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Calculus

History

The first step of discovering calculus started in Greek period by Greek Mathematician. To the
Greeks numbers were ratios of integers so the number line had "holes" in it. They got round this difficulty
by using lengths, areas and volumes in addition to numbers for, to the Greeks, not all lengths were
numbers. Around 450 BC, ​Zeno of Elea gave problems about a number which based on the infinite. Then
three greeks philosopher, ​Leucippus​, ​Democritus and ​Antiphon​, developed this knowledge by made
contributions to the Greek method of exhaustion which was put on a scientific basis by ​Eudoxus about
370 BC. The method of exhaustion allows one thinks of the areas measured expanding, so they able to
account for more and more of the required area. About 145 BC later, ​Archimedes​, the most famous
mathematician and inventor in ​ancient Greece​, invented the area of a segment of a parabola is 4​​ /​3 . The
area of a triangle with the same base and vertex and 2​​ /​3 of the area of the circumscribed parallelogram
which led to approximate values of π. In the 16​th Century, Kepler found the area of sectors of an ellipse.
This method consisted of thinking of areas as sums of lines, another crude form of integration. Then,
Cavalieri was created the method of indivisibles' by ​Kepler​'s attempts at integration. He was not rigorous
in his approach and it is hard to see clearly how he thought about his method. It appears that ​Cavalieri
thought of an area as being made up of components which were lines and then summed his infinite
number of 'indivisibles'. He came up with these methods, that the integral of x​n from 0 to a was a​n+1​/(n +
1) by showing the result for a number of values of n and inferring the general result. After many
mathematics tried to create the best equation of calculus, all their attempt finished when Isaac Newton and
Gottfried Leibniz advance in. ​Isaac Newton and ​Gottfried Leibniz independently invented calculus in the
mid-17th century. Newton considered variables changing with time, Leibniz thought of the variables x
and y as ranging over sequences of infinitely close values. He introduced dx and dy as differences
between successive values of these sequences. Leibniz knew that dy/dx gives the tangent but he did not
use it as a defining property. On the other hand, Newton used quantities x' and y', which were finite
velocities, to compute the tangent. However, a rich history and cast of characters participating in the
development of calculus both preceded and followed the contributions of these singular individuals. After
Newton and ​Leibniz developed the calculus, it was continued by ​Jacob Bernoulli and ​Johann Bernoulli​.
Nonetheless, in 1734, ​Berkeley published his ​analyst. Next, ​Maclaurin attempted to put the calculus on a
rigorous geometrical basis but it was all done ​in 19th century by Cauchy.
Theorem

Overall
The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function
with the concept of integrating a function.There are mainly two types of this theorem. The first one is
Differential calculus which divides things into small (different) pieces and tells us how they change from
one moment to the next, while the other one is integral calculus joins (integrates) the small pieces together
and tells us how much of something is made, overall, by a series of changes. Indeed, Differential calculus
is the process of finding out the rate of change of a variable compared to another variable. It can be used
to find the speed of a moving object or the slope of a curve, figure out the maximum or minimum points
of a curve, or find answers to problems in the electricity and magnetism areas of physics, among many
other uses.

Differential calculus
The derivative is the change in one variable. When another variable changes in very small quantities.
Perhaps the derivative we find at school is the speed formula = distance / time for a moving object at
constant speed. The speed which is a derivative that tells you a change in position over time. To deal with
more complex and natural problems, your speed may change.When we talk about the details, differential
calculus define the rate of change at any moment (derivative) between the value of the function. The
variable of the function is really the definition of the derivative. In fact, derivative is the heart of the
physical science. For instance, Newton's law of motion = mass × acceleration is meaningful in calculus
because acceleration is a derivative of one. Others are Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and Einstein's
theory of gravity. Derivative of the function refers to the graph of that function in a short span of time,
which allows us to find the maximum and minimum points of a function: at those points, the graph is
parallel to the horizontal axis. The Faure Calculus also has other applications, such as Newton's Method,
which is a way to find the root of a function. Estimated by the tangent line. Therefore, the differential
calculus It can be applied to a variety of questions. If you look at the surface may think. Calculus can not
be manipulated.

Integral calculus
The integral calculus examines the integral function of a function, which may be defined by the sum
of the sums of the terms. (Which is called the Riemann sum limit). Each term is a rectangular area, each
under the function graph. Making integration theorem an effective way to find areas under the
graph,surface area, and the volume of solids - the spherical and cylindrical basis of the calculus.The
rigorous basis of calculus is based on the concept of functions and limits: it combines the techniques of
basic algebra and mathematical induction.
Applications of Calculus

Today, Calculus is used in various fields. You may not recognize, but it does. Because of calculus, we
can be able to find the effects of changing conditions on a system. Studying calculus allows people to
learn about how to control a system for it to follow your command, and due to the ability to build and
control systems, calculus gives us an incredible power over the material world. Language of engineers,
scientists, and economists is calculus. The works of these professionals impact people daily life. The
things such as microwave, cell phones, televisions, car, or even medicine use calculus to create. Calculus
is used in credit card companies to set the minimum payments due on its statement at the times that
statement is processed by considering different variables such as changing interest rates and a fluctuating
available balance. Let’s move to science field. Have you ever wondered about how biologist count
bacteria? Biologists use differential calculus to determine the growth rate in a bacterial culture when other
variables like temperature or food source is change. This research by using calculus can help to control a
rate of growth of bacteria: increase the necessary bacteria, and decrease the harmful ones. In electrical
engineering, engineers use integration to determine how much exact length of power cable is needed to
connect two substations that are miles apart because the cable is hung from poles and it is curving.
Calculus allows electrical engineers to determine a figure precisely. As well as electrical engineers,
architects will use integration to determine the amount of important materials to build a curve dome over
a sports arena, and calculate the weight of that structure and determine the type of support structure
required. Furthermore, for a pace flight engineers, they often use calculus when planning a prolonged
missions. In order to release an exploratory probe, they must think of the different orbiting velocities of
the Earth and the planet of what the probe is targeted for, as well as other gravitational influences like the
sun and the moon. In terms of Calculus, it allows each of those variables to be precisely taken into
consideration. Calculus that used by Statisticians will be used for evaluation the survey data to help
develop business plans for many different companies. Not only that, as Calculus allows a more accurate
foresight for appropriate action, regarding to a survey involves many different questions with a range of
possible answers. For a Physicist, they uses calculus to seek out for a center of mass of a sports usefulness
vehicles, in order to design a suitable features that meet federal (central; governmental) requirements on
the differentiation of roads, surfaces and even speeds. Followed by, Research analysts, they will use the
calculus to observe the processes in the manufacturer. When considering the irregular of the variables, the
company will be able to improve operational efficiency, increase productivity and profitability as well.
For the last one, a Graphics artist, they use calculus to define the dissimilar stereotypes conditions, which
can make a realistic environment for movies or video games.