 (1961) Diosdado Macapagal won presidential election

 (1965) Ferdinand Marcos elected President

 (1969) Ferdinand Marcos re-elected President
 (1969) Muslim separatists began campaign of guerrilla war in the country's south
 (1972) Suspicious bombing incidents increased around the country
 (1972) President Marcos declared the entire country was under martial law, suspended parliament,
arrested opposition politicians, imposed censorship
 (1972) Opposition leader, Senator Benigno Aquino, arrested
 (1973) Constitutional Convention passed new Constitution of the Philippines; gave President Marcos
absolute power
 (1973) President Marcos' term extended by referendum
 (1976) Major earthquake and following tsunami killed 8,000 people at Mindanao.
 (1977) Referendum empowered President Marcos to continue in office, and to also become Prime
Minister
 (1977) Opposition leader Benigno Aquino sentenced to death; execution delayed by President Marcos
 (1980) Benigno Aquino released to undergo heart surgery in the U.S.
 (1981) Due to upcoming three-day visit by the Pope, martial law was lifted
 (1981) Marcos re-elected president
 (1983) Benigno Aquino assassinated at Manila International Airport upon arrival from the U.S.
 (1986) Aquino's widow, Corazon, ran against Marcos in presidential election; Marcos declared himself
winner, Aquino disputed results
 (1986) Mass protests followed election; military withdrew support of Marcos
 (1986) Marcos fled to Hawaii
 (1986) New government claimed Marcos looted billions of dollars during his presidency
 (1989) U.S. assisted Philippine government forces in suppressing attempted coup
 (1990) Military officials convicted of murdering Benigno Aquino
 (1991) Philippine Senate voted to end U.S. military presence in the county
 (1992) President Aquino's defense minister, Fidel Ramos, won presidency
 (1996) Peace agreement reached with Moro National Liberation Front, a Muslim separatist group; the
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) continued with its campaign
 (1997) Economy damaged by Asian financial crisis
 (1998) Joseph Estrada elected president

2000s
 (2000) President Estrada declared "all-out-war" against Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
 (2000) Impeachment proceedings began against President Estrada due to allegations of corruption,
violation of the Constitution, betraying of public trust
 (2001) Following suspension of impeachment proceedings, mass street protests took place; military
withdrew its support of Estrada
 (2001) Estrada forced to step down due to public outrage over corruption allegations; Vice President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo assumed the office of president
 (2001) Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) declared cease fire; said it was ready for talks with
government
 (2001) Estrada charged with plundering more than $80 million in state funds while in office; found
guilty, jailed for life; won a pardon
 (2002) U.S. and Filipino military held joint exercises in war on international terrorism
 (2002) Series of bomb blasts on Manila bus and three locations in Zamboanga City blamed on Islamic
militants
 (2003) Cease fire between MILF and government
 (2003) Talks between MILF and government were called off after rebel attack in Mindanao killed 30
 (2003) Over 300 army soldiers seized shopping center in Manila in a mutiny; surrendered peacefully
after negotiations
 (2003) President Arroyo declared state of rebellion
 (2004) Arroyo won presidential election
 (2004) Hundreds of people killed in floods and mudslides caused by powerful storms and typhoon
 (2005) Fighting between Filipino troops and MILF rebels broke 2003 cease fire
 (2005) Peace talks in Malaysia between government and MILF rebels resulted in breakthrough of issue
of ancestral land
 (2005) Demonstrations and calls for President Arroyo's resignation over allegations of vote-rigging in
election
 (2005) Congress voted against filing of impeachment against Arroyo
 (2006) Mudslide on island of Leyte killed more than 1,000
 (2006) President Arroyo declared state of emergency in response to coup rumors
 (2006) Typhoon Durian battered east coast, triggered mudslides, hundreds dead
 (2007) Army confirmed death of Abu Sayyaf leader, Khaddafy Janjalani
 (2007) Military increased offensive against Abu Sayyaf, after the beheading of seven Christian hostages
 (2007) Government report accused military of being responsible for killings of hundreds of left-win
activists
 (2007) Soldiers on trial for 2003 mutiny, made coup attempt at luxury hotel in Manila
 (2007) Former President Joseph Estrada was convicted of plunder
 (2008) Government negotiators, MILF rebels reached an agreement for a Muslim autonomous region in
the south; deal collapsed after objections from Christian communities and fighting on island of
Mindanao which left more than 30 people dead
 (2009) Army captured MILF base on Mindanao
 (2009) People traveling to file election nomination papers in Mindanao were attacked, 57 were killed
 (2009) Peace talks resumed between government and MILF rebels in peace talks in Malaysia
 (2009) Three volunteers of the International Committee of Red Cross kidnapped by the Abu Sayyaf
rebels
 (2009) Former President Corazon Aquino died
 (2009) "State of calamity" declared by President Gloria Arroyo due to Typhoon Ketsana which caused
landslides, flooding; nearly 500 people died
 (2010) Prosecutors charged 196 people with murder over the Maguindanao massacre
 (2010) Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino elected president
 (2010) Manila Hostage Crisis occurred when dismissed national police officer hijacked tourist bus in
Manila in attempt to get his job back
 (2010) Typhoon Megi killed 31 people, caused major damages in Luzon, one of the costliest typhoons in
the Philippines
 (2011) U.S. committed to defense of the Philippines amid rising tensions in South China Sea
with China over the Spratly Islands
 (2011) Former President Gloria Arroyo arrested on vote-fraud over Senate election in 2007, she denied
charges
 (2011) Ban ordered on deployment of workers to 41 countries for failure to sign agreements to protect
foreign workers from abuse
 (2011) More than 1,000 died after Typhoon Washi struck Mindanao; entire neighborhoods swept away,
tens of thousands forced into shelters
 (2011) Abu Sayyaf group blamed for explosion at small hotel in Zamboanga which killed three, injured
nearly 30
 (2012) Gunmen in speedboats opened fire on fishermen off Sibago Island, killed 15
 (2012) Military announced it killed man on FBI most-wanted terror list, two other militants in pre-dawn
air strike on Sulu Island
 (2012) Philippines, Chinese naval vessels confronted one another in South China Sea
 (2012) Torrential rains caused flooding which paralyzed most of Manila
 (2012) Philippine Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo missing after the light aircraft he was traveling in
crashed into the sea
 (2012) Approximately 3,000 protesters from the Philippines Muslim minority
burned U.S. and Israeli flags in Marawi over amateur anti-Islam video produced in the U.S.
 (2013) Filipino coastguard killed Taiwanese fisherman in disputed waters, set off major diplomatic row
 (2013) Over 75,000 residents fled Zamboanga during stand-off between Moro National Liberation Front
rebels and the army, 200 people were killed, including 166 rebels
 (2013) Typhoon Haiyan decimated central area of the country, over 6,000 killed, millions lost homes,
major international aid effort was organized
 (2013) Government and Moro Islamic Liberation Front signed power-sharing accord
 (2014) Benito Tiamzon and wife Wilma, leaders of the Communist Party-New People's Army-National
Democratic Front, and five others were arrested by armed forces for for their crimes against
humanity that included multiple murders
 (2014) Government and Moro Islamic Liberation Front signed peace accord, ended four decades of
fighting
 (2014) U.S. and Philippines reached 10-year agreement giving American warships, planes and troops
greater access to bases in Philippines
 (2014) National Police arrested 11 Chinese fisherman for poaching more than 500 endangered sea
turtles in disputed South China Sea
1. Absolute Location
 Absolute location describes the location of a place based on a fixed point on earth. It
describes the position of a place in a way that never changes, no matter your location.
The location is identified by specific coordinates.
2. Relative Location
 Relative location refers to the position of a place or entity based on its location with
respect to other locations. We say, it is the position of a place as compared to another
landmark. It can be expressed in terms of distance, travel time, or cost.
3. Contiguous
 Geographic contiguity is the characteristic in geography of political or geographical land
divisions, as a group, not being interrupted by other land or water.
4. Landlocked
 A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land,
or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas.
 In the Philippines there are landlocked provinces. A landlocked province is one that has
no coastline, meaning no access to sea or ocean. Of the 81 provinces of the Philippines,
16 are landlocked, and 16 are island provinces
 All provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR): Apayao, Abra, Kalinga,
Mt. Province, Ifugao and Benguet. Two provinces of Cagayan Valley (Region II): Nueva
Vizcaya and Quirino. Two provinces of Central Luzon (Region III): Nueva Ecija and Tarlac.
Four provinces of Mindanao:, Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao (Region X), Cotabato
Province of Soccsksargen (Region XII), Agusan del Sur of Caraga (Region XIII), and
 Similarly, Laguna and Rizal Province of CALABARZON (Region IV-A) have coastlines on
Laguna de Bay. Since lakes do not allow access to seaborne trade, these provinces are
still considered to be landlocked.

5. Archipelago/Insular
 An archipelago is a group of islands closely scattered in a body of water. Usually, this
body of water is the ocean, but it can also be a lake or river
 Philippines is an island country of Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is an
archipelago consisting of some 7,100 islands and islets lying about 500 miles (800 km)
off the coast of Vietnam.
6. Peninsula
 A peninsula is a piece of land that is almost entirely surrounded by water but is
connected to the mainland on one side.
 A body of land surrounded by water on three sides is called a peninsula. The word
comes from the Latin paene insula, meaning “almost an island.”
 In the Philippines, the following are some example of peninsulas: Bataan
Peninsula, Luzon; Bicol Peninsula, Luzon; Caramoan Peninsula, Bicol; Bondoc
Peninsula, Luzon; San Ildefonso Peninsula, Luzon; Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao

7. Isthmus
 An isthmus is a strip of narrow land with water on each side, connecting two greater
land masses.
8. Gulf
 A gulf is portion of the ocean that penetrates land. Gulfs vary greatly in size, shape, and
depth. It can be considered a large bay.
 Some of the gulf in the phillipines are: Albay gulf; Davao Gulf; Leyte gulf; and Lingayen
gulf.

9. Strait
 A strait is a narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. It may be
formed by a fracture in an isthmus, a narrow body of land that connects two bodies of
water.
 Some straits found in the Philippines are: Cebu strait; Mindoro strait; and Surigao strait.
10. Bay
 A bay is a small body of water or a broad inlet that is set off from a larger body of water
generally where the land curves inward.