•ie" PesiS ............................. 170
Gelling l..aboraiOfy AssiStance ........................... l70
Workbook ........................................................... 172
Other Soul'<:es of lnfonn~u i on ............................ 175
Chapter 1 1: Plant Health Care
Objeclives ..........................................................178
Key Tcnns .......................................................... 17S
lntroduction ........................................................ l79
Definition and PhiiOSOJ>hy.................................. l79
Whal Is a Heahhy Plam?.................................... I SO
Plant Defense Mechanisms ................................ lSI
Plant Heahh Care Process .................................. J 82
He.alth Management Strategies .......................... 187
Managemen1 Op1ions ..... ........................... I 88
\Vorkbook ................. .................... ....... 193
Other Sources of Information ............................ 195
Chapter 12: Tree Assessment and Risk
Management
Objeclives .......................................................... 198
KeyTenns ........................................................198
fl1troductiOtl ........................................ 199
Risk Asse.ssmcnt Basics ..................................... l99
Ttee Inspection ......................................200
Tree Decay .........................................................202
Risk Assc.ssmctn and Managemcm ....................207
t\1itigatiOtl Options .............................................20S
liability and Ncgligcncc ....................................209
Workbook ...........................................................211
01her Sources of lnfonuation ............................2 13
Chapter 13: Trees and Construction
Objec1ives .........................................................•2 16
Key Tenns ..........................................................2 16
lntroduction ........................................................2 17
How Trees Are Damaged During
Conslntct.ion ...................................................2 17
Construction Prn.ctices .......................................2 19
Planning and Preservation..................................220
Avoiding Tree Damage During
Cons1.n1ct.ion ...................................................221
Treaunent of Trees Damaged by
Cons1ruc1ion ...........................224
Role of the ArboriS-1.. ..........................................227
Workbook ................... ...........................22S
Other Sources of Infom1ation ............................230
 . TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 14: Urban Forestry Chapter 16: Climbing and Working in Trees
Objectives ..................................................232 Objectives ........................ .................................272
Key Temls ................ .................................232 Ke~· Tenns ..... ...........................272
Introduction ..................................................233 Introduction ..................... .............. ...................273
Benefits and Costs of1"rees ................................233 lltSpection of Gear ...........................273
Valuation and Appraisal .....................................236 Rope .................. .............. ...................274
Planning .............. ......................................237 Design and Limitations ........................ .............275
Inventories .........................................................238 Knots ............................... ........ .. .... .................. .275
Regulatory and Legal Issues ..............................239 lnspec1ion of the Tree............. ...........................280
l\1al1agcnlent.......................................................241 Climbing Techniques and Proc:edures ................280
l11fonnation and Education ................................244 Emergency Response aJ1d Aerial Rescue ...........2S5
Workbook ... ....................................245 Rigsing...............................................................2S7
O ther Sources of Information ............................248 1Vorkbook ...................................•.......•....•......•..•292
O ther Soutces of lnfonnatiOJ\ ............... .............295
Chapter 15: Tree Worker Safety
Objecti'"es ..........................................................250 Glossary .............................................................299
KeyTenns ..........................................................250 AnswetS 10 Workbook Questions and Sample
l•uroduction ........................................................2S I Test Questions ................................................32 1
La,vs and Rcgul.ations ........................................2S I Bibliography ................................... ...................333
PcrsoMI Protc<:tive Equipment (PPE) ...............252 Index ............................•..•....•......••...•••..••.••.••••.•.339
Good Communiealion.... ....................................2S3
General Safety....................................................254
Elc<:trical Haurds ..............................................255
Chain Saw Safety ...............................................256
Tree Felling and RemovaL ............... .................2SS
Chipper Safety ...................................................260
Aerial lifis (Mobile Elevated Work
Platfonns)... ..........................................260
Palm Safety ........................................................26 1
First·Aid Procedures ..........................................26 1
Workbook ...........................................................266
Other Sources oflnfonnation ... .........................269