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Chapter 11
Differentiation, Integration, and Differential
Equations
11.1 Numerical Differentiation
11.2 Numerical Integration: trapz
11.3 Length of a Curve
11.4 User-Defined Function as Input Argument: integral
11.5 Area and Centroid
11.6 Placing Weight on Spring Scale
11.7 Double Integral: Volume Under Stadium Dome
11.8 Initial Value Problems
11.9 IVP: Placing Weight on Spring Scale
11.10 ODE-BVP: Deflection of Beams
11.11 IBVP: Heat Conduction in a Wall
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11.1 Numerical Differentiation

Forward Difference
dy yi+1 − yi
= , i = 1, 2, ... , n − 1
dx i xi+1 − xi

Backward Difference
dy yi − yi−1
= , i = 2, 3, ... , n
dx i xi − xi−1

Central Difference

dy yi+1 − yi−1
= , i = 2, 3, ... , n − 1
dx i xi+1 − xi−1
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11.1 Numerical Differentiation (Continued)

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11.2 Numerical Integration: trapz

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11.3 Length of a Curve

t2
x = sin 2t L = ∫ dL
t1
y = cost t2
=∫ dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
z=t t1

2 2 2
t2 dx dy dz
=∫ + + dt
t1 dt dt dt
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11.3 Length of a Curve (Continued)

Convergence Study
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11.4 User-Defined Function as Input

Argument: integral
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11.5 Area and Centroid

Two curves: y = y1 (x) and y = y2 (x)

x2 x2
dA = y1 − y2 dx, A = ∫ dA = ∫ y1 − y2 dx
x1 x1

1 x2 1 x2
A ∫x1 A ∫x1
xc = x dA = x y1 − y2 dx

1 x2 y1 + y2
A ∫x1 2
yc = dA

1 x2 y + y
= ∫ 1 2 y1 − y2 dx
A x1 2
1 x2 2
= ∫
2A x1
y1 − y22 dx
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11.5 Area and Centroid (Continued)

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11.6 Placing Weight on Spring Scale

W 1 t
1 if t > 0
x(t) = [ h(t)u(t) − h(t − t 0 )u(t − t 0 )] ∫ τe
−ζ (t−τ )
h(t) = sin (t − τ ) 1− ζ 2 dτ u(t) =
k t 0 1− ζ 2 0
0 otherwise
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11.6 Placing Weight on Spring Scale

(Continued)
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11.7 Double Integral: Volume Under

Stadium Dome
z = (17200 − x 2 − 2y 2 ) / 200 y2 x2 60 100
V=∫ ∫ z(x, y)dx dy = ∫ ∫ (17,200 − x 2 − 2y 2 ) / 200 dx dy = 1, 376,000
y1 x1 −60 −100
−100 ≤ x ≤ 100
−60 ≤ y ≤ 60
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11.8 Initial Value Problems

DE ODE IVP

BVP

PDE BVP

IBVP
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11.9 IVP: Placing Weight on Spring Scale

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11.9 IVP: Placing Weight on Spring Scale

(Continued)
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11.10 ODE-BVP: Deflection of Beam

DE ODE IVP

x BVP

PDE BVP

IBVP
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11.10 ODE-BVP: Deflection of Beam

(Continued)
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11.11 IBVP: Heat Conduction in a Wall

∂T (x,t) ∂ ∂T (x,t)
= +s DE ODE IVP
∂t ∂x ∂x

0 ≤ t ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. BVP

IC: T (x,0) = 1− Ax PDE BVP

∂T (0,t) IBVP
BCs: = B ⋅T (0,t), T (1,t) = T1
∂x
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11.11 IBVP: Heat Conduction in a Wall

(Continued)