A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR A TURBO PROPELLER ENGINE
AND ITS OPTIMIZATION
 ABSTRACT

Turboprop motors are the class of motors that drives the air ship propeller. Turboprop
comprises of propeller, blower, burning chambers, turbine, and a spout. It works with
less speed, less cost, better eco-friendliness, low climbing pace, less ozone depleting
substance discharge and less vibration. The propeller cutting edge and shaft are
viewed as the basic pieces of a turboprop motor as they turn at high speeds.
NACA4412 airfoil shape has been considered for the investigation. The 3D CAD
model has been created by utilizing CATIA V5 instrument and ANSYS WB is utilized
for the FEA examination. The powers following up on the edge like streamlined
powers, outward power, lift power and drag constrain, following up on the propeller
cutting edges and shaft is assessed by quality of materials approach. These qualities
are utilized as info powers in limited component investigation for static and dynamic
examination. The static examination has been done to discover max stress and max
distortion area. Modular investigation has been performed to locate the normal
frequencies. The diverse powers following up on the cutting edges like streamlined
powers, lift compel, drag constrain and divergent power have been determined. Just
10% of the static powers have been considered as the dynamic shifting powers for the
symphonious reaction examination. The outcomes acquired from investigation of
propeller cutting edge made of Ti-6Al-4V and FRP carbon materials uncovers that
propeller sharp edge made of FRP carbon material is having less anxieties and
disfigurement.
 INDEX
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Introduction to the Propeller
CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE SURVEY
CHAPTER-3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction to CAD/CAM/CAE
3.2 Need for CAD, CAE & CAM
3.3 Designs in CATIA
CHAPTER-4: FEA ANALYSIS OF BLADE
4.1 Analysis of Blade
4.2 Static Structural Analysis
4. 3 Von-Mises Stress
4.4 Maximum Deformation
4.5 Modal Analysis
CHAPTER-5: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Calculations
5.2 Validations
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Air ship motors are the real piece of the drive framework in a flying machine and it
will create the mechanical power. They are significantly arranged into three sorts.
They are turbine motors, cylinder motors and electric engines. The greater part of the
air ship motors utilizing today is open rotors/turbofans. These motors will be
appropriate for long courses and eco-friendliness of these motors is less contrast with
turboprop motors. Turboprop motors are the sorts of air ship motors which drives the
propeller. Propeller sharp edge is a critical piece of the motor.

Propeller cutting edge will have the airfoil shape which will pivot at fast. As the sharp
edge will pivot it will push the air. In the event that the airfoil is of the deviated shape,
there will be weight distinction over the cross segment. There will be lift and drag
drive following up superficially on account of the weight distinction, Along with these
powers there will be streamlined pushed compel acting because of air mass stream
and radiating power packaging because of turn. For the plan of the cutting edge we
have to consider all the above said powers and furthermore need to locate the regular
recurrence of the sharp edge so as to maintain a strategic distance from the
reverberation marvels.
 Figure 1 : Basic nomenclature of an airfoil [1]
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROPELLER

• Propeller changes over rotational power from the motor into push.
• The pivoting sharp edge of a propeller has comparative qualities to a wing going
through the air
• A propeller sharp edge produces push F through a streamlined lift compel segment,
requests a motor torque Q to conquer streamlined drag, and will slow down if the
neighborhood resultant approach of the edge surpasses max
• Additional factors: trailing vortex age, tip misfortunes, compressibility

General Information

Push is the power that moves the air ship through the air. There are distinctive sorts of
drive frameworks create push in various ways, in spite of the fact that it ordinarily
produced through some utilization of Newton's Third Law. Propeller is one of the
impetus framework. The motivation behind the propeller is to move the flying
machine through the air. The propeller comprise of at least two edges associated
together by a center point. The center serves to append the edges to the motor shaft. .

At the point when the motor turns the propeller cutting edges, the edges produce lift.
This lift is called thrustand pushes the air ship ahead. most flying machine have
propellers that pull the air ship through the air. These are called tractor propellers.
Some air ship have propellers that push the airplane. These are called pusher
propellers.

Description
Driving Edge of the airfoil is the bleeding edge that cuts into the air.

Blade Face is the surface of the propeller blade that corresponds to the lower surface
of an airfoil or flat side, we called Blade Face.
 Blade Back / Thrust Face is the curved surface of the airfoil.

Sharp edge Shank (Root) is the segment of the cutting edge closest the center point.
Sharp edge Tip is the external end of the cutting edge fartest from the center point.
Plane of Rotation is a nonexistent plane opposite to the pole. The plane contains the
hover in which the edges turn.

Cutting edge Angle is shaped between the substance of a component and the plane of
revolution. The cutting edge all through the length of the edge isn't the equivalent.
The purpose behind setting the sharp edge component areas at various edges is on the
grounds that the different segments of the edge travel at various speed. Every
component must be planned as a feature of the sharp edge to work getting it done
approach to make push while rotating taking care of business configuration speed

Sharp edge Element is the airfoil segments joined one next to the other to shape the
edge airfoil. These components are set at various points in pivot of the plane of
revolution.

The explanation behind putting the edge component segments at various points is on
the grounds that the different areas of the cutting edge travel at various paces. The
inward piece of the sharp edge area voyages slower than the external part close to the
tip of the cutting edge. On the off chance that every one of the components along a
cutting edge is at a similar sharp edge, the relative breeze won't strike the components
at a similar approach. This is a direct result of the diverse in speed of the sharp edge
component because of separation from the focal point of pivot.

The cutting edge has a little turn (because of various edge in each area) in it for an
essential reason. At the point when the propeller is turning round, each segment of the
sharp edge travel at various speed, The contort in the peopeller cutting edge implies
that each area advance forward at a similar rate so preventing the propeller from
twisting.

Push is created by the propeller appended to the motor driveshaft. While the propeller
is turning in flight, each area of the cutting edge has a movement that consolidates the
forward movement of the flying machine with round development of the propeller.
The slower the speed, the more extreme the approach must be to create lift. In this
manner, the state of the propeller's airfoil (cross segment) must chang from the middle
to the tips. The changing state of the airfoil (cross area) over the cutting edge results
in the bending state of the propeller.

Approach is the point between the harmony of the component and the relative breeze.
The best productivity of the propeller is acquired at an approach around 2 to 4
degrees.
Edge Path is the way of the bearing of the edge component moves.
Pitch alludes to the separation a winding strung item pushes ahead in one unrest. As a
wood fasten pushes ahead when turned wood, same with the propeller push ahead
when turn noticeable all around.
Geometric Pitch is the hypothetical separation a propeller would progress in one
upset.

Compelling Pitch is the genuine separation a propeller progresses in a single upset

noticeable all around. The successful pitch is constantly shorter than geometric pitch
because of the air is a liquid and dependably slips.
Powers and stresses following up on a propeller in flight
The powers following up on a propeller in flight are:

1. Thrust is the flying corps on the propeller which is parallel to the directionof
advance and prompts twisting worry in the propeller.
2. Centrifugal power is brought about by turn of the propeller and will in general toss
the sharp edge out from the inside.
3. Torsion or Twisting powers in the sharp edge itself, brought about by the resultant
of aviation based armed forces which will in general curve the cutting edges
toward a lower edge.
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Preamble

Turbo – machines are gadgets in which vitality is exchanged either to or from, a

persistently streaming liquid by the dynamic activity of moving sharp edges of the
sprinter.

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) was most likely the first to coin lifting water by
diffusive powers. He has portrayed crude models of turbomachines by making a few
representations. From his unique portrays, a French physicist Denis Papin was first to
depict the outward siphon logically in 1687. He manufactured first siphon in 1705,
which had impeller with sharp edges and a volute. Consequently, divergent siphons
and blowers of today are made after over 300 years' of upheaval.

The hypothetical treatment of turbo machines requires the learning of liquid elements,
stream material science and thermodynamics. Spannhake [23] has made spearheading
work here and has characterized stream material science and related wording in his
book entitled "Outward siphons, turbines and propellers" in 1934. His successor
Wislieenus [24] expanded his work and recorded in "Liquid Mechanics of Turbo
apparatus" in 1947.

Amid this period, W. J. Kearton [25] watched breaks in trademark bends via
conveying precise tests. His estimations demonstrated that the stream is a long way
from uniform, and that on the trailing face of the vane there is a territory of "idle
stream". This region increments as the limit is decreased. The impact of this dormant
stream is proportionate to expanding the vane thickness and decreasing the section
territory. He had seen that number of impeller sharp edges has huge impact on fan
execution bends. W. J. Kearton [25] examined these conditions and has displayed his
discoveries in an intriguing paper, "Impact of the Number of Impeller Blades on the
Pressure Generated in a diffusive blower and on its General execution." He
additionally discovered that beneath the basic stream the speed dispersion was
genuinely symmetrical and taken after the speed conveyance got with violent stream
in a pipe. Over the basic stream the speed circulation was not symmetrical, yet a lot
more noteworthy in favor of the impeller far from the channel. He reasoned that
general coefficients dependent on experience and test outcomes must be utilized until
increasingly total data is accessible. Austin H. Church [26] has most likely made the
main endeavor to aggregate the structure procedure for siphons and blowers. structure
parameters for diffusive, pivotal and cross stream fans and blowers. Bela Mishra [30]
considered structure approach from writing for divergent blower.

Stodola [31] had grown first helpful strategy for slip factor guess. He connected slip
factor and limited number of sharp edges. Stodola guaranteed that normal heading of
release shifts from the cutting edge β2 because of number of sharp edges and relative
dissemination in vane to vane plane. This is additionally in charge of the decrease in
yield. A few co-relations just as exact conditions are utilized in writing to appraise slip
factor. Other slip calculate connections writing are given by Balje, Stanitz [9] and Eck
Bruno [14]. As indicated by every one of these scientists, the significant reason for
slip are because of relative vortexes produced in vane to vane plane. These
connections presume that for a given determined machine, the estimation of slip
factor is consistent and is needy of Impeller geometry as it were.

A. J. Stepanoff [32] considers pressure driven misfortunes as the most essential and
however least known misfortunes in turbo-machines. He includes that the water
driven misfortunes are brought about by skin erosion and swirls. Division misfortunes
happen because of alters in course and size of the speed of stream. The last gathering
incorporates stun misfortune and dispersion misfortune.

D. J. Myles [33] accounts impeller and volute misfortunes as a small amount of the
dynamic leave weight in respect to impeller and volute, separately. They are related
with a dispersion factor over a wide volume stream go. The outcomes are connected
to different impellers and volutes. The low volume stream scope of activity is likewise
considered.

Dr. Bruno Eck [14] first managed impeller erosion or plate grating misfortune
tentatively. He separated impeller misfortune in to two segments as impeller passage
misfortune and erosion misfortune in impeller. The grinding misfortune in impeller
comprise hindrance and resultant weight misfortune.

William C. Osborne [28] states that the real execution of a diffusive fan (at the plan
direct) contrasts to the perfect fan control which can be anticipated by Euler's
condition. This distinction can be represented bury sharp edge course which results in
a decrease of the work done by the impeller. Different elements which add to decrease
in yield are inner volumetric spillage and weight misfortunes inside fan get together.
Mechanical misfortunes likewise influence fan input influence.

J.D. Denton [34] characterizes misfortune as 'any stream include that diminishes
proficiency of a turbo machine'. Further, he orders misfortunes as profile misfortune,
auxiliary misfortune (End divider misfortune) and tip spillage misfortune as
significant wellspring of turbo machine misfortunes. Baines and Whitfield [29] states
that the overseeing conditions of coherence, force and vitality together establish a lot
of incomplete differential conditions which must be fathomed over the total area for
which a forecast of the stream field is required. Different stream wonders happening
inside turbomachine can be numerically dissected.

P. J. Roache [35] made measurement of vulnerability in computational liquid

elements. His audit covers check, approval and affirmation for computational liquid
elements (CFD). It incorporates blunder scientific categorizations, mistake estimation,
intermingling rates, surrogate estimators, nonlinear elements, and mistake estimation
for network adjustment. Hsin-Hua Tsuei, Kerry Oliphant and David Japikse [36] have
created technique for quick CFD displaying for turbo apparatus. Their investigation
reasonably manages builds in the efficient and precise usage of their CFD
apparatuses. A base for fast estimations is set up and grew simple to-utilize CFD
examination as a base for cutting edge structure advancement.

At present, with the assistance of monetarily accessible CFD programming projects,

any sensible stream reproduction on a three-dimensional premise is enabling
originator to assess impact of spatial parameters on execution of the machine before
trial assessment.
The exceptionally fundamental goal of this work is to propose a streamlined plan
strategy for a diffusive fan to offer most astounding conceivable vitality productivity.
This goal can't be accomplished without clear comprehension of impact of limited
number of cutting edges on fan execution, investigation of accessible plan
philosophies, slip, fan misfortunes and stream material science through distributed
writing and as needs be the resulting segments of this section manages these angles in
more detail.

Parametric Influence, Performance and Design Methodologies

Scarcely any run of the mill ponders relating to parametric impact, execution and plan
techniques of radiating machines are quickly exhibited here in. Balje O. E. [6] has
seen that ideal effectiveness of a radiating blower/fan happened for marginally in
reverse inclining vanes. Wosika L. R. [37] tentatively confirmed that outspread and in
reverse inclining vanes give marginally preferable efficiencies over forward vanes.

Faulders C. R. [38] demonstrated by examinations that cross stream happens in vaned

diffuser sections from the suction face of a vane to the weight face of the following
vane. He further demonstrated that this cross stream can be decreased by expanding
the quantity of vanes and expanding the span of bend of vanes.

Leslie Young and R. A. Nixon [39] reasoned that state sanctioned test course of action
can give valuable execution examination of various siphons working under standard
conditions, yet it doesn't really give a genuine sign of execution in administration at
off structure conditions.

Austin Church [26] has done spearheading work to set up structure system for
siphons, fans and blowers. He found that the kind of stream existing in a siphon or
blower is constantly fierce, it implies, the Reynolds number is in every case well over
the basic esteem. The stream is genuinely irritated with a resultant loss of head. He
has given his structure organize compressibility impact, weight proportion and vitality
exchange. He has likewise considered thickness changes at different stream segments
as for change in temperature and weight. Hence volume stream rate gets changed
ceaselessly. The elements of the air entry are determined in agreement to this variety
in volume stream. Stage weight proportion between climate to delta eye, bay eye to
impeller channel, impeller gulf to impeller outlet and impeller outlet to packaging
outlet are determined exclusively.

coefficient have been utilized as dimensionless coefficients. To get ideal structure, an

exact information of misfortunes is of enthusiasm for some reasons. Every individual
guideline set was joined with the others in the standard base by the induction motor.
This induction motor fills in as the control instrument for the learning based
framework. It is a basic piece of the learning based framework, just as a main
consideration in deciding the viability and effectiveness of the framework. A
reenactment think about exhibits the viability of the proposed methodology. Despite
the fact that the plan has been communicated in a scientific structure, the outcomes go
amiss significantly from the trial results.

Ayder, Braembussche and Brasz [57] said that static weight dispersion relies upon the
relative radiating powers because of the whirl speed in the cross segment. Nitty gritty
estimations of the whirling stream in a diffusive blower volute with curved cross
segment are displayed. They show vital varieties of the twirl and through stream
speed, aggregate and static weight circulation at the distinctive volute cross segments
and at the diffuser exit. The essential system characterizing the mind boggling three
dimensional stream structures are illuminated. The diverse wellsprings of weight
misfortune have been investigated and used to improve the expectation ability
of one-dimensional mean streamline analysis correlations. The
extraneous stream misfortune demonstrate under decelerating stream conditions and
the grinding misfortune display are affirmed. New experimental misfortune
coefficients are proposed for the leave cone misfortune demonstrate and the
distracting stream misfortune display for the instance of quickening stream in the
volute.

Pinarbasi and Johnson [58] determined that as the stream advances through the
impeller, varieties in the digressive bearing blends out, however varieties the pivotal
way will in general endure. The stream field at the diffuser section obviously
demonstrates the impeller fly wake stream design and the cutting edge wakes. The
entry wake is situated on the cover side of the diffuser and blends out gradually as the
stream travels through the diffuser. The cutting edge wakes, then again, contort and
blend out quickly in the diffuser. Forms of fierce active vitality are likewise displayed
on every one of the estimation stations, from which the locales of tempestuous
blending can be derived.

S. Yedidiah [59] talked about the current situation with the learning of the way in
which the impeller geometry influences the improvement of head. A correlation with
the test results is a great understanding among hypothesis and practice. This paper
talks about the down to earth essentialness of the ongoing finding that the measure of
fluid which is legitimately influenced by a sharp edge seems, by all accounts, to be of
a similar request of size as the volume which the edge is dislodging. The paper
examines, fundamentally, makes related roto-dynamic siphons, however it is stressed
that this finding is likewise relevant to a wide range of extra trains. Mishra Bela [30]
basically examined the structure system as proposed by Eck Bruno [14] and followed
out outspread tipped diffusive blower plan strategy.

R. J. Kind [60] depicts a strategy for foreseeing stream conduct and execution for
radiating aficionados of the squirrel-confine type. Estimations have been made in a
car HVAC blower having two diverse radial fans. This work is planned to improve the
execution of a regular forward-bended outward fan. Mean speeds and weight have
been estimated utilizing a little five-opening test and a weight filtering unit associated
with an online information procurement framework. The estimations demonstrated
that execution coefficients are unequivocally affected by stream qualities at the throat
locale. Fan execution bends are appearing critical lessening of temperamental nature
accomplished with the new fan rotor in the flooding activity run. In light of the
deliberate outcomes, structure upgrades were done.

Dilin, Sakai, Wilson and Whitfield [61] made a point by point test learn at the Science
University of Tokyo for the execution of two spiral stream fan. This investigation
incorporates a volute with a full tongue (to such an extent that no distribution stream
happens) and a similar volute however with the tongue slice back to permit stream
distribution. Speed and weight appropriations at a wide scope of azimuth points were
acquired tentatively and are introduced. At the University of Bath, a computational
model, utilizing the k-έ disturbance display, has been exhibited to foresee the inside
stream in the two volutes with specific consideration given to the tongue stream.
Anticipated stream partition by CFD at the volute tongue has been shown tentatively
by laser sheet learns at the Science University of Tokyo. The execution of the volutes
is talked about and the computational liquid elements (CFD) investigation is utilized
to suggest plan enhancements for the volute.

H. W. Gracious and M. K. Chung [62] said that standard iterative cut-and-attempt

configuration procedure can be maintained a strategic distance from by essentially
allotting the weighting factors in the range somewhere in the range of 0 and 1. Planner
can without much of a stretch locate the ideal estimations of the structure factors to
meet their specific prerequisites of outward siphon structure. The advanced geometric
and

liquid powerful structure bends as elements of the non-dimensional explicit speed are
displayed. An ideal structure code for diffusive siphons has been created to decide the
geometric and liquid powerful factors under suitable plan requirements. The
enhancement issue has been planned with a non-straight target capacity to limit one,
two or the majority of the liquid unique misfortunes. The ideal arrangement is gotten
by methods for the Hooke-Jeeves direct inquiry strategy. The execution investigation
depends on the mean streamline examination utilizing the current situation with the-
workmanship misfortune connections.

The improved effectiveness and plan factors of radial siphons are exhibited in this
paper as a component of non-dimensional explicit speed in the scope of 0.5 ≤Ns ≤1.3.
The graphs introduced can be utilized productively in the primer structure period of
diffusive siphons.

S. M. Yahya ([9] communicated that by virtue of low weights created by fan and
blowers, they are isolated class of turbomachines. They should be structured
independently as opposed to following blower or siphon plan for them. Care must be
taken for Impeller and volute packaging structure. Vitality granted to the liquid by
pivoting impeller will raise its static, stagnation weight and speeds. The stage work
and stagnation weight ascend for a given impeller rely upon the spin or twirl segments
(Vu1 and Vu2) of total speed vectors V1 and V2, separately. Following relations are
utilized to discover distinctive stage parameters. The mass course through the impeller
is

Static weight is recouped from the motor vitality of the stream at the impeller exit by
diffusing the stream in a vaneless or vaned diffuser. The winding packaging as an
authority of stream from the impeller or the diffuser is a fundamental piece of the
divergent fan and blower. Diffusers are typically utilized on blowers with high heads
while volutes are regularly utilized for fans growing low heads. A diffuser or volute
packaging works on the guideline of expanding the weight vitality by diminishing
motor vitality of stream by diffusing this stream in a vane less or vaned space. A
halfway increment in head happens in the diffuser, encompassing the impeller.

Radiating fan with vaned diffuser can give somewhat higher effectiveness contrasted
with vaneless fan diffuser/volute packaging. For greater part of divergent fans and low
weight blowers, the greater expense and size that outcome by utilizing a vaned
diffuser exceed its focal points. Hypothetically, the logarithmatic bend of volute
packaging starts at the impeller exit, however by and by this is preposterous because
of sharp edged lip at base hover of packaging, known as the tongue will be framed.
Tongue edge is kept gruff and moved to lessen stun misfortunes and improve volute
execution.

The volute or parchment packaging (without a diffuser) gathers and aides the stream
from the impeller to exit. The volute base circle sweep is minimal bigger (0.05 to 0.10
occasions the impeller leave span) than the impeller or diffuser leave range. The vane
less space before volute abatements the non-consistencies and choppiness of stream
entering the volute just as decreases clamor level.

The cross-segment of the volute section might be square, rectangular, round or

trapezoidal. The manufacture of a rectangular volute from sheet metal is
straightforward while different shapes can be thrown. Rectangular area is extremely
basic in diffusive fan and

round segment is generally utilized for blower outlet. Two most generally utilized
volute plan techniques are examined below.Thus the volute range r4 for given
estimations of r3 and b3 can be resolved. In any case, this suspicion will be abused at
the off-structure point. Henceforth free vortex structure hypothesis is best for volute
packaging.

D. V. Bhopea, P. M. Padoleb [63] made pressure investigation of fan impeller by test

and limited component technique. It has demonstrated that the pressure design in
impeller parts is exceptionally mind boggling. The worries in the impeller parts can be
decreased, by utilizing the solidifying rings on the sharp edges. The stream of
radiating fan has been additionally controlled by utilizing the set-up according to
AMCA and NAFM rules. The impact of the hardening rings on the anxieties, clamor
and liquid stream has been additionally researched and talked about.

Tahsin Engin, Mesut Gur, Reinhard Scholz [64] contemplated that outward fan when
dealing with gases with temperatures surpassing 800 °C, the customary steel impellers
would not be worked at such raised temperatures. In their trial contemplate, three
semi-open radiating fan impellers have been planned and manufactured utilizing
artistic materials to give high protection from temperature. Analyses have been
directed to explore the execution qualities of these impellers and the decays in their
execution because of fluctuating tip leeway. Components have been resolved to
evaluate the tip freedom misfortunes. Results demonstrated that the basic impeller
geometries of artistic materials were less delicate to the fluctuating tip freedom.
Furthermore, the gas temperature has been found to have no impact on the execution
corruption because of the tip spillage stream.

By contemplating three dimensional stream fields, it has been concluded that the
impeller with in reverse bended sharp edges was extremely delicate to the tip
freedom, though the other two sorts were most certainly not. The impeller with spiral
tipped sharp edges 90°showed a feeble reliance on tip freedom. Nonetheless, for the
instance of completely spiral sharp edges 90°,it has been seen that the fan is
practically unfeeling to the tip leeway. In any case, significant stream divisions have
been seen at even in configuration stream rates in the cutting edge and parchment
entries of this sort impeller. The non-consistency of the stream field in each fan
sections varies significantly from one another and escalates especially close to the cut-
off districts.

Yu-Tai Lee and et al, [65] introduced a plan strategy for re-planning the twofold
release, twofold width, twofold bay (DWDI) outward impeller for the lift enthusiasts
of an air cushion vehicle. Given the present superior of impellers, the structure
procedure utilizes a computational strategy, which is equipped for anticipating stream
detachment and vortex-commanded stream fields, empowering a point by point
examination of every single streamlined misfortune. The structure strategy, expecting
a feeble cooperation between the impeller and the volute, utilizes a sharp edge
streamlining technique and a few viable stream way changes. Disentangled CFD
computations were performed on fans with two existing impellers and the recently
planned impeller to assess the impeller structure measure. The estimation was made
with the impeller/volute coupling count and a solidified impeller supposition. Further
refined CFD counts, including the hole between the stationary ringer mouth and the
pivoting cover, uncovered a decrease in the new impeller's increase in productivity
because of the hole. The computations likewise further bolstered the need of
coordinating the volute and the impeller to improve the fan's general effectiveness.
Estimated information of three fans approved CFD expectations in weight ascend at
structure and off-plan conditions. Power decrease information were analyzed between
the estimations and the expectations alongside the first plan prerequisites.

O. P. Singh, Rakesh Khilwani, T. Sreenivasulu, M. Kannan [66] explored impact of

geometric parameters of an outward fan with in reverse and forward-bended sharp
edges. Outward fans are utilized for upgrading the warmth dispersal from the IC
motor surfaces. All the while, the fan devours control produced from the motor. As an
initial step, a test setup was created and models of fans were made to do estimations
of stream and power devoured by the fan.. By and large, fans have cut sharp edges on
the vehicle because of mounting embellishments. Next, a computational liquid
elements (CFD) demonstrate was produced for the above setup and the outcomes are
approved with the exploratory estimation. Further, parametric investigations were
completed to measure the power coefficient, stream coefficient, effectiveness and
stream coefficients figured as underneath:
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO CAD/CAM/CAE

The Modern universe of plan, advancement, producing so on, in which we have

ventured can't be envisioned without obstruction of PC. The utilization of PC is with
the end goal that, they have turned into a necessary piece of these fields. On the planet
showcase now the challenge in cost factor as well as quality, consistency,
accessibility, pressing, stocking, conveyance and so on. So are the necessities driving
businesses to receive present day strategy as opposed to neighborhood compelling the
enterprises to adjust better procedures like CAD/CAM/CAE, and so on.

The Possible essential approach to enterprises is to have brilliant items at low

expenses is by utilizing the PC Aided Engineering (CAE), Computer Aided Design
(CAD) And Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) set up. Further numerous devices
is been acquainted with streamline and serve the necessity CATIA, PRO-E, UG are
some among many.

This entrance of procedure concern has pushed the makers to

3.2 Need for CAD, CAE & CAM:

The utilization of CAD CAE and CAM have changed the over look of the enterprises
and created solid and standard challenge , as could accomplish focus in lean time and
eventually the item achieves advertise in assessed time with better quality and
consistency . When all is said in done view, it has lead to quick approach and
inventive reasoning.

ADVANTAGES:

DRAWBACKS:

Introduction to CATIA

CATIA is a powerful application that empowers you to make rich and complex
structures. The goalsof the CATIA course are to show you how to construct parts and
gatherings in CATIA, and how to make basic illustrations of those parts and
congregations. This course centers around the fundamental abilities and ideas that
empower you to make a strong establishment for your plans
What is CATIA?

CATIA is mechanical structure programming. It is a component based, parametric

strong demonstrating configuration instrument that exploits the simple to-learn
Windows graphical UI. You can make completely affiliated 3-D strong models with or
without requirements while using programmed or client characterized relations to
catch structure plan. To additionally clear up this definition, the italic terms above will
be additionally characterized:

Feature-based

Like a get together is comprised of various individual parts, a CATIA archive is

comprised of individual components. These components are called highlights. While
making a record, you can include highlights, for example, cushions, pockets,
openings, ribs, filets, chamfers, and drafts. As the highlights are made, they are
connected straightforwardly to the work piece.

Highlights can be delegated outlined based or spruce up:

Parametric

The measurements and relations used to make a component are put away in the
model. This empowers you to catch structure goal, and to effectively make changes to
the model through these parameters. Driving measurements are the measurements
utilized while making a component. They incorporate the measurements related with
the sketch geometry, just as those related with the component itself. Consider, for
instance, a round and hollow cushion. The measurement of the cushion is constrained
by the breadth of the portrayed circle, and the tallness of the cushion is constrained by
the profundity to which the circle is expelled. concentricity. This sort of data is
regularly imparted on illustrations utilizing highlight control images. By catching this
data in the sketch, CATIA empowers you to completely catch your structure
expectation in advance.

Solid Modeling:-

A strong model is the most total sort of geometric model utilized in CAD frameworks.
It contains all the wireframe and surface geometry important to completely depict the
edges and faces of the model. Notwithstanding geometric data, strong models
likewise pass on their ―topology‖, which relates the geometry together. For instance,
topology may incorporate recognizing which faces (surfaces) meet at which edges
(bends). This knowledge makes including highlights simpler. For instance, if a model
requires a filet, you essentially select an edge and determine a range to make it.

Fully Associative:-

A CATIA show is completely affiliated with the illustrations and parts or

congregations that reference it. Changes to the model are naturally reflected in the
related illustrations, parts, as well as congregations. In like manner, changes with
regards to the illustration or get together are reflected back in the model.
Constraints:-

Geometric imperatives, (for example, parallel, opposite, flat, vertical, concentric, and
incidental) build up connections between highlights in your model by fixing their
situations regarding each other. What's more, conditions can be utilized to build up
scientific connections between parameters. By utilizing limitations and conditions,
you can ensure that structure ideas, for example, through gaps and equivalent radii are
caught and kept up.

CATIA User Interface:

The following is the design of the components of the standard CATIA application.

Window of Active document

Filename and extension of current document
Icons to maximize/minimize and close window

Diverse sorts of building illustrations, development of strong models, gatherings of

strong parts should be possible utilizing designer.

Distinctive sorts of records utilized are:

Workbenches

Workbenches contain different apparatuses that you may need to access amid your
part creation. You can switch between any essential workbenches utilizing the
accompanying two different ways:

The pieces of the real gathering is treated as individual geometric model , which is
displayed exclusively in isolated record .All the parts are recently arranged and
produced highlight by highlight to develop full model

For the most part all CAD models are created in a similar energy given cry:
In sketcher mode:
Sketch Based Feature:
Extra highlights are: Exploded View, previews, conflict dissecting numbering, bill of
material. and so on

At long last making draft for individual parts and get together with conceivable
subtleties

The pieces of the significant get together is treated as individual geometric model ,
which is demonstrated independently in isolated document .All the parts are recently
arranged and produced include by highlight to develop full model

By and large all CAD models are created in a similar enthusiasm given howl :

In sketcher mode:
3.3 DESIGNS IN CATIA

Propeller Blade 2d

Propeller Blade side view

Propeller Blade muliti section

Propeller Blade 3d
 CHAPTER-4
FEA ANALYSIS OF BLADE

ANALYSIS OF BLADE

Limited Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical strategy to take care of the perplexing
issues. There are such a significant number of business devices accessible for the
FEA. Here we are utilizing the ANSYS workbench for examination reason.

A. CFD examination.

NACA4412 airfoil composed are made from the www.airfoiltools.com and CATIA
V5 devices is utilized make 3D CAD geometry CFD investigation is performed to
discover the lift and drag coefficient of the NACA4412 airfoil profile. ANSYS
FLUENT module is for the CFD investigation. Underneath picture demonstrates the
CFD investigation steps and results.

Figure 2 demonstrates the propeller sharp edge geometry and space shape utilized in
the CFD examination and Figure 3 demonstrates the work subtleties. Work size of
5mm for space and 2mm for profile segment is utilized.

ANSYS is broadly useful limited component investigation (FEA) programming

bundle. Limited Element Analysis is a numerical technique for deconstructing a
perplexing framework into exceptionally little pieces (of client assigned size) called
components. The product actualizes conditions that administer the ehaviour of these
components and fathoms them all; making a thorough clarification of how the
framework goes about all in all. These outcomes at that point can be introduced in
organized or graphical structures. This kind of examination is commonly utilized for
the plan and streamlining of a framework dreadfully complex to break down by hand.
Frameworks that may fit into this class are excessively mind boggling because of their
geometry, scale, or overseeing conditions.
ANSYS is the standard FEA showing instrument inside the Mechanical Engineering
Department at numerous universities. ANSYS is likewise utilized in Civil and
Electrical Engineering, just as the Physics and Chemistry divisions.

ANSYS gives a financially savvy approach to investigate the execution of items or

procedures in a virtual domain. This kind of item improvement is named virtual
prototyping.

With virtual prototyping methods, clients can repeat different situations to upgrade the
item some time before the assembling is begun. This empowers a decrease in the
dimension of hazard, and in the expense of insufficient plans. The multifaceted idea of
ANSYS additionally gives a way to guarantee that clients can see the impact of a
structure in general conduct of the item, be it electromagnetic, warm, mechanical and
so on.

Generic Steps to Solving any Problem in ANSYS

Like tackling any issue scientifically, you have to characterize (1) your answer area,
(2) the physical model, (3) limit conditions and (4) the physical properties. You at that
point tackle the issue and present the outcomes. In numerical strategies, the principle
contrast is an additional progression called work age. This is the progression that
isolates the unpredictable model into little components that become resolvable in a
generally too complex circumstance. Beneath depicts the procedures in wording
somewhat more adjust to the product.

Manufacture Geometry

Build an a few dimensional portrayal of the article to be demonstrated and tried

utilizing the work plane co-ordinate framework inside ANSYS.
Characterize Material Properties

Since the part exists, characterize a library of the important materials that make the
article (or undertaking) being displayed. This incorporates warm and mechanical
properties.

Produce Mesh

Now ANSYS comprehends the cosmetics of the part. Presently characterize how the
displayed framework ought to be separated into limited pieces.

Apply Loads

When the framework is completely structured, the last undertaking is to trouble the
framework with requirements, for example, physical loadings or limit conditions.

Get Solution

This is really a stage, on the grounds that ANSYS needs to comprehend inside what
state (unfaltering state, transient… and so forth.) the issue must be understood.

Present the Results

After the arrangement has been acquired, there are numerous approaches to introduce
ANSYS' results, look over numerous alternatives, for example, tables, diagrams, and
shape plots.

SPECIFIC CAPABILITIES OF ANSYS

STRUCTURAL

Auxiliary examination is presumably the most widely recognized utilization of the

limited component strategy as it suggests extensions and structures, maritime,
aeronautical, and mechanical structures, for example, deliver bodies, air ship bodies,
and machine lodgings, just as mechanical segments, for example, cylinders, machine
parts, and devices.

Static Analysis - Used to decide relocations, stresses, and so forth under static
stacking conditions. ANSYS can figure both straight and nonlinear static
investigations. Nonlinearities can incorporate versatility, stress hardening, huge
redirection, huge strain, hyper flexibility, contact surfaces, and creep.

Transient DynamicAnalysis - Used to decide the reaction of a structure to subjectively

time-changing burdens. All nonlinearities referenced under Static Analysis above are
permitted.

Clasping Analysis - Used to figure the clasping loads and decide the clasping mode
shape. Both straight (Eigen esteem) clasping and nonlinear clasping examinations are
conceivable.

Notwithstanding the above investigation types, a few uncommon reason highlights are
accessible, for example, Fracture mechanics, Composite material examination,
Fatigue, and both p-Method and Beam investigations.

THERMAL

ANSYS is fit for both relentless state and transient investigation of any strong with
warm limit conditions to help set up beginning conditions. A consistent state
examination likewise can be the last advance of a transient warm investigation;
performed after every transient impact have lessened. ANSYS can be utilized to
decide temperatures, warm inclinations, heat stream rates, and warmth motions in an
item that are brought about by warm loads that don't differ after some time.
Such loads incorporate the accompanying:

A relentless state warm investigation might be either direct, with steady material
properties; or nonlinear, with material properties that rely upon temperature. The
warm properties of most material shift with temperature. This temperature reliance
being considerable, the investigation winds up nonlinear. Radiation limit conditions
additionally make the examination nonlinear. Transient figurings are time ward and
ANSYS can both understand appropriations just as make video for time steady shows
of models.

MODEL ANALYSIS

A model examination is commonly used to decide the vibration qualities (regular

frequencies and mode shapes) of a structure or a machine part while it is being
planned. It can likewise fill in as a beginning stage for another, increasingly point by
point, dynamic investigation, for example, a symphonious reaction or full transient
powerful examination.

Display examinations, while being a standout amongst the most fundamental unique
investigation types accessible in ANSYS, can likewise be more computationally
tedious than an ordinary static examination. A decreased solver, using naturally or
physically chosen ace degrees of opportunity is utilized to radically diminish the issue
size and arrangement time.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS

Utilized broadly by organizations who produce turning hardware, ANSYS Harmonic

examination is utilized to anticipate the continued powerful conduct of structures to
steady cyclic stacking. A consonant investigation can be utilized to confirm whether a
machine configuration will effectively conquer reverberation, weariness, and other
unsafe impacts of constrained vibrations

Figure 2: Propeller blade and the Domain

Figure 3 : Mesh details

5.2 STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Material Properties
Table 1: Material Properties

Material FRPC Titanium

Density (kg/m3) 2200 4512
Poisson’s ratio 0.3 0.37
Tensile strength (MPa) 3700 1700
Young’s modulus (MPa) 540 119

Mesh file

5. 3 VON-MISES STRESS

Maximum von-Mises stress is as shown below and is located near the fixed end
 Figure 6: FRPC - Max-873.43MPa

Figure 7: Titanium - Max-1837MPa

5.4 MAXIMUM DEFORMATION

Maximum deformation is found at the free end and minimum at the fixed end.
 Figure 8: FRPC - Max-2.8mm

Figure 9: Titanium – 26.33mm

5.5MODAL ANALYSIS
The analysis is performed for both FRPC The mode shapes are as shown in the next
page.
(a) 1st Mode shape

(b) 2nd Mode shape

(c) 3rd Mode shape

(d) 4th mode shape

 CHAPTER-5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 CALCULATIONS

By using the CL and CD values Lift force and drag forces have been calculated. By
using velocity triangle method velocity of discharge and mass flow rate is calculated
and then aerodynamic thrust force is calculated. Centrifugal force also calculated by
using the standard formula. The calculated forces are as below.

Aerodynamic Forces: T = 79.41 KN

Centrifugal Force:
CP FRPC = 1501.54 KN
CP Titanium = 3079.54 KN

Lift Force: FL = 58.22 KN

Drag Force: FD = -44.86 KN

Static structural analysis is carried out by applying the above calculated forces to find
the max stress and deflection of propeller blade. The results are as shown below. We
have considered the FRPC and Titanium Material and analysis carried out by
assuming FRPC as isotropic.
5.2 VALIDATIONS

The natural frequencies for FRPC and Titanium materials are tabulated as
below
Table 1: Natural Frequencies

Frequency (Hz)
Mode Ti-6Al-
FRPC
4V
1 520.4 171.3
2 1914.5 610.28
3 2790 909.35
4 3616.3 1173.5
5 5670.4 1813
6 7333.2 2357.3

HARMONIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS

The CFD analysis has been carried out with 50 numbers of iterations. The Lift force
and Drag force acting on the blade surface has been estimated at each iteration and
corresponding Lift and drag coefficient are calculated. After 50 iterations the values
are converged. Hence the value at 50th iteration is considered as the final value. The
values of lift and drag coefficients versus number of iterations are plotted as below.
 Figure 4: Coefficient of Lift

Figure 5: Coefficient of drag

The lift and drag coefficients values obtained from CFD analysis are 1.46 and -1.14
respectively.

 Symphonious examination will be completed to check the reaction of the

framework under powerful stacking conditions.
 The dynamic powers considered as 10% of the streamlined powers, as there will
be little variety in the temperamental stream.
CONCLUSIONS

In the wake of confirming the outcomes, it is discovered that the FRPC material is
having low pressure and distortion and furthermore mode shapes. The further
examination can be done with some more composites like Kevlar/epoxy blend or
customized composites with which we can get the ideal properties.
REFERENCES