CHAPTER 9

DEFINITE INTEGRATION

TOPICS:

1.The definite integral

2.Interpretation of definite integral

3.Fundamental theorem of integral calculus

4.Properties of definite integral

5. Reduction formulae
 DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Let f(x) be a function defined on [a, b]. If ∫ f (x) dx = F(x) , then F(b) – F(a) is called the definite
b
integral of f(x) over [a, b]. It is denoted by ∫ f (x)dx . The real number ‘a’ is called the lower
a
limit and the real number ‘b’ is called the upper limit.
This is known as fundamental theorem of integral calculus.

THEOREM
b b

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (t)dt i.e., definite integral is independent of its variable.

a a

Geometrical interpretation of definite integral

b
If f(x)>0 for all x in [a, b] then ∫ f ( x ) dx is numerically equal to the area bounded by the
a
b
curve y =f(x), the x-axis and the lines x=a and x=b i.e., ∫ f ( x ) dx .
a

b
In general, ∫ f ( x ) dx represents to algebraic sum of the areas of the figures bounded by the
a

curve y =f(x) , the x axis and the lines x=a and x=b.. the areas above x-axis are taken with
plus sign and the areas below x-axis are taken with minus sign i.e.,

∫ f ( x ) dx =
a
area ABC – area CPD –area EQE + area EFG.
 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b a
1. ∫ f (x)dx = −∫ f (x)dx .
a b

Proof : let ∫ f (x)dx = F(x) then

b a

∫ f (x)dx = [F(x)]ab = F(b) − F(a) = −[F(a) − F(b)] = −[F(x)]ab = − ∫ f (x)dx

a b
b c b
2 . If a < c < b then ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx .
a a c

Proof : Let ∫ f (x)dx = F(x) .

b
Then ∫ f (x)dx = [F(x)]ab = F(b) − F(a)
a
c b
R.H.S= ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = [F(x)]ca + [F(x)]cb
a c
b
= F(c) − F(a) + F(b) − F(c) = F(b) − F(a) = ∫ f (x)dx = L.H.S
a
a a
3. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 0

Proof : Put a – x = t. ⇒ dx = –dt

L.L, x = 0 ⇒ t=a
U.L. x=a⇒ t=0.
a 0 0 a a
R.HS. = ∫ f (a − x)dx = ∫ f (t)( −dt) = − ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (x)dx = L.H.S.
0 a a 0 0

THEOREM
b b

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a

Proof : Put a + b – x = t, then –dx = dt ⇒ dx = –dt

L.L, x = a ⇒ t=b
U.L. x=b⇒ t=a.
b a a b b
R.HS. = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx = ∫ f (t)( −dt) = − ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (x)dx = LHS
a b b a a
THEOREM
a a

∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx , if f(x) is an even function= 0, if f(x) is an odd function.

−a 0
a 0 a
Proof : Since –a < 0 < a, ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
−a −a 0

In the 1st integral of RHS,

Put x = –t, then dx = –dt,
L.L, x = -a ⇒ t = a
U.L. x=0⇒ t=0.
a 0 a 0 a
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (− t)( −dt) + ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f ( − t)dt + ∫ f (x)dx
−a a 0 a 0
a a a a
= ∫ f (− t)dt + ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f ( − x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx − − − − − (1)
0 0 0 0

Case I : If f(x) is an even function then f(–x) = f(x)

Then from (1),
a a a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = 2 ∫ f (x)dx

−a 0 0 0

Case II :If f(x) is an odd function then f(–x) = –f(x)

From (1),

a a a
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = 0
−a 0 0

THEOREM

2a a

∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx if f(2a – x) = f(x)s= 0 if f(2a – x) = –f(x).

0 0

Proof :
2a a 2a
Since 0 < a < 2a, ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ---(1)
0 0 a

In the 2nd integral of rhs, Put 2a – t = x, then –dx = dt ⇒ dx = –dt

L.L, x = a ⇒ t=a
U.L. x=2a⇒ t=0.

2a 0 0 a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (2a − t) ( −dt ) = −∫ f (2a − t)dt =∫ f (2a − t)dt = ∫ f (2a − x)dx

a a a 0 0

From (1),
2a a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (2a − x)dx ----(2)

0 0 0

Case I : if f(2a – x) = f(x)

From (2),
2a a a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx

0 0 0 0

Case II : if f(2a – x) = –f(x)

From (2),
2a a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ f (x)dx = 0

0 0 0

THEOREM :
nT T
If f(x) is a periodic function with period ‘T’ then ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0
nT T
Proof : Let S(n) be the statement that ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx for n€N.
0 0

Let n=1, then

1T T T

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx = 1∫ f (x)dx

0 0 0

∴ S(1) is true.
Assume that S(k) is true.
kT T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx
0 0
(k +1)T kT (k +1)T T (k +1)T
Now ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 kT 0 kT
nd
In the 2 integral of rhs
Put x = kT + t, then dx = dt.
x = kT, (k + 1)T ⇒ t = 0, t = a.
(k +1)T T T T

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (ka + t)dt = ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (x)dx

kT 0 0 0

[∵ f(x) is a periodic function with period ‘T’]

(k +1)T T (k +1)T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 0
T T T
= k ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = (k + 1) ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 0

∴ S(k + 1) is true. By principle of Mathematical Induction S(n) is true, ∀ n ∈ N.

nT T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0

THEOREM
If f(x) is an integrable function on [a, b] and g(x) is derivable on [a, b] then
b g(b)

∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx .
a g(a)

EXERCISE – 9(A)
I. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
a

∫ (a x − x 3 )dx
2
1.
0
a
a  a 2x2 x4  a4 a4 a4
Sol. ∫ (a x − x )dx = 
2
−  =
3
− =
0  2 4 
0
2 4 4

3
2xdx
2. ∫ 1+ x2
2
3 3
2xdx
∫ 1 + x 2 = ln |1 + x | 2 = ln10 − ln 5 = ln(10 / 5) = ln 2
2
Sol.
2
 π
3. ∫ 2 + 2cos θdθ
0
π π π
θ
Sol. ∫ 2 + 2 cos θdθ = ∫ 2 ⋅ 2 cos 2
2
dθ = ∫ 2 cos(θ / 2) dθ
0 0 0
π
 θ  π 
=  4sin  = 4  sin − sin 0  = 4
 2 0  2 
π

∫ sin x ⋅ cos3 xdx

3
4.
0
π π
Sol. ∫ sin 3 x ⋅ cos3 xdx = ∫ sin 3 ( π − x) cos3 ( π − x)dx
0 0
π
= − ∫ sin 3 x cos3 x dx = − I
0
⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0 = − I
2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0

2
5. ∫ |1 − x | dx
0
2 1 2
Sol. ∫ |1 − x | dx = ∫ −(x − 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
0 0 1
1 2
= ∫ ( − x + 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
0 1
1 2
 −x 2   x2 
= + x +  − x
 2  0  2 1
1 4  1  1 1
= − + 1 +  − 2  −  − 1 = + = 1
2 2  2  2 2

π/ 2
cos x
6. ∫ dx
−π / 2 1 + e
x

π /2
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
−π /2 1 + e
x
 π/2
cos(π / 2 − π / 2 − x)dx  
b b
I= ∫
 ∫ ∫
∵ f (x)dx = f (a + b − x)dx 
1 + e− x 
−π/2  a a 
π/2
e x cos xdx
= ∫ 1 + ex
− − − −(2)
−π/2
Adding (1) and (2) ,
π/ 2 π/ 2
cos x(1 + e x )
2I = ∫ 1 + ex
dx = ∫ cos xdx
−π / 2 −π / 2

π /2
2I = 2 ∫ cos x dx (∵ cos x is even function )
0
π /2
⇒ I = [sin x ]0 ⇒ I =1

1
dx
7. ∫ 3 − 2x
0
Sol.
1
1
 2 3 − 2x 
∫
dx
=
3 − 2x  −2 
 =− ( ) (
3 − 2.1 − 3 − 2.0 = − 1 − 3 =) ( )
3 −1
0 o

a
8. ∫( a − x )2 dx
0
a a
Sol. ∫ ( a − x ) dx = ∫ (a + x + 2 a x )dx
2

0 0
a
 x2 2
=  ax + − 2 a ⋅ x 3/ 2 
 2 3 
0

a 2 4 2 6a 2 + 3a 2 − 8a 2 1 2
a2 + − a = = a
2 3 6 6
 π/ 4
9. ∫ sec 4 θdθ
0
π /4 π /4 π /4

∫ sec 4 θdθ = ∫ sec 2 θ.sec 2 θdθ = ∫ sec θ(1 + tan 2 θ)dθ

2

0 0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
Sol. Let = ∫ (sec 2
θ + sec θ tan θ dθ =
2 2
) ∫ sec
2
θdθ + ∫ tan 2 θ sec 2 θdθ
0 0 0
π /4
 tan 3 θ  1 4
= tan θ)o π /4
+
 3 
= 1− 0 + (1 − 0 ) =
 o 3 3
3
x
10. I = ∫ dx
0 x 2 + 16
Asn: 1
1
−x2
11. ∫ x ⋅e dx
0
1 1
−x2 1
dx = ∫ 2xe − x dx, put − x 2 = t
2
Sol. ∫ x ⋅ e
0
20
⇒ −2xdx = dt ⇒ 2xdx = −dt
x = 1 ⇒ t = 1, x = 0 ⇒ t = 0
−1
1 1 t −1
I= ∫ −e dt = 2  −e  0
t
2 0
1  0 −1  1  1 
= e −e = 1−
2  2  e 
5
dx
12. I = ∫
1
2x − 1
Ans:2
II. Evaluate the following integrals.
4
x2
1. ∫ 1 + xdx
0
4 4 4 4
x2 x2 −1+1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx ⇒ I = ∫ (x − 1)dx + ∫
0
1+ x 0
1+ x 0 0
1+ x
 4
 x2 
=  − x  + [ log(1 + x) ]0
4

 2  0
42
= − 4 + log 5 − log1 = 4 + log 5
2
2
x2
2. ∫ x 2 + 2 dx
−1
2 2
x2 + 2 −1  2 
Sol. ∫ x +2
2
dx = ∫ 1 − x 2 + 2  dx
−1 −1
2 2
dx
= ∫ dx − 2 ∫ 2
+ ( 2) 2
−1 −1 x
2
1  −1  x  
= [x]
2
−1
− 2⋅  tan  
2   2 
  2  −1  1 
= [2 − (−1)] − 2  tan −1   − tan  − 
  2  2 
  1 
= 3 − 2  tan − 1 ( 2 ) − tan −1  − 
  2 
  1  
= 3 + 2  tan −1  − −1
 − tan ( 2 ) 
  2 
1
x2
3. ∫ x 2 + 1 dx
0
1 1 1 1
x2 x2 +1−1 dx
Sol. ∫ x 2 + 1 dx = ∫ x +12
dx = ∫ dx − ∫
x +1
2
0 0 0 0
1 π
[ x ]10 −  tan −1 x  0 = 1 − tan −1 1 = 1 −
4
π /2
4. ∫ x 2 sin xdx
0
π /2 π /2 π /2
Sol. ∫ x 2 sin xdx =  x 2 (− cos x)  − ∫ (2x)(− cos x)dx
 0
0 0
π/2
= (0 − 0) + 2 ∫ x cos x dx
0
 π /2
π /2
= 2 [ x sin x ]0 − ∫ (2)(sin x)dx
0

π  π/2
= 2  ×1 + 2 [ cos x ]0
2 
= π + 2(0 − 1) = π − 2
4
5. ∫ | 2 − x | dx
0
2 4
Sol. ∫ | 2 − x | dx + ∫ | 2 − x | dx
0 2
2 4
= ∫ (2 − x)dx + ∫ (x − 2)dx
0 2

  x2  2 2 4
x
=  2x −  +  − 2x 
 2   2
0  2
 4   4 
=  4 −  − (8 − 8) −  4 −  
 2   2 
= 2−0+2 = 4

π/2
sin 5 x
6. ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 5 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx …(1)
0

π/2  a a 
sin 5 (π / 2 − x)dx
I= ∫ ∵
sin 5 (π / 2 − x) + cos5 ( π / 2 − x)  0
∫ f (a − x)dx = ∫ 
f (x)
0 0 
π/2
cos5 xdx
= ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
…………(2)
0
Adding (1) and (2) ,
π/ 2 π/2
sin 5 x + cos5 x
2I = ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx = ∫ 1⋅ dx
0 0
π π
2I = ⇒I=
2 4
 π/2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
7. ∫ sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
Sol. let I = ∫ sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx …(1)
0

π/2  a a 
sin 2 (π / 2 − x) − cos 2 ( π / 2 − x)
I= ∫ sin 3 (π / 2 − x) + cos 3 ( π / 2 − x)
dx
 ∫
∵ f (a − x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx 

0  0 0 
π/ 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x
I= ∫ cos3 x + sin 3 x
dx …(2)
0
Adding (1) and (2),
π/ 2
0dx
2I = ∫ cos x + sin 3 x
3
dx ⇒ I = 0
0
III. Evaluate the following integrals.
π /2
dx
1. ∫ 4 + 5cos x
0
π /2 π /2
dx dx
Sol. ∫ 4 + 5cos x
= ∫  x
1 − tan
0 0 2

4+5 2
x
1 + tan 2 
 2
π/2
dx

=
x  ∫ x
0 4 tan 2 + 1 + 5 1 − tan 2
 2     2 
 2x 
 tan 2 + 1
x 1 x 2dt
put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt ⇒ dx =
2 2 2 1+ t2
π
x = 0 ⇒ t = o and x= ⇒ t = 1
2
 =∫
1
(1 + t )
2
2dt
0 4t 2 + 4 + 5 − 5t 2 1 + t 2
1 1
2 2  3+ t 
=∫ dt = ln 
0 9−t
2 2 ⋅ 3  3 − t  0
1  4 1
=  ln  = ln 2
3  2 3
b
2. ∫ (x − a)(b − x)dx
a
b b
Sol. ∫ (x − a)(b − x)dx = ∫ − x 2 + (a + b)x − abdx
a a

b 2 2
 b − a    a + b 
=∫   − x −    dx
a  2    2 
  2 2 

(  )
∵ − x 2 + (a + b)x − ab = − x 2 − (a + b)x + ab = −   x −
a+b a+b
2
 

−
 2


+ ab 

 
 
 2 2 
 =  b − a  −  x −  a + b   
  2    2  
   
b
   a + b 
= 1   a + b   x −  2 
− 2
 
sin −1 
 x − (b a)
 2    (x − a)(b − x) + −
 2  4 ⋅ 2  b a  
   
  2  a

(b − a)2  −1
= 0+ sin (1) − sin −1 (−1) 
8  
(b − a)2 π π π
=  2 + 2  = 8 (b − a)
2
8  
 x sin −1 x
1/ 2
3. ∫ dx
0 1− x 2

1
put sin −1x = t ⇒ dx = dt
1− x2
Sol. and x=sint
1 π
x=0 ⇒ t=0 and x= ⇒t=
2 6
π π
1/2 −1 π
( )
6 6
x sin x
∫ dx = ∫ t.sin tdt = t ∫ sin tdt 6 − ∫ 1. ( − cos t )dt
0 1− x 2
0 0 0

π π
π 3 1
= t ( − cos t ) 6 o + ( sin t ) 6 o = − −0+ −0
6  2 
 2

1 3
= −π
2 12

π /4
sin x + cos x
4. ∫ 9 + 16 sin 2x
dx
0
π /4 π /4
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
Sol. ∫ 9 + 16 sin 2x
dx = ∫ 9 + 16[1 − (sin x − cos x) 2 ]
dx
0 0
put sin x − cos x = t ⇒ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt
π
x = 0 ⇒ t = −1 and x= ⇒ t = 0
4
0 0
dt 1 dt
=∫ = ∫
−1 25 − 16t
2 16 −1 25 − t 2
16
0
 5 
+t
1 1  4 
= ×  ln 
16 2 × 5  5
−t 
4  4  −1
1  1/ 4  1 1
=− ln   = ⋅ 2 ln ⋅ 3 = ln 3
40  9 / 4  40 20
 π/2
a sin x + b cos x
5. ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
Sol.
π /2
a sin x + b cos x
let I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx ----(1)
0

π  π 
π /2 a sin  − x  + b cos  − x   a
 ∵ f (x)dx = f (a − x)dx 
a
2  2
= ∫ π  π   ∫ ∫ 
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x   0 0 
2  2 
π /2
a cos x + b sin x
I= ∫ sin x + cos x
dx -------(2)
0
π /2
a(sin x + cos x) + b(sin x + cos x)
(1)+(2) ⇒ 2I = ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/2
π π
= ∫ (a + b)dx = (a + b)
2
⇒ I = (a + b)
4
0
a

∫ x(a − x)
n
6. dx
0
a
Sol. let I = ∫ x(a − x) n dx …(1)
0

a
I = ∫ (a − x)(x) n dx …(2)
0
a
I = ∫ ax n dx − x n +1dx
0
a
 ax n +1 x n + 2  a n +2 a n +2
= −  = −
 n + 1 n + 2  0 n + 1 n + 2
a n +2
I=
(n + 1)(n + 2)
 2
7. ∫x 2 − x dx
0

16 2
Ans :
15
π

∫ x sin
3
8. xdx
0
π
Sol. I = ∫ x sin 3 xdx
0
π  a a 
= ∫ (π − x) sin 3 (π − x)dx ∵ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx 
 
0  0 0 
π π π
I = ∫ (π − x)sin 3 xdx = ∫ π sin 3 xdx − ∫ x sin 3 xdx
0 0 0
π
= ∫ π sin 3 xdx = I
0
π π
3sin x − sin 3x
⇒ 2I = ∫ π sin 3 xdx = π∫ dx
0 0
4
π
π cos 3x  π 1 1
=  −3cos x +  =  −3. − 1 − + 3 − 
4 3 0 4 3 3
π π
= ( 6 − 2 / 3) = .16 / 3
4 4
π 16 2π
∴I = =
2.4 3 3
π
x
9. ∫ 1 + sin x dx
0
π
x
Sol. I = ∫ dx …(i)
0
1 + sin x
π π π
( π − x)dx πdx xdx
I=∫ =∫ −∫
0
1 + sin( π − x) 0 1 + sin x 0 1 + sin x
π
πdx
=∫ −I
0
1 + sin x
 π π
πdx π dx
2I = ∫ ⇒I= ∫
0
1 + sin x 2 0 1 + sin x
π π
π (1 − sin x) π  1 − sin x 
= ∫
2 0 1 − sin x
2
dx = ∫ 
2 0  cos 2 x 
dx

π π
π 1 sin x 1 
= ∫ − ∫ ⋅ dx 
2  0 cos 2 x 0 cos x cos x 
π π
π
=
20∫ sec2 xdx − ∫ sec x ⋅ tan xdx
0

=
π
2
(
[ tan x ]0π − [sec x ]0π )
π π
= [ (0 − 0) − (−1 − 1)] = ⋅ 2 = π
2 2
π
x sin 3 x
10. ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx
0
π
x sin 3 x
Sol. I = ∫ dx
0 1 + cos x
2

π
( π − x) sin 3 ( π − x)
=∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 ( π − x)
π
(π − x) sin 3 x
=∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 x
π π
sin 3 x x sin 3 x
= π∫ dx − ∫ dx
0 1 + cos 0 1 + cos
2 2
x x
π 3
sin x
= π∫ dx − I
0 1 + cos x
2

π
sin 3 xdx
2I = ∫
0 1 + cos
2
x
Put t = cos x ⇒ dt = –sin x dx
−1 1
(1 − t 2 ) 1− t 2
2I = ∫ − dt = ∫ 1+ t 2 dt
1 1+ t2 −1
 1
 2  −1 1
= ∫  −1 + 1 + t 2  dt =  − t + 2 tan t
 −1
−1

=  −1 + 2 tan −1 1 −  −1 + 2 tan −1 ( −1) 

   
π  π π π
= −1 + 2 ⋅ + 1 − 2  −  = + = π
4  4 2 2
π
I=
2
log(1 + x)
1
11. ∫ 1 + x 2
dx
0

log(1 + x)
1
Sol. ∫ dx
0 1+ x
2

Put x = tan θ
dx = sec2 θ dθ
x=0⇒θ=0
x = 1 ⇒ θ = π/4
π /4
log(1 + x) log(1 + tan θ) sec 2 θdθ
1
I=∫ dx = ∫
0 1+ x (1 + tan 2 θ)
2
0
π /4
= ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0
π /4
let I = ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0
π/4
 π 
= ∫ log 1 + tan  − θ   dθ
 4 
0
π  π 
4
 tan − tan θ 
= ∫ log 1 + 4
 dθ
π
0  1 + tan tan θ 
 4 
π/ 4
 1 − tan θ 
= ∫ log 1 +
 1 + tan θ 
dθ
0
π/ 4
1 + tan θ + 1 − tan θ 
= ∫ log 
 1 + tan θ  dθ
0
 π/4
2
= ∫ log
1 + tan θ
dθ
0
π/4
= ∫ [log 2 − log(1 + tan θ)] dθ
0
π /4 π /4
= log 2 ∫ dθ − ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0 0
π /4
= log 2 ∫ dθ − I
0
π
2I = log 2(θ)0π/4 = (log 2)
4
π
∴I = log 2
8
π
x sin x
12. ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx
0
π π
x sin x ( π − x) sin(π − x)dx
Sol. I = ∫ dx = ∫
0 1 + cos x 1 + cos 2 ( π − x)
2
0
π π π
( π − x) sin x sin xdx x sin xdx
=∫ dx = ∫ −∫
0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x
2 2 2

{ }
π
= π tan −1 ( − cos x) −I
0

π π π2
{
2I = π tan −1 1 − tan −1 (−1) = π  +  = 2
4 4 4
}
π
π2 x sin x π2
I= ⇒∫ dx =
0 1 + cos x
2
4 4
π/2
sin 2 x
13. ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/2
sin 2 x
Sol. I= ∫ cos x + sin x
dx ----1.
0

π 
π/ 2 sin 2  − x 
2 
= ∫ π  π 
dx
0 cos  − x  + sin  − x 
2  2 
 π /2
cos 2 xdx
= ∫ sin x + cos x
----2.
0

Adding 1. and 2.
π /2
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
2I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π /2
1 1
⇒ I ==
2 ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π/2
dx
Consider ∫ sin x + cos x
0

Put tan(x/2) = t
2dt 1− t2 2t
dx = , cos x = , sin x =
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
1+ t2
π/ 2 1
dx 2tdt
∫ =∫
sin x + cos x 0 2t + (1 − t 2 )
0
1
1  2 + t − 1
1
dt
= 2∫ = 2⋅ log 
0 ( 2) − (t − 1) 2 − t + 1 0
2 2
2 2
1  2 −1 
=  log1 − log 
2  2 + 1 
1 2 +1 2 +1
= log ×
2 2 −1 2 +1
1 2
= log( 2 + 1) 2 = log( 2 + 1)
2 2
1
I= log( 2 + 1)
2
14. Suppose that f : R → R is a continuous periodic function and T is the period of it. Let a
a + nT a +T
∈ R. Then prove that for any positive integer n, ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0
a + nT a +T a + 2T a + (r +1)T a + xT
Sol. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ... sx + ∫ f (x)dx + ... + ∫ f (x)dx …(1)
0 0 a +T a + rT a + (x −1)T

Consider ( r+1)th integral of RHS

a + (r +1)T

∫ f (x)dx
a + rT

Let x = y + rT ⇒ dx = dy
 x = a + rT ⇒ y = a
x = a + (r + 1)T ⇒ y = a + T
a + (r +1)T a +T

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (y + rT)dy
a + rT a
a +T
= ∫ f (y)dy (f is periodic)
a
a +T
= ∫ f (x)dx
a
a +T
Similarly we can show that each integral of (1) is equal to ∫ f (x)dx .
a
a + nT a +T a +T a +T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ...n terms = n ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 0 0

REDUCTION FORMULAE

THEOREM 1 :
π/2
n −1
If I n = ∫ sin n x dx then I n =
n
In −2 .
0

Proof :
π /2 π /2
n −1
In = ∫ sin n x dx = ∫ sin x.sin x dx
0 0
π /2
π /2
=  − sin n −1 x cos x  + ∫ (n − 1) sin
n −2
x.cos 2 x dx
0
0
π /2
n −2
= (n − 1) ∫ sin x(1 − sin 2 x)dx
0

 π / 2 n −2 π/2 
= (n − 1)  ∫ sin x dx − ∫ sin n x dx 
 0 0 
= (n − 1)I n − 2 − (n − 1)I n
I n (1 + n − 1) = (n − 1)I n − 2 ⇒ I n n = (n − 1)I n − 2
n −1
∴ In = I n − 2 − − − − − −(1)
n
Note
In (1), replace n by n-2,n-3,------------- then
n −1 n −3 n −5
In = In −2 ⇒ In −2 = In −4 ⇒ In −4 = I n −6
n n−2 n−4
n −1 n − 3 n − 5
∴ In = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ......I0 or I1 according as n is even or odd.
n n−2 n−4
π/2 π/2
π
dx = [ x ]0
π/2
But I0 = ∫ sin 0 x dx = ∫ =
2
0 0
π/ 2

∫ sin x dx = [ − cos x]0

π/ 2
I1 =
0

π
= − cos + cos 0 = −0 + 1 = 1
2
π/ 2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 1 π
∴ ∫ sin x dx = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅ if n is even.
n

0
n n−2 n−4 2 2
π/2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 2
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 n−4
⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅1 if n is odd.
3
0

THEOREM 2 :
π/ 2
n −1
If In = ∫ cosn x dx then I n =
n
In −2 .
0
π /2 π /2 π /2
π 
In = ∫ cos n x dx = ∫ cosn  − x  dx = ∫ sin
n
x dx
0 0 2  0

π/4
1
THEOREM 3 : If I n = ∫ tan n x dx then I n + I n −2 =
n −1
.
0

Proof :
π/4 π/4
In = ∫ tan n x dx = ∫ tan n − 2 x tan 2 x dx
0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
n −2 n −2 n −2
= ∫ tan x(sec x − 1)dx = ∫ tan x sec x dx − ∫ tan
2 2
x dx
0 0 0
π/4
 tan n −1 x  1
=  − In −2 = − In −2
 n −1 0 n −1
1
∴ In + In −2 =
n −1
THEOREM 4 :
π/4
( 2)n −2 n − 2
If I n = ∫ sec x dx then In = +
n
In −2 .
0
n −1 n −1
Proof :
π/4 π/4
In = ∫ sec x dx =
n
∫ sec n − 2 x sec 2 x dx
0 0
π/4
π/4
= sec n − 2 x tan x  − ∫ (n − 2) sec n − 2 x sec x tan 2 x dx
0
0
π/4
= ( 2) n − 2 − (n − 2) ∫ sec n − 2 x(sec2 x − 1) dx
0

π / 4 π/4 
= ( 2) n − 2 − (n − 2)  ∫ sec n x dx − ∫ secn −2 x dx 
 0 0 
= ( 2)n −2 − (n − 2)In + (n − 2)I n −2
In (1 + n − 2) = ( 2)n −2 + (n − 2)In −2
⇒ In (n − 1) = ( 2)n −2 + (n − 2)In −2
( 2)n −2 n − 2
∴ In = + I n −2
n −1 n −1
π/2 π/2
THEOREM 5: If I m,n = ∫ sin x cos x dx then I m,n = ∫
m n
sin m x cos n x dx .
0 0

Proof :
π/2 π/2
Im,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx = ∫ sin m −1 (sin x cos n x)dx
0 0

π /2 π/2
 − sin m−1 x cosn +1 x  cosn +1 x
=  + ∫ (m − 1)sin m−2 x cos x dx
 n +1 0 0
n +1
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m−2 x cos n x cos 2 x dx
n +1 0
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m−2 x cos n x(1 − sin 2 x)dx
n +1 0
 π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m − 2 x cos n x − sin m x cos n x)dx
n +1 0

m −1 m −1
= I m − 2,n − I m,n
n +1 n +1
 m −1  m −1
⇒ Im,n 1 + = Im−2,n
 n +1  n +1
 n + m  m −1
⇒ Im,n  = Im−2,n
 n +1  n +1
sin m−1 x cos n +1 x m − 1
∴ Im,n = − + Im−2,n
m+n m+n -----(1)
Note: replacing m by m-2,m-4,
m −1 m −1 m − 3 m −1 m − 3 m −5
Im,n = Im−2,n = Im−4,n = ....I0,n
m+n m+n m+n−2 m+n m+n−2 m+n−4
or I1,n according as n is even or odd.
π/2 π/2
But I0,1 = ∫ sin 0 x cos n x dx = ∫ cos n x dx
0 0

π/ 2 π/ 2
 cosn +1 x  1
I1,n = ∫ sin x cos x dx =  − =
n

0  n + 1 0 n +1
m −1 m − 3 1
∴ I m,n = ... if m is odd
m + n m + n − 2 n +1
π/2
m −1 m − 3
=
m+n m+n−2
... ∫ cos n x dx if m is even
0
π/2
n −1
COROLLARY 2: If I m,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx then I m,n =
m+n
I m,n − 2 .
0